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FerroAlloyIndustriesintheLiberalisedEconomy
Editors:A,K.Vaish.S.D.Singly,N.G.GosxvantiandP.Raniachandrarao
NMLJamshedpur831007,1997,pp.1422

AnIntroductiontoIndian
StandardsonFerroAlloys

K.RAGHAVENDRANandN.MITRA
BureauofIndianStandards,NewDelhi.India

ABSTRACT
Ferroalloysareusedinironandsteelindustriesfordegassificationorfor
alloyingthecastwiththedesiredelements.Theyareproducedwithleast
possibleimpuritiessothattheirintroductioninthemeltdoesnotleadto
largequantitiesofimpuritiesinthematerial.Theirsizesarealsorequired
tobecontrolledsothattheyproduceleastsegregationinthemeltwithin
thetimeframeofprocessingandsoon.Theavailabilityofrawmaterials
formanufacturingtheFerroalloysisalsoanimportantfactortobe
consideredinthestandardizationprocess.Ferroalloyshavebeentakenup
forstandardizationcoincidingwiththestandardizationprocessofiron
andsteel.Thestandardizationprocesshoweveracceleratedontheadvent
ofdevelopmentofsteelindustryinthecountry.Theexistingstandardsare
subjectedtorevisionasandwhenneedarisestomeettheeverchanging
demandsofengineeringandtechnology.Thestandardsarealsobrought
inlinewithinternationalstandardsthroughharnronizationswherever
requiredtohelpintheinternationaltrade.Astandardissubjectedto
reviewafterf'ineyearsofitspublicationtowardsrevisionorreaffirmation
dependingupontheneed.

Keywords:Ferroalloys,Standardization,Feroalloysspecification.
INTRODUCTION
Weareawareofferromanganese,ferrosilicon,Ferrochromiumetc.,asthe
importantinputsintheprocessingofcastironorsteelmeltingThesematerials

knownasferroalloysareusedinironandsteelindustriesfordegassificationor
foralloyingthecastwiththedesiredelements.Definitionwisethesearemaster
alloyswithironandthemetal,attimeswithmorethanone,likeinferrosilico
zirconium.Intheparlanceofstandardformulationbesidethemmetalshavealso
beenincludedwhichareusedforalloyingpurposes.Thespecificationsineach

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AnIntroductiontoIndianStandardsonFerroAlloys

casedefinetheferroalloyswithrespecttomainalloyingelementsandtheir
minimumandmaximumcontentstipulated,forexampleincaseofferromanga
nesetherespectivecontentofmanganesehavebeenspecifiedas65and95
percentwhereasinferrosilicozirconiumthezirconiumcontenthasbeen
specifiedas12percentminimumto40percentmaximumbymass.
STANDARDIZATIONANDITSBENEFITS
ISOdefinitionasgivenbelowisacompactelucidationofthiswidelyused
term,`standardization'.Activityofestablishing,withregardtoactualorpotential
problems,provisionsforcommonandrepeateduse,aimedattheachievementof
theoptimumdegreeoforderinagivencontext.Theactivityconsistsofthe
processesofformulating,ofissuingandimplementingstandards.Thebenefitsof
standardizationtotrade,industryandconsumerscanbebroadlygivenas:
a)Promotingbetterunderstandingbetweenproducersandconsumers.
b)Aidingmassproductionofgoods.
c)Facilitatinginterchangeabilityofproductsandcomponent
d)Varietyreduction.
e)Stipulationofoptimumqualityofproducts
f)Guardingagainstfactorsaffectinghealthandsafety
g)Conservationandoptimumutilisationofmaterials
Standardestablishedandusedundertheprocessofstandardizationthusmay
beaproduct,aprocess,service,testingstandardoracodeofpracticeetc.
NEEDOFSTANDARDIZATIONINCASEOFFERROALLOYS
Ashasalreadybeenstatedthatferroalloyshavegottheirvarioususesinthe
processingofironandsteel,itisbutnaturalthattheircompositionsarespecified
theyareproducedwithleastpossibleimpuritiessothattheirintroductioninthe

meltdoesnotleadtolargequantitiesofimpuritiesinthematerial.Theirsizesare
alsorequiredtobecontrolledandsuppliedsothattheyproduceleastsegregation
inthemeltwithinthetimeframeofprocessingandsoon.Theavailabilityofraw
materialsformanufacturingtheferroalloysalsoistheimportantfactortobe
consideredinthestandardizationprocess,sothatanoptimumuseofthescarce
materialismadekeepinginviewtheeconomyoftheproduction.Consideration
ofallsuchfactorsasalsosomecommercialaspectstomaintainharmonious
relationsbetweensupplierandpurchaserstandardizationinthefieldof
ferroalloysisimportant.
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K.RAGHAVENDRANandN.MITRA

STANDARDIZATIONATNATIONALLEVEL
BIShasbeenprovidingthenecessaryplatformforthestandardizationat
nationallevelintheareasofalmostallengineeringandtechnology.Ferroalloys
havealsobeentakenupforstandardizationcoincidingwiththestandardization
processofironandsteelastheycouldnothavegonefartherwithoutthestandards
onferroalloyshavingbeenformulated.Thestandardizationprocesshowever
acceleratedontheadventofdevelopmentofsteelindustryinthecountry.The
FerroAlloysSectionalCommittee,MTD5workingatMetallurgicalEngineer
ingDepartmentremainedinstrumentalintheformulationofrelevantstandards.
Theoutcomeofitseffortshavebeenformulationof30standardsonferroalloys,
metallicmanganese,metallicsilicon,primarynickel,niobium,mischmetal,
wolframiteconcentrate,vanadiumpentoxideetc.Alistofthestandardssofor
formulatedhasbeengivenintheAnnexureI.

FERROALLOYSSPECIFICATION
Inordertoillustratethepointsasdetailedintheforegoinglinesanexample
ofastandardonferromanganesehasbeengiveninAnnexureII.Itmaybe
observedthatthestandardsaretakingcareofthevariousimportantaspectsof
specificationssuchasthescope,definition,theterminology,thecomposition,the
size,particularsoforderbythepurchaserandtherequirementofsupply.Allthe
standardsbeingrelatedtoproduct,theemphasisisonthequalityandrequire
mentsonsupplywhichwillprovidenecessaryguidancetothemanufacturerand
theconsumersoftheferroalloysinprocessingtheirheats.

CONCLUSION'
Thestandardizationisadynamicandcontinuousprocess.Standardsare
formulatedonnewsubjectsasandwhentheyarerequired.Theexistingstandards
arealsosubjectedtorevisionsorpublicationofamendmentsasandwhenneed
arisestomeetthedemandofeverchangingneedsofengineeringandtechnology.
Thestandardsontheferroalloysarenoexception.Theyarealsorequiredtobe
revisedandamendmentstobeissuedonthebasisofdemandsfromthepurchas
ers.Thestandardsarealsobroughtinlinewithinternationalstandardsthrough
harmonizationstobringthemtointernationallevelasalsotohelpinthe
internationaltrade.Thestandardsaresubjectedtoreviewafterfiveyearsofits

publicationorrevisionandreaffirmedifnochangesarefeltnecessary.Inthelist
asinAnnexureIthestatusofthestandardsinrespecttoreaffirmationand
amendmentshavealsobeenshown.

16

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1!1Tr'

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AnIntroductiontoIndianStandardsonFerroAlloys

AnnexureI
MTD5FERROALLOYSSECTIONALCOMMITTEE
Scope.Standardizationinthefieldofferroalloysandothermetallic
additionsusedforironsteelmakingLIAISONISO/TC132Ferroalloys
Sl.IS.No.!

Title

No.DOC.No.

Reaffirm
No.of
Amendments

StandardsPublished
1,IS1110:1990

Ferrosilicon(4thRevision)

2.IS1170:1992

Ferrochromium(2ndrevision)

3.IS1171:1988
4.IS1466:1985

Ferromanganese(3rdrevision)

Oct.92

Ferrovanadium(3rdrevision)

Feb.91

5.IS1467:1993

Ferrotungsten(3rdrevision)

6.IS1468:1990

Ferrotitaniurn(3rdrevision)

7.IS1469:1993

Ferromolybdenum(4threvision)

8.IS1470:1990

Silicomanganese(3rdrevision)

July94

9.IS1471:1988

Ferrophosphorous(2ndrevision)

Oct.92

10.IS2021:1993
11.IS2022:1988

Metallicmanganese(2ndrevision)
Calciumsilicon(2ndrevision)

Oct.92

12.IS2023:1993

Metallicchromium(2ndrevision)

13.IS2024:1988

Ferrosilicochromium(3rdrevision)

14.IS2301:1987

Metallicsilicon(1strevision)

Sept.91

15.*IS2391:1970

Foundrynickel(1strevision)

Feb.91

16.IS2782:1964

Primarynickel

Feb.91

17.'IS3011:1973

Ferrosilicozirconium(1strevision)

Feb.91

18.IS3012:1985

Chromemanganese(1strevision)

Feb.91

19.IS3013:1991
20.IS3014:1993

Ferroboron(3rdrevision)

21.IS41821988

Mischmetal(1strevision)

22.IS4409:1973

Ferronickel(1strevision)

July94

July94

Oct.92

Ferroniobium(Ferrocolumbium)2ndrevision
Oct.92
Sept,91

23.IS5632:1970

Wolframiteconcentrate

Feb.91

24.IS5633:1973

Vanadiumpentoxide(1strevision)

Feb.91

25.IS5634:1987

Molybdenumoxide(technical)(1strevision)

Sept.91

26.IS7148:1980

Ferroalloysforweldingindustry

Sept.93

27.IS7965:1976

Niobium(Columbium)

28.IS11945:1987

Chargechrome

29.IS12908:1990

Ferroaluminium

30.IS13164:1991

Ferrosilicomagnesium

Feb.91
Sept.91
July94

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KRACHAVFNI)RANartdAMITRA

DraftStandardsFinalizedbutnotyetunderprint
DOC:MTD5(3934)RevisionofIS2391
DOC:MTD5(4072)RevisionofIS2022
DOC:MTD5(4073)RevisionofIS1171

Draftscompletedwidecirculation

DOC:MTD5(3935)

RevisionofIS3011

DOC:MTD5(3986)

Methodofsamplingferroalloysforsieves
analysisandsizedetermination.

'Indicatesstandardsunderrevision,"standardstoberevised/dualnumberedstandards:equalent
standards

AnnexureII
ForCommentsOnly
BUREAUOFINDIANSTANDARDS

DraftIndianStandard
FERROMANGANESESPECIFICATION
(4thRevisionofIS1171)
NottobereproducedwithouttheLastdateforreceiptofthe
permissionofBISorusedascommentsis
STANDARD
FOREWORD
(formalclauseswillbeaddedlater)
Thisstandardwasfirstpublishedin1957andwassubsequentlyrevisedin1964.1973and1988.
Inviewoftheexperiencegainedduringtheseyears,itwasfeltnecessarytorevisethisstandard.Inthis
revision,thefollowingmainmodificationshavebeenmade.

a)Informationtobegivenwhileorderingthematerialhasbeenincorporatedforthebenefitofthe
purchaser
b)Keepinginviewtheinternationaltrade,GradeFe.Mn.74underhighcarbonferromanganese
hasbeenincluded.Limitofphosphoruscontentoflowcarbonferromanganesehasbeen
modifiedto0.5Max.forallgrades.

c)NewClausehavebeenincorporatedtoavoidwidesegregationofthechemicalconstituents,
therebysafeguardingthesmallconsumersofthisproductand

d)Sizerangeshavebeenmodifiedandalignedwithinternationalstandardsonferromanganese.
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AnIntroductiontoIndianStandardsonFerroAlloys

1.SCOPE
ThisstandardcoverstherequirementsandconditionofdeliveryofFerroManganeseusedbytheIron
andSteelIndustry.
2.REFERENCES
ThefollowingIndianStandardsarenecessaryadjunctstothisstandard.
ISNo.Title
1387:1993Generalrequirementsforthesupplyofmetallurgicalmaterials(2ndrevised).
1472:1977Methodsofsamplingferroalloysfordeterminationofchemicalcomposition(firstrevi
sion)
1559:1961Methodsofchemicalanalysisofferroalloys
3.TERMINOLOGY
3.1Cast(Melt)
Theproductofanyofthefollowing:
a)onefurnaceheator
b)onetapofcontinuousfurnaceor
c)anumberoffurnaceorcrucibleheatsofsimilarcompositionmixedinaladleofholdingfurnace
andusedformakingacast.

3.2Consignment
3.2.1TappedLotMethod
Aconsignmentconstitutedbythetappedlotmethodconsistsofaferromanganesemassoftheone
melt(oronepartofcontinuoustap).
3.2.2GradedLotMethod
Aconsignmentconstitutedbythegradedlotmethodconsistsofanumberofmelts(orpartsof

continuoustaps)ofoneferromanganesedesignation.Themanganesecontentofthemelts(orpartof
continuoustaps)constitutingtheconsignmentshallnotdifferfromeachotherbymorethan3percent
absolute.
3.23BPendedLotMethod
Aconsignmentconstitutedbytheblendedlotmethodconsistsofanumberofmelts(orpartsof
continuoustaps)ofoneferromanganesedesignation,whichhavebeencrushedtoaparticlesize50mm
andthoroughlymixed.Thecontentofthemainconstituentofthemelts(orpartsofcontinuoustaps)

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K.RAGHAVFNDRANandN.MITRA

constitutingtheconsignmentmassvarybetweentheminimumandmaximumlimitspecifiedforthe
appropriateferrochromiumdesignation.
4.DEFINITION
Amasteralloyofironandmanganesewithaminimummanganesecontentof65percentbymass,
andmaximummanganesecontentof95percent,bymassobtainedbyreductionfromthecorresponding
rawmaterials.
5.GRADES
Thisstandardcovers13gradesofferromanganeseasspecifiedinTable1.
Table1.Chemicalcompositionofferromanganese(clause8..2)
Grade
Designation

Percent
Si,Max

S,Max

P,Max

1.50

0.050

0.50

Mn

FeMn80

7882

68

FeMn76

7478

FeMn72

7074

"

0.050

FeMn68

6570

"

0.050

FeMn74

7276

HighCarbonFerroManganese

0.050

0.030

MediumCarbonFerroManganese
2FeMn80

7882

2FeMn76

7478

1.03.0

1.50

0.030

0.35

"

0.050

2.0

0.030

0.30

1.0

0.050

0.30

LowCarbonFerroManganese*
05FeMn80

85Min

01FeMn83

8085

0.50Max.
0.10

02FeMn83

"

0.20

03FeMn83

"

0.30

05FeMn83

"

0.50

07FeMn83

"

0.70"

1.0

*Aluminiumcontentshallbe0.5%Max.,whenproducedbyaluminothermicprocess.
6.PARTICULARSTOBESPECIFIEDWHILEORDERING

Forthebenefitofthepurchaser,particularstobespecifiedwhileorderingforthematerialtothis
specificationshallbeasfollows:
a)Quantityofthematerial

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AnIntroductiontoIndianStandardsonFerroAlloys

b)Constitutionofconsignment
c)Nameofthematerial
d)Grade
e)Sizerangeand
f)Necessaryrequirementsforanalysisreports,packingetc.,asappropriate.
7.SUPPLYOFMATERIALS
Generalrequirementsrelatingtosupplyofthematerialtothisspecificationshallbeaslaiddownin
IS1387.

8.REQUIREMENTS
8.1ConstitutionofConsignment
Ferromanganeseshallbedeliveredinconsignmentconstitutedbyoneofthemethodsdefined
earlier.
8.2ChemicalComposition
8.2.1Eachconsignmentofthematerialshallconformtotherequirementsofthechemicalcomposition
specifiedinTable1anditsospecifiedbythepurchaseratthetimeofenquiryandorder,shallsupply
atestcertificateofchemicalanalysisofthesampleofmaterialforeachmelt.
8.2.2Ifspecifiedbythepurchaseratthetimeofenquiryandorderthateachlumpoftheconsignment
shouldconformtothechemicalcompositionspecifiedinTable1,thisshallbeagreedtobetween
thepurchaserandthemanufacturer.
ThechemicalcompositiongiveninTable1showsonlythemainconstituentelementsandtheusual
impurities.Ifthepurchaserrequirescloserrangesforthemainelementcontentsand/ordifferent
limitsforspecifiedelements/ornonspecifiedelements.thisshallbeagreedtobetweenthepur
chaserandthemanufacturer.
ThechemicalcompositionofthematerialshallbedeterminedeitherbythemethodspecifiedinIS
1559:1961oranyotherestablishedinstrumental/chemicalmethod.Incaseofdispute,theproce
duregiveninthelatestversionofIS1559therefereemethod.However,wherethemethodisnot

giveninIS1559,therefereemethodshallbeagreedtobetweenthepurchaserandthemanufac
turer.
9.SIZERANGE
Thematerialissuppliedinlumpsorascrushedandscreenedparticles.Theparticlesizeranges
andtolerancesshallbeasgiveninTable2.Theundersizevaluesshallbevalidatthepointof
deliverytothepurchaser.
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K.RAGHAVY.NURANcindN.MITRA

3mmfractiononnottoexceed5percentinsizedeviation1,2and3.

Table2:Particlesizerange(clause9)
SizeDesigSizeRange,mmUndersize%Oversize%
nationOver
Upto&Max.Max.

Remarks

including
150150

1510Nopiecetoexceed
1.15timesthemax

225501510
31025

1510limitofthesize

4210510rangespecifiedin
5210twoordirections
10.EXTRANEOUSCONTAMINATION
Thematerialshallbereasonablyfreefromextraneouscontaminationslikeslagandnonmetallic
inclusionsetc.

11.SAMPLING
EachconsignmentofthematerialshallbesampledinaccordancewithIS1472:1977.
12.PACKING
Thematerialshallbepackedinsuitablecontainers,orshippedinbulkorasmutuallyagreedto
betweensupplierandthepurchaser.
13.MARKING

Thepackingcontainingthematerialshallbemarkedlegiblyandindeliablywiththefollowing
a)Supplier'snameortrademark
b)Gradedesignationandsize
c)Quantity
d)Dateofmanufactureand
e)Shelflike,ifneeded.

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