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SOLUTION :
a.) Dimensions of the square
at the middle.
1
A1 (1000) 2
2
A1 200,000
x12 200,000
x1 4 4 7 . 2 1m
b.) Square is further divided, find the dimensions of the
small square at the middle.
1
A2 (200,000)
5
A2 40,000
x22 40,000
x2 2 0 0 m
c.) Percentage ratio of the smallest area to the biggest
area.
40,000
Ratio
(100)
(1000) 2
Ratio 4%
PROBLEM 2:
A conical water tank with its vertex down has a height of
20 cm., and a radius of 10 cm. at the top. Water leaks such
that the water surface falls at a rate of 0.5 cm/sec.
Compute the rate of change of volume when h = 8 cm.
SOLUTION :
h
2
dt
SOLUTION :
(2R)2 = (5)2 + (6)2
R = 3.91 m.
PROBLEM 4:
Find the distance from point (5, 6, 7) to the origin.
SOLUTION :
PROBLEM 5:
Find the slope of the line that passes through (1,2) if the area is
bounded by this line and the coordinates axes in the 1 st quadrant
is a minimum.
SOLUTION :
xy
2
y2
1
x
A
y
y2
y y
2
dA 1 y 2 2 y y 1
0
dy 2
y 22
2 y2
2
2
2y 4y y
2
y 4y
y4
4
4 2
y y1
x x1
40
02
PROBLEM 6:
Two trains are running in the same direction on two
parallel tracks. The trains are 85 m. and 65 m. respectively
and running at 120 kph and 240 kph. If the trail end of the
first train is 210 m. ahead of the front end of the second
train.
2
h
a.) Determine the times required for the front end of the
second train to reach the tail end of the first train.
2 dh
12
3
3
3h
PROBLEM 3:
12
dV
dt
r 2h
V
3
r 10
h 20
h
r
2
3
2 5 . 1 3 cm / s ec.
dt
b.) Determine the total distance traveled by the second
train from the initial position when it has complete
overtaken the first train.
dV
dt
12
382 0.5
4x 24x + 4y 8y + 15 = 0
SOLUTION :
a.) Time required for the front end of the second train to
reach the tail end of the first train.
x 6x + 3y + 11 = 0 PARABOLA
2
2
4x 24x + 4y 8y + 15 = 0
CIRCLE
b.)
b.) total distance traveled by the second train from the
initial position when it has complete overtaken the first
train.
curve.
x 6x + 3y + 11 = 0
2
4x 24x
2
4x 24x +
multiply by 4
+ 12y + 44 = 0
2
4y 8y + 15 = 0
4y 20y 29 = 0
4y2 20y
210 + 85 + 33.33t = 66.67t 65
33.33t =
t = 10.80 sec.
By completing squares
2
4y 20y + 25 = 29 + 25
2
(2y 5)
= 54
2y 5 = 7.35
y = 6.17
y = 1.174
= 29
when y = 6.17
2
x 6x + 3(6.17) + 11 = 0
2
x 6x + 9 = -29.51 + 9
2
(x - 3) = -20.51
x is complex.
when y = -1.174
2
x 6x + 3(-1.174) + 11 = 0
2
x 6x + 9 = -7.478 + 9
2
(x - 3) = 1.522
x = 4.233
x = 1.767
SOLUTION :
V 2
2 2
PROBLEM 8:
A cone is inscribed in a cube such that the base is in one
of the face of the cube 1 cm x 1 cm.
PROBLEM 10:
A framer owns two square lots of unequal size, together
2
containing 6568 m . If the lots were contiguous. It would
require 356 m. of fence to enclose them in a single
enclosure of six sides. Find the dimension of the smallest
lot.
SOLUTION :
2
SOLUTION :
2
0.5 1
V
3
A=x +y
2
2
x + y = 6568
3x + 3y + y x = 356
2x + 4y = 356
x + 2y = 178
x = 178 2y
2
2
x + y = 6568
2
2
(178 - 2y) + y = 6568
2
2
31684 712y + 4y + y = 6568
2
5y 712y + 25116 = 0
y = 78 m.
x = 178 2(78)
x = 22m.
Dimension of smallest lot is 22 m. x 22 m.
PROBLEM 11:
A sphere has a radius of 15 and its center is at the origin.
Which of the following points is inside the sphere.
I ( 4, 6, -12)
II (-10, -9, 4)
III ( 1, -2, 7)
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
2
y 13
Since the distance is less than 15, all points are inside the
sphere.
PROBLEM 12:
Francis set out from a certain point at 6 kph. After he had
gone 2 hours, Cruz set out to overtake him and went 4 km.
rd
the first hour, 5 km. the second hour, 6 km. the 3 hour
and so on gaining 1 km. per hour. After how many hours
were they together.?
c.
a.
t
2
24 t 11
12 t 2 t 8 t 1
12t 24 8t t
2
t 5t 24 0
t = 8 hours
SOLUTION :
2x 1
x 3
x 12
2
2x 6x
x 3
lim
0.229
2 1 1 . 1 7
43 6
3
3
2
x 4 x 21x
2
x 10x 21
3
2
( 3) 4 3 21( 3)
32 10(3) 21
72
Do not exist
PROBLEM 15:
SOLUTION :
a.) Probability that both have cellphones.
P = P1P2
P = 0.8 (0.8)
P = 0.64
y x =4
2yy 2x = 0
lim
321.5
8 1.5 1
PROBLEM 13:
What point in the curve y2 x2 = 4 is nearest to point (6,0).
y'
2a n 1d
6 t2
lim
x 1.25
32x
b.
x5
2
16x 25
4x
4x 6
x 3
8x 1
c.
lim
SOLUTION :
SOLUTION :
3
2
x 4 x 21x
2
x 10x 21
r = (4 0) + (6 - 0) + (-12 0)
r = 14 < 15
2
2
2
2
r = (-10 - 0) + (-9 - 0) + (4 0)
r = 14.04 < 15
2
2
2
2
r = (1 - 0) + (-2 - 0) + (7 0)
r = 7.35 < 15
The point is at 3, 13
PROBLEM 14:
Evaluate the following limits
2
4x x 5
a. lim
x 1.25 16x 2 25
2
x x 12
b. lim
x 3 2 x 2 6 x
SOLUTION :
2x = 6
x=3
2
2
y (3) = 4
2
y = 13
x
y
2
d = (x - 6) + (y 0)
2
2
2
d = (x - 6) + y
2dd = 2(x 6) + 2yy = 0
x 6
y'
y
x x6
y
y
r = (1 0) + (2 - 0) + (7 0)
r = 7.34 < 15 (inside the sphere)
r = (8 0) + (6 - 0) + (12 0)
r = 15.62 > 15 (outside the sphere)
Using (10, 9, 4)
2
r = (10 0) + (9 - 0) + (4 0)
r = 14.04 < 15 (inside the sphere)
Using (-4, 8, -7)
2
2
2
2
r = (-4 0) + (8 - 0) + (-7 0)
r = 11.36 < 15 (inside the sphere)
therefore point (8, 6, 12) is outside the sphere.
PROBLEM 17 :
In an organization, there are Civil Engineers, Electrical
Engineers, and Mechanical Engineers. The sum of their
ages is 2,160; their average age is 36; the average of the
C.E. and M.E. is 39; of the M.E. and E.E. 32(8/11); of the
C.E. and E.E. 36 (2/3). If each C.E. had been one year, each
E.E. 7 years and each M.E. 6 years older, their average age
would have been greater by 5 years. Find the average age
of the Civil Engineers.
Ans. 45 yrs.
1.
2.
3.
SOLUTION :
1. Power output of pump :
V1
0.02
0.152
V1 = 1.13 m/s
0.02
V2
0.102
V2 = 2.55 m/s
V3
2g
P3
Z 3 HA
V4
2g
P4
Z 4 HL
0 + HA = 240 + HL
2
PROBLEM 18 :
A block of copper has a mass of 50 kg. and a density of
8.91 g. per cubic cm.
a.) Find the volume of the copper.
b.) If this block is converted to a cylinder with the
same volume, find the base area if the length is
1500 cm.
c.) Find the diameter of the cylinder.
SOLUTION :
a.) Volume of the copper.
50,000
8.91
V 5 6 1 1 . 6 7 cm
V AL
HL
2
31.13
29 . 8 1
HL = 8.48 m.
2
252.55
29 . 8 1
HA = 240 + 8.48
HA = 248.48 m
Power output = Q E
E = H. A.
E = 248.48 m.
Power output = 0.02 (9.81)(248.48)
Power output = 48.75 kW
D
V
3V
25V2
HL 1
2g
2g
5611.67 A 1500
V 3 . 7 4 cm
2. Pressure head at 1 :
2
2
VA
PA
V1
P
ZA
1 Z1 Hf1
2g
2g
1.132 P1 (20) 31.132
000
2g
2g
D 2
4
2
3.74 D
4
A
P1
19.74m.
D 2 . 1 8 cm .
3. Pressure head at 2 :
2
2
V1
P1
V2
P
Z1 HA
2 Z2
2g
2g
1.13
2g
19.74 20 248.48
2.55
2g
P
2 20
P2
267.95m.
ult f b
design
ult
FS
ult 3602
ult 720 kN
ult f b
720 f
PROBLEM 2:
A valve is suddenly closed in a 200 mm pipe. The
increase in pressure is 700 kPa. Assuming that the pipe is
rigid and the bulk modulus of water is 2.07 x 109 N/m2.
a.) Compute the celerity of the pressure wave.
b.) Compute the velocity of flow.
c.) If the length of the pipe is 650 m. long. Compute the
water hammer pressure at the valve if it is closed in 3 sec.
SOLUTION :
a.) Celerity of pressure wave. :
EB
2. Skin friction :
64.74
Q f 655.26 kN
3. Length of pile :
f C. P L
L 10.90 m.
PROBLEM 4:
A confined aquifer has a source of recharge as shown in the
figure. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is 40m/day
and its porosity is 0.25 . The piezometric head in the two
wells 1350 m. apart is 65 m. and 60 m. respectively from a
common datum. the average thickness of the aquifer is 25 m.
and the average width is 4 km.
2.07 x 109
1000
c = 1438.75 m/s
2L
SOLUTION :
2 650
1. Rate of flow :
h
i
L
65 60
i
1350
1438.75
t 0.904 sec.
Ph
0.904
700
3
Ph 210.83 kPa.
PROBLEM 3:
SOLUTION :
1. End bearing capacity of piles :
q u 111
2
2
C 55.5 kN/m2
b c NC A tip
h 55.590.360.36
Q b 64.74 kN
i 0.0037
A 254000
A 100,000 m 2
Q Ki A
Q 40 0.0037 100,000
3
Q 1 4 8 0 0 m / d ay
2. Seepage Velocity :
Q
A
14800
V
100,000
V 0.148
V
VS
n
0.148
VS
0.25
VS 0.592
V
Dis tan ce
SeepageVelocity
3000
0.592
t 5068 days
t
SOLUTION :
PROBLEM 5:
A tank 12 m. high filled with oil having a unit weight of 9.4
3
kN/m is to be built on a site. The existing soil profile
consists of a 3m. sand layer underlain by a 14 m. clay
layer. The water table is on the ground surface. Neglecting
the weight of the tank.
tan 28
65
55.93 3 65
3 13.14 kPa
(lateral pressure in the cell)
b.) maximum principal stress to cause failure:
1 3 65 65
1 13.14 130
SOLUTION :
1 143.14 kPa
c.) normal stress at the point of the maximum shear :
1. Compression index :
PL
N 3 70
LL P L
0.645
31
x 55.93
Sin 28
P.I.
N 13.14 65
40 20
N 78.14 kPa
LL 20
LL 51%
PROBLEM 7:
Cc 0.00951 10
Cc 0.009 LL 10
Cc 0 . 3 6 9
P 9.4 12
P 112.8 kPa
S
S
CCH
1 e
log
SOLUTION :
a.) Capacity of channel :
P Po
A = 5.6 (1.2)
A = 6.72 m2
P = 1.2(2) + 5.6
P = 8 m.
A
R
P
Po
0.369 1400
1 1.27
S 8 7 . 1 5 mm
79.71
6.72
8
R = 0.84
A R 2/3 S 1/ 2
Q
n
1/ 2
6.72(0.84) 2 / 3 0.002
Q
0.013
3
Q 20.58 m / s
PROBLEM 6:
A cohesive soil specimen has a shearing resistance equal
to 29 and a cohesion of 31 kPa. If the maximum shearing
stress of the soil sample is equal to 65 kPa.
d
2
b=bd
b = 2 d2
AR
2/3 1/ 2
S
n
2d
20.58
2 d
2
G S e
S
2/3
0.0011/ 2
0.013
d 1.794
b = 2d
b = 2 (1.794)
b = 3.578 m.
w
1 e
2.68 0.731
1 0.73
3
1.97 g r /c m
Savings in excavation :
Savings = 5.6 (1.2) 1.794 (3.587 )
Savings = 0.2849 m2
2.681
dry
dr y
1 0.73
3
655 g r /c m
0.92
0.73
0.25
25%
SOLUTION :
a.) Total volume to fill up :
2
r h
v
3
0.65
0.35
100
0.73
PROBLEM 10:
A saturated clay layer has a thickness of 30 m. with a
water content of 59% and a specific gravity of 2.76.
SOLUTION :
a.) Saturated density of the clay :
Gs
V1 = 0.0834 0.025
V1 = 0.0584 m3
3. Height of free surface :
3
V
V1
(0.65)
0.0834
0.0584
h13
2.68
27.24%
v 0.0834m
2.68
At 100%,
PROBLEM 8:
Gs
(0.65)3
h13
h1 = 0.577 m.
PROBLEM 9:
A soil has a specific gravity of 2.68 and a void ratio of 0.73
if the degree of saturation is 92%.
a.) Compute the total density of the soil.
b.) Compute the dry density of the soil.
c.) Compute the water content at a degree of saturation of
92% and 100%.
SOLUTION :
a.) Total density of the soil :
100
592.76
e = 1.628
G e
Sat
w
1 e
2.76 1.628 (1)
Sat
1 1.628
sa t
3
1 .6 7 g r /c m
Sat
w
1 e
2.76 1.628 (9.81)
Sat
1 1.628
3
16.38 kN /m
sa t
Total stress = 16.38 (30)
Total stress = 491.40 kN /m2
SOLUTION :
a.) Critical beam shear stress at ultimate loads.
Pu = 1.32D + 1.1L + 1.1E
Pu = 1.32(420) + 1.1(360) + 1.1(210)
Pu = 1181.4 kN
Mu = 1.32(0) + 1.1(0) + 1.1(160)
Mu = 176 kN.m
Ultimate reaction of pile at row (1)
R
Pu M u C
A
I
2
I=Ad
Assume area of one pile = 1
2
I = 2(1) (2) = 4
C = 1.0
1181.4 176(1)
R
5
4
R = 280.28kN < 320 kN (safe)
Vu = 280.28(2)
Vu = 560.56 kN
Vu
bd
560560
3500600
0.31 MP a
A
I
1181.4 176(0)
R
5
4
Ru = 236.28 kN
Vu = 1181.4 236.28
Vu = 945.12 kN
Vu
b d
o
b
945120
4000600
0.463 MP a
SOLUTION :
a.) Value of P and e when the compressive stress of 21
MPa.
P
f
A
21
P
300(600)
P 3780 kN e 0
P MC
A
I
P 6M
bd bd 2
P 6 Pe
f
bd bd 2
f
P 6 e
1
stress at the top
d
bd
P 6 e
f
1
stress at the bottom
b bd
d
P
1 6 e equation (1)
2
300(600) 600
P
1 6 e equation (2)
12
300(600) 600
f
t
e 140 mm
P
1 6 140
600
300600
P = 900,000 N
P = 900 kN
12
P MC
A
I
At the bottom of the beam :
P 6 e
f
1
b bd
d
P
1 6 e
0
300600 d
6e
At the top of the beam :
1
0
d
P 6 e
f
1
6e
b bd
d
1
0
600
P
1 6 100
16
600 6e 0
600
300600
600
P = 1440,000 N
e
6
P = 1440 kN
e 100 mm
f
PROBLEM 2:
A beam with width b = 300 mm and depth d = 600 mm is to
be prestressed. Considering a 15% prestress loss,
compute the value of prestressing force P and eccentricity
e.
PROBLEM 3:
A 9 m. high retaining wall is laterally supported at the top
and fixed at the base. The wall resists active earth pressure
increasing from 0 at the top to 52 kN/m at the base per
meter length along the longitudinal axis.
a.) Determine the design moment at the base. Apply the
2
2
fixed end moment equation WL at the top and WL at
30
20
the base. EI is constant.
222 6120
4
b.) The lateral support at the top of the wall was removed,
determine the design moment at the base.
P = 273696 N
P = 273.70 kN
SOLUTION :
a.Design moment at the base when the top is laterally
supported.
WL2
20
2
599
M
20
M = 210.6kN.m
b. Design moment at the base when the support at the top
was removed.
52
91
P
2
P = 234
M = 3P
M = 3(234)
M = 702 kN.m
PV
529
V
2
V 234 kN.
PROBLEM 4:
Two plates each with thickness t = 16 mm are bolted
together with 6 22 mm bolts forming a lap connection.
Bolt spacing are as follows :
S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80 mm, S3 = 100 mm
Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm
Allowable stress :
Tensile stress on gross area of the plate = 0.60 Fy
Tensile stress on net area of the plate = 0.50 Fu
Shear stress of the bolt : Fv = 120 MPa
Bearing stress of the bolt : Fp = 1.2 Fu
Calculate the permissible tensile load P under the
following conditions.
SOLUTION :
PROBLEM 5:
Vc
1
f C 'b w d
6
4h d
Mm Mu Nu
8
Vu d
is not limited to 1.0
Mu
Vc = shall not be greater than :
0.3N u
Vc 0.3 1
fc ' bw d
Ag
When Mm is negative :
0.3N u
Use Vc 0.3 1
fc ' bw d
Ag
1 0.3N u
Vc 1
f c ' b w d
6
Ag
Av f d
y
S
a.) Determine the concrete shear strength for the positive x
direction using simplified calculation.
b.) Determine the concrete shear strength for the negative
x direction using simplified calculation.
c.) Determine the required spacing of shear reinforcement.
Apply provisions on spacing limits of reinforcement when
applicable.
AS