Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

School of Engineering and Information Technology

ASSESSMENT COVER SHEET
Student Name

NAUMAN NASIR

Student ID

243236

Assessment Title

ASSIGNMENT 2

Unit Number and Title

ENG 474 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecturer/Tutor

KAMAL DEBNATH

Date Submitted

MARCH 30TH 2012

Date Received
Office use only
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Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

QUESTION 1
The internal Inductance of the conductor:

Hx

ds

dx

Flux linkage of Magnetic field in the internal conductor

The relations for Inductance L, the current I and magnetic flux linkage :
LI =

( = Total flux linkages)

The Amperes law:

Where,

(0<x<r)
The total current through a cross section of the conductor

in the area

We assumed a uniform current density in the conductor.

(0<x<r)

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

But,
Where flux density (B) and magnetic field (H) in the Air

The circumferential flux with in the annular cylinder (fig.1) of thickness dx per-unit length of the
cylinder is

The flux linkage within the conductor is the product of the flux and the fraction of the current linked.
Thus,
dx =
Combining Equation 7 and 1 yields
H/m
In order to find the inductance due to the flux linkage external to the conductor, we first determine
the circumferential flux within a cylinder bounded by the outer radius and inner radius. According to
fig 1.2, By ampers law, magnetic field intensity at a distance y External to the conductor yields:

By, Hy

r
Fig 1.2 magnetic field intensity at a distance y External to the conductor
(8)
AT/m.(9)
The flux

contained in the tubular element of thickness dy is

Wb/m length of conductor
3

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

The flux linkage

being external to the conductor links all the current in the conductor which
together with the return conductor at infinity forms of single returns, such as its flux linkages are
given by

Therefore,
We know that
Now, total self-inductance is:
For a 2 loop,
Thus,
H/m of loop

QUESTION 2.2

(10 marks)

Define Ds and Dm for Lines with stranded conductors. Determine the Ds of a conductor with (a) two
strands, (b) three strands in triangular configuration, (c) three strands in linear configuration, (d) four
strands in square configuration, (e) four strands in rhombus configuration and (f) seven strands
compact. In each case, assume a strand radius of r.
r

4r
1

2r
2

b 2r

2r
c
1

4
d

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Solution :
Ds is defined as the Geometric Mean Radius or self GMD of the conductor itself which represents the
equivalent distance of the various strands. There are magnetic flux lines not only outside of the
conductor, but also inside. GMR is a hypothetical radius that replaces the actual conductor with a
hollow conductor of radius equal to GMR such that the self-inductance of the conductor remains
same.
Dm is described as the Geometric Mean Distance between the conductors which replaces the actual
arrangement of the conductors by a hypothetical mean distance such that the mutual inductance of
the arrangement remains the same.
(a) For the two strand configurations shown in fig. a, to calculate the GMR we have to first found out
the values of r1' , r2' , D12 and D21 We know that, D12=D21.

r1' r2' r u 0.7788meters

D12=D21 = 2 u r Meters

0.7788r Meters

GMR of bundled conductor, Dsb = 4 r1' u D12 u r2' u D 21

4
0.7788r u 2r u 0.7788r u 2r
=
=1.248r

(b)For the three strands in triangular configurations shown in fig. b, to calculate the GMR we have to
first found out the values of r1' r2' r3' D12 D23 and D31 . We know that, D12=D21, D23=D32 and
, , ,
,
D13=D31.
r1'

r2'

r3'

r u 0.7788meters

0.7788r Meters

D12=D21 =D23=D32=D13=D31= 2 u r Meters

GMR of bundled conductor, Dsb =

r1' u D12 u D13 u r2' u D23 u D21 u r3' u D31 u D 32

= 9 0.7788 u r u 2r u 2r u 0.7788 u r u 2r u 2r u 0.7788 u r u 2r u 2r

=1.460r
(c)For the three strands in linear configurations shown in fig. c, to calculate the GMR we have to
first found out the values of r1' r2' r3' D12 D23 and D31 . We know that, D12=D21, D23=D32 and
, , ,
,
D13=D31.
r1' r2' r3' r u 0.7788meters 0.7788r Meters
D12=D21 =D23=D32 = 2 u r Meters and D13=D31= 4 u r Meters
GMR of bundled conductor, Dsb =

r1' u D12 u D13 u r2' u D23 u D21 u r3' u D31 u D 32

= 9 0.7788 u r u 2r u 4r u 0.7788 u r u 2r u 2r u 0.7788 u r u 4 u r u 2 u r

=1.703r

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

(d)For the four strands in square configurations shown in fig. d, to calculate the GMR we have to
first found out the values of r1' , r2' , r3' , r4' , D12 , D13 , D14 , D23 , D24 and D34 We know that, D12=D21,
D23=D32 , D13=D31 , D14=D41, D42=D24 and D43=D34
r1'

r2'

r3'

r4'

0.7788r Meters

r u 0.7788meters

D12=D21 =D13=D31=D24=D42=D34=D43= 2 u r Meters and

D14=D41 =D23=D32=
=2.828r Meters
GMR of bundled conductor, Dsb =

=
=1.723r

r
(e)

2r

(e)For the four strand in rhombus configurations shown in fig. e, to calculate the GMR we have to
first found out the values of r1' r2' r3' r4' D12 D13 , D14 D23 , D24 and D34 We know that, D12=D21,
, , , ,
,
,
D23=D32 , D13=D31 , D14=D41, D42=D24 and D43=D34
r1'

r2'

r3'

r4'

r u 0.7788meters

0.7788r Meters

D12=D21 =D13=D31=D14=D41=D23=D32= D24=D42= 2 u r Meters and

D43=D34 =
=3.464r Meters

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Hence GMR
Dsb =

=
=1.692r
(f)For the seven strands configurations shown in fig. f, to calculate the GMR we have to first found
out the values of r ' for the seven conductors and D xy i.e. related to distance between the two
conductors.
r1' r2' r3' r4' r5' r6' r7' r u 0.7788meters 0.7788r Meters
Conductor 1 is located at centres and other
We know that, D12=D21=D23=D32 =D13=D31 =D14=D41=D51=D15 =D16=D61=
D17=D71 =D43=D34=D45=D54=D56=D65= D67=D76= D27=D72= 2 u r Meters and

D25=D52 =D36=D63 =D47=D74 =(r +r +r +r) =4r Meters and

D24=D42=D35=D53=D46 =D64=D57 =D75=D62=D26=D73 =D37 =

=3.464r Meters

7
2

6
1

2r

5
4

f
Now, GMR, Dsb =
= 2.177r

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Question 2.3

Show that for a three-phase line with equilaterally spaced

solid conductors, the inductance is given by
L=0.2 ln

= 0.2 ln

mH/km

Extend this idea to stranded conductors and show

that l=0.2 ln

+0.2 ln(Dm) = La + Ld

Also explain what the symbols La and Ld in the above

expression mean.

Ans.

Total flux linkages of the conductor due to internal and external flux are:
total = int + ext
total =

ln

Where r = 1; o = 4 x 10-7
Here simplified equation after put the o value
total = (1/2) x 10-7 + 2 x 10-7 I ln D/r
= 2 x 10-7 I (1/4 +lnD/r)

= 2 x 10-7I (ln (D/r.e-1/4 ))

H e re

r.e-1/4 = r =0.7788r
= 2 x 10-7 I (ln (D/r )

So the Inductance of the conductor due to flux is

L = total

= 2 x 10-7 ln

H/m

L = 0.2 ln
mH/km
Carrying three phase equilateral conductor currents Ia+ Ib+ Ic=0
Ib+ Ic= - Ia

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Total fulx linkage total = 12+ 23+ 31

D12= D13 = D23 = d
12 = 2 x 10-7 [( Ia.ln (1/r ) + ( Ib.ln (1/d ) + ( Ic.ln (1/d )]
23 = 2 x 10-7 [( Ia.ln (1/r) + ( Ib.ln (1/d ) + ( Ic.ln (1/d )]
31 = 2 x 10-7 [( Ia.ln (1/r ) + ( Ib.ln (1/d ) + ( Ic.ln (1/d)]
And

Therfore

Ib+Ic = -Ia
total = 2 x 10-7 [( Ia.ln (1/r )+( Ib.ln (1/d)+( Ic.ln (1/d )]
= 2 x 10-7 {Ia ln

= 2 x 10-7 Ia ln

H/m/phase

Ia ln

total = 2 x 10-7 Ia ln (d/r ) H/m/phase

For equalent stranded conductor

D = Dm and r = Ds
L = total
= 0.2 ln Dm Ds mH/km
Where Dm= equivalent distance between the conductors
Ds= equivalent distance between the strands
L=0.2ln Dm Ds = 0.2ln 1 Ds + 0.2ln Dm = La+Lb
La = 0.2ln1 Ds
Lb= 0.2ln Dm

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Question 2.4

Show that the line to neutral capacitance of a three phase line with equilaterally
spaced conductors are given by the following expression:
CN =

DM
18 On
D SC

CN

CN

F/km

CN

CN

CN

CN

Ans.

As we know the electric field intensity at a distance y from the axis of the
conductor is

v /m

Where k permittivity of the medium q is coulomb/meter

As shown in the above figure, P1 and P2 are located at distances D1 and

D2 respectively from the conductor of the axis.
So the potential difference is given by,
V12 =

10

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

After path integration

V12 =

dy =

ln

If a, b, c, and n are conductors in a group. The potential difference between

two conductors of a group of parallel conductors,
Vab

lnDab ra qbln rb Dbc qclnDcb Dca ....qn lnDnb Dna V

.........(1)

Three phase line with equilateral spacing

Three identical conductors of radius r placed in equilateral configuration

By using equation (1) we can write Vab and Vac as
Vab

q lnD r q ln r
q lnD r q ln D
a

Vac
a
By adding Eqs. (2)&(3)
Vab Vac

2q

D q ln r D ...................... 3

D qclnD D .....................(2)
c

lnD r qb qc ln r D ............4

As we know the sum of three conductors are zero, so

qb + qc = - qa
Substitute in Eqs.(4) then we get
Vab Vac 3qa

lnD r .............5
11

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

According to the phaser diagram of three phase conductor,

Vab + Vac = 3Van .......................................... (6)
From Eqs. (5)&(6) we get
Van = qa

lnD r

The capacitance of the line neutral =

Cn = qa Van

Here medium is Air (Air permittivity k=1)

So ,

Cn

ln D r F/m

log D r F/m

The line to neutral capacitance of a three phase line with equilaterally spaced
conductors are
1
F/km
C N = 18 l n DM
D SC

Question 2.5

Show that for bundled conductors, the D sb is given by the following

expressions:
2-conductor
bundle
D SB

DS D

D SBC

RD

3-conductor
bundle

4-conductor
bundle

DS D 2

1.09 4 DS D 3

3
3

R D

1.09 4 R D 3

Ans.
b

2-Conductor bundle: D s =

Here radius r1=r2 , r = r = 0.7788r Meters= Ds And Distance D12=D21= d

Dbsc =
Same as, Dbsc = 4
Radius r1=r2=r, and D12=D21= d
12

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Dbsc=

3-Conductor bundle: Dbs =

Radius r1=r2=r3=r, r1 = 2r = r 3= 0.7788r Meters=

Ds And Distance D12 = D13 = D21= D23 = D31= D32=d

Same as, Dbs c

Dbs =
Dbs =
=

Radius, r1=r2=r3=r, Distance D12 = D13 = D21= D23 = D31= D32=d

Dbs c =

4-conductor bundle:

Dbs =

Distance, d12=d21 =d23=d32=d34=d43=d14=d41=d Meters

D13=D31 =D24=D42= Dbsc =
Radius r1= r2 =r3=r4= r,1 r =2 r = r 3=4=r 0.7788r Meters=Ds
Dbsc =
Db = 1s .09 X
Db s = 1.09x

Db = 1s .09x

Dbsc = 1.09x

13

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Ass 2.6

Determine the ABCD constants of a transmission line for the following cases:
(a) short line model, (b) medium-length line in Tee model, (c) mediumlength line in Pi model, (d) long line model and (e) approximated
long line model. In each case confirm that AD - BC = 1.
(a) short line model:

If transmission line length is 100km or less those lines called as short lines
and the total 50Hz shunt admittance is small enough to be negligible.
Total impedance Z= R+j X
Write a relationship between voltage(V) and current(I) at sending-end
and receiving-end.
Vs = VR + Z IR
Is = IR

We can represent in

14

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Here
A=
1, B
= Z,
C=0
D= 1.

15

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Thus,
AD BC =1 X 1Z X 0 = 1
(b) Medium-length line in Tee model:

Consider Vm is voltage between sending and receiving-end

We can write Eqs.at receiving end current
IR = V

VR Z2

VS = YZ 2 + 1VR+ Z YZ 4 +1IR
And also current at sending end
IS = YVM + IR
IR = YVR + YZ 2 +1IR
A=D= (YZ/2) +1
B=Z{(YZ/4)+1}
C=Y
AD-BC={(YZ/2)+1}X{(YZ/2)+1}-YZ{(YZ/4)+1}
= Y2Z2 4 +1 + YZ Y2Z2 4 YZ = 1

16

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

Medium-length lines 100Km to 240Km long, the shunt admittance must be

included in calculations. However, the total admittance is usually modeled
( model) as two capacitors of equal values (each corresponding to a half of
total admittance) placed at the sending and receiving ends.

The current through the receiving end capacitor can be found as

Ic2=Vr (y/2)

And the current through the series impedance elements is

Iser =Vr (y/2)+Ir

Write KVL
Vs=ZIser+VR=Z(Ic2+ IR)+VR={(yz/2) +1}VR+Z IR
The current source will be:
Is=Ic1+Iser =Ic1+Ic2+IR=Vs (Y/2) +VR (Y/2) +IR =Y{( ZY/4)+ 1}VR +{( ZY/2)+
1}IR

There fore abcd constants of medium-length transmission line are

17

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

A= {( YZ/2)+ 1}
B=Z
C= {( ZY/4)+ 1}
D= {( ZY/2)+ 1}
AD-BC={( YZ/2)+ 1} x {( ZY/2)+ 1}-Z x {( ZY/4)+ 1}
= Y2Z2 4 +1 + YZ Y2Z2 4 YZ
AD-BC=1
C: long line model:

Z=impedence per KM
Y=admittance per KM
= Y Z j

= propagation constant

Zo= Y/Z
After simplification of KCL and KVL we have
VS = VR coshyl + ZCIR sinhyl
Is = VR / ZC sinhyl + IR coshyl
18

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

A = Cosh(l)
B = Zo S i n ( l)
C= ( I/Zo)Sinh(l)
D=Cosh(l)
AD - BC

= Coshl2 Zc Sinhl X Sinhyl/Zc

= Cosh2l + sin2l = 1

(e) Approximated long line model:

The above figure shows an equivalent circuit of Approximated long line

pie model.
However, it is possible to model a long transmission line as a model with
a modified series impedance Z and a modified shunt admittance Y and
19

Power Systems Analysis

Assignment 2

to perform calculations on that model using ABCD constants.\

A= {( YZ/2)+ 1}
B=Z
C=Y {( ZY/4)+ 1}
D= {( ZY/2)+ 1}
AD-BC={( YZ/2)+ 1} x {( ZY/2)+ 1}-Z xY {( ZY/4)+ 1}
=1

20