1. Mark the correct statement about Platinum Group Minerals (PGM).

(a) PGM occurs as immiscible segregation in early magmatic stage and is

locked up in silicates
(b) They are primarily localized in ultramafic rocks
(c) Hydro thermal activity plays a significant role in the concentration of
Platinum group elements
(d) All are correct
(e) None of these

2. Chrysolite Asbestos result from the:

(a) Magmatic liquid
(b) Alteration of Serpentine
(c) Alteration of Olivine to Serpentine
(d) Hydrothermal solutions
(e) None of these
3. Mn-ore of chemical grade should have:
(a) 0-95% of Mn
(b) 82-87% of Mn
(c) 74-78% of Mn
(d) 60-63% of Mn
(e) None of these
4. The major elements is Mn-nodules are:
(a) Fe and Mn
(b) Fe, Mn and Ni
(c) Fe, Mn, Ni and Cu
(d) Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu and Co
(e) None of these
5. Iron Sulphide minerals are often indicators of the?
(a) Geochemical conditions under which they are formed
(b) Depositional Environments
(c) Transportation agencies
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(e) None of these
6. Which is the correct statement about Pyrite:
(a) It has a wide range of thermal stability upto 743C
(b) It is formed in marine depositional environment
(c) It deposits under neutral to alkaline conditions
(d) All the above statements are correct
(e) None of these

7. Molybdenum Steels are used in:

(a) Aircraft
(b) Automobiles
(c) Oil machinery
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
8. Which is the most stable mineral towards weathering:
(a) Quartz
(b) Feldspar
(c) Hornblende
(d) Olivine
(e) None of these
9. Which rare earth element replaces Zirconium in Zircon:
(a) Thorium
(b) Cerium
(c) Hafnium
(d) None of these
10. Epidote crystallises in:
(a) Orthorhombic system
(b) Monoclinic system
(c) Triclinic system
(d) Cubic system
(e) None of these
11. The degree of transparency of a mineral is known as:
(a) Schillerization
(b) Diaphaneity
(c) Phosphorescence
(d) None of these
12. Polymorphous elements like carbon are called:
(a) Semi-ploytropic
(b) Polytropic
(c) Allotropic
(d) None of these
13. Which type of drainage pattern develops in folded or tilted blocks:
(a) Dendretic pattern
(b) Trellis pattern
(c) Rectangular pattern

(d) None of these

14. A plain of eroded bed rock developed between mountain and basin areas
is known as:
(a) Pediment
(b) Playa
(c) Piedment
(d) Peneplains
(e) None of these
15. Amorphous substances are:
(a) Isotropic
(b) Anisotropic
(c) Uniaxial
(d) Biaxial
(e) None of these
16. Wind does erosion in:
(a) Attrition
(b) Abrasion
(c) Deflation
(d) All these processes
(e) None of these
17. A fossil which assumes to be the intermediate form between man and ape
is:
(a) Australopithecus
(b) Ramapithecus
(c) Sivapithecus
(d) Sinanthropus
(e) None of these
19. Trace fossils are also known as:
(a) Organic fossils
(b) Ichno fossils
(c) Ripple fossils
(d) None of these
20. What are the applications of condones:
(a) In Biostratigraphy
(b) In Paleoecology
(c) In Hydrocarbon Exploration
(d) All of these
(e) None of these

2. (i) The quality of coal of Thar coal deposits is:

(a) Anthracitic
(b) Bituminous
(c) Lignitic
(d) Sub-bituminous
(e) All of these
(ii) Liptinite type of maceral group, after maturation is capable to generate:
(a) Condensate
(b) Oil
(c) Gas
(d) Coal
(e) None of these
(iii) Dolomite deposits of Jhampir (Sindh) occur in:
(a) Laki Formation
(b) Nari Formation
(c) Dungan Formation
(d) Kirthar Formation
(e) All of these
(iv) The heavy minerals, Zircon, Rutile and Apatite are found in:
(a) Sand and Sandstone
(b) Chalk and Limestone
(c) Kaolinite and Claystone
(d) Chlorite and Claystone
(e) None of these
(v) During geological mapping the following can be used as base map:
(a) Toposheet
(b) Aerial Photograph
(c) Satellite Image
(d) Habitation map
(e) All of these
(vi) Hemimorphite, Franklinite and Smithsonite are ores of:
(a) Cu
(b) Ti
(c) Cr
(d) Zn
(e) None of these
(vii) Following is a very well proven reservoir rock in Lower Indus Basin:
(a) Gaj Formation
(b) Nari Formation
(c) Goru Formation

(d) Parh Limestone

(e) None of these
(viii) F. H. Lahee and R. R. Compton are the authors of the famous books on the
subject:
(a) Geomorphology
(b) Field Geology
(c) Stuctural Geology
(d) Engineering Geology
(e) None of these
(ix) Khas Kheli oil field in lower Sindh was discovered in:
(a) 1991
(b) 1981
(c) 1971
(d) 1961
(e) None of these
(x) Warsak dam is built on:
(a) Kabul River
(b) Kurram River
(c) Gomal River
(d) Swat River
(e) None of these
(xi) Alpine-type Chromite deposits occur at:
(a) Chagai
(b) Kohistan
(c) Raskoh
(d) Muslimbagh
(e) All of these
(xii) Which of the following prospecting method is most suitable for locating
Asbestos, Pyrrhotite and Manganese?
(a) Air-born magnetic survey
(b) Ground magnetic survey
(c) Seismic method
(d) Electrical Resistivity method
(e) All of these
(xiii) To obtain information about magnetic minerals from Stereogram/Stereopair
following instrument is used:
(a) Stereometer
(b) Magnetometer
(c) Resistivitymeter
(d) Seismometer

(e) None of these

(xiv) Following rocks are not suitable as construction materials due to ASR and
ACR hazards respectively:
(a) Granite and Diorite
(b) Dolomite and Calcite
(c) Andesite and Dolomite
(d) Basalt and Gabbro
(e) None of these
(xv) Presence of Pegmatite is especially an indicator of possible occurrence of:
(a) Base-metals
(b) Radioactive minerals
(c) Magnetic minerals
(d) Non-metals
(e) All of these
(xvi) For exploration and determination of underground water quality most
suitable method is:
(a) Seismic
(b) Magnetic
(c) Geochemical
(d) Resistivity
(e) None of these
(xvii) If a map shows distribution of rocks and other geological materials (features
also) of different ages over the Earths surface or below, it is known as:
(a) Topographic Map
(b) Geological Map
(c) Physiographic Map
(d) Mine-Survey Map
(e) None of these
(xviii) A map which shows the surface contours on an imaginary surface to which
water would rise in a drilled well is termed as:
(a) Piezometric Contour Map
(b) Groundwater Contour Map
(c) Water Table Contour Map
(d) Sonometric Contour Map
(e) All of these
(xix) Following is the term describes the Iron-Oxide rich zone which lies above a
Sulphide bearing ore deposit:
(a) Greisen
(b) Genesis
(c) Gossan

(d) Gneiss
(e) None of these
(xx) Oil seepages in the Sulaiman Range are from the rocks of the following ages:
(a) Triassic and Jurassic
(b) Jurassic and Cretaceous
(c) Cretaceous and Paleocene
(d) Paleocene and Eocene
(e) All of these
(i)
Which of the following is a part of the definition of a mineral?
(a) a liquid that may become solid
(b) man-made
(c) definite chemical composition
(d) unorganized structure
(e) All of these
(ii) Which of the following minerals are arranged in order of increasing
hardness?
(a) talc, apatite, corundum, diamond
(b) topaz, quartz, fluorite, corundum
(c) talc, quartz, calcite, diamond
(d) quartz, topaz, diamond, fluorite
(e) fluorite, calcite, gypsum, talc
(iii) How do the crystal structures of micas and feldspars differ from each
other?
(a) feldspars are framework silicates, micas are double chain silicates
(b) feldspars are double chain silicates, micas are sheet silicates
(c) micas and feldspars have the same crystalline structure
(d) feldspars are single chain silicates, micas are double chain silicates
(e) micas are sheet silicates, feldspars are framework silicates
(iv) Sima is a general term used to refer to:
(a) rocks of the ocean basins
(b) rocks of the continents
(c) None of these
(d) all rocks that compose Earths crust
(e) rocks that compose the crust of terrestrial planets
(v) Which of the following parameters influences the viscosity of magma?:
(a) temperature of the magma
(b) oxygen content of the magma
(c) depth of the magma beneath Earths surface
(d) quantity of minerals in the magma
(e) all of these

(vi) The Continuous Series of Bowens Reaction Series is composed of

minerals.
(a) with different chemical compositions but the same mineral structures
(b) with different chemical compositions and different mineral structures
(c) with similar chemical compositions and different mineral structures
(d) with similar chemical compositions and similar mineral structures
(e) None of these
(vii) Plutonic igneous rocks always have:
(a) olivine, calcium feldspar, pyroxene
(b) amphibole, sodium feldspar, biotite
(c) quartz, muscovite, potassium feldspar
(d) phaneritic texture
(e) None of these
(viii) Weathering processes:
(a) only affect igneous rocks
(b) only affect sedimentary rocks
(c) affect all rocks at Earths surface
(d) do not adversely affect rocks
(e) cannot be observed directly at Earths surface.
(ix) Mud cracks preserved in sedimentary rocks:
(a) are indicative of arid environments characterized by occasional rain
(b) occur only in rain forests
(c) occur whenever plants germinate in rocks
(d) have never been observed in nature
(x) Which of the following lists is arranged in order from lowest to highest
grade of metamorphic rock?
(a) gneiss, slate, schist, phyllite
(b) gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate
(c) slate, gneiss , phyllite, schist
(d) slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
(e) phyllite, gneiss, slate, schist
(xi) The asthenosphere is:
(a) that portion of Earth where rocks behave as brittle solids
(b) that portion of Earth where rocks behave as plastic solids
(c) that portion of Earth where rocks behave as fluids
(d) that portion of Earth where rocks can be found
(e) None of these
(xii) Which of the following is associated with continent-continent
convergent plate boundaries?
(a) explosive volcanism

(b) andesite volcanism

(c) large, damaging earthquakes
(d) volcanic mountain chain
(e) All of these
(xiii) An example of a convergent plate boundary is:
(a) the Ouachita Mountains
(b) the Appalachian Mountains
(c) the Himalaya Mountains
(d) the Cascade Mountains
(e) All of these
(xiv) The strike of a layer is:
(a) the angle at which that layer intercepts a horizontal surface
(b) the degree to which the layer has compressed during mountain
building
(c) a line formed by the intersection of the layer with the Earths surface
(xv) An anticline is a structure in which:
(a) the oldest rock layers are located at the top of the structure
(b) the rock layers dip away from the axis of the structure
(c) rock layers are down warped
(d) All of these
(xvi) The V-shaped outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline will:
(a) be tilted
(b) close in the direction of plunge
(c) open in the direction of plunge
(d) not be observed
(e) point toward the axis
(xvii) Which of the following is not a feature of an anticline?
(a) youngest rocks on the flanks
(b) oldest rocks near the axis
(c) layers dip toward the axis
(d) upwarped rock layers
(e) All of these
(xviii) Which of the following is not a principle used in relative dating?
(a) the Principle of Superposition
(b) the Principle of Original Horizontality
(c) the Principle of Faunal Succession
(d) the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
(e) The Theory of Evolution
(xix) What is the half-life of a radioactive element?

(a) the time required for one-half of a given quantity of the element to
decay to its daughter element
(b) the time required for all of the radioactive element to decay to its
daughter element
(c) half of the time required for a given quantity of the element to decay to
its daughter element
(d) the time required for the radioactive element to decay half of the time
(e) if you observe a radioactive element, half the time it decays, half the
time it doesnt
(xx) The Principle of Faunal Succession states that:
(a) fossils preserved in rock layers are less complex in older rocks
(b) the Theory of Evolution is proven by the succession of fossils observed
in rocks
(c) the fossil record of life proves that life has succeeded on Earth
(d) it is unlikely that life could have succeeded on other planets
(e) None of these
(i)
Diamonds are stronger than graphite because they have:
(a) Van der Waals bonds
(b) covalent bonds
(c) ionic bonds
(d) metallic bonds
(ii) Bauxite, the principal ore of aluminum is actually which type of
soil:
(a) pedalfer
(b) pedocal
(c) caliche
(d) laterite
(iii) The term groundwater recharge refers to:
(a) the supply of groundwater that remains stored in the ground for
long periods of time
(b) the infiltration and addition of water into the groundwater
aquifer
(c) absorption of water by the soil
(d) how fast the groundwater is flowing
(iv) Which of the following aquifers are most at risk to
contamination?
(a) deep, confined aquifers
(b) aquifers in igneous rocks
(c) shallow, unconfined aquifers recharged by rivers that drain
agricultural or industrial areas
(d) All of these

(v) Doubling of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is

predicted to cause:
(a) change in rainfall patterns
(b) increase in average global temperature of 1.2 *C
(c) northward movement of optimal growing zones
(d) All of these
(vi) Platinum and chromium deposits are typically associated with:
(a) pegmatites
(b) hydrothermal deposits
(c) black smokers
(d) igneous mafic layered intrusions
(vii) With increasing metamorphism, a shale will go through which
of the following textural changes:
(a) phyllite, gneiss, schist, slate
(b) schist, slate, gneiss, phyllite
(c) slate, phyllite, gneiss, schist
(d) slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
(viii) Most petroleum is generated from source rocks deposited:
(a) in oxic to dysoxic
(b) dysoxic-to-suboxic
(c) suboxic-to-anoxic
(d) dysoxic-to-oxic environments
(ix) The main driving force behind secondary migration in absence
of hydrodynamics is:
(a) buoyancy
(b) capillarity
(c) surface tension
(x) Mendeleer proposed that, metallic carbides deep within the
Earth reacted at high temperature with H2O, to form hydrocarbons:
(a) methane
(b) ethane
(c) acetylene
(d) benzene
(xi) Good hydrocarbon source rocks are usually:
(a) Coarse grained
(b) fine grained
(c) medium grained

(xiii) First discovery of oil Field was made at Khaur in Potwar Basin
in:
(a) 1885
(b) 1951
(c) 1915
(d) 1947
(xiv) The zone of leaching in a soil is also called the:
(a) A-horizon
(b) B-horizon
(c) C-horizon
(d) O-horizon
(xv) To be an aquifer, a rock unit must have::
(a) both permeability and porosity
(b) neither permeability nor porosity
(c) permeability, but not porosity
(d) porosity, but not permeability
(xvi) Which formation is most objective as reservoir rock in Potowar
region?
(a) Khewra sand stone
(b) Datta sand stone
(b) Pab sand stone
(d) Sakesar Lime stone
(xvii) Geologists use the equation called Darcys Law to calculate:
(a) the depth to the water table
(b) the discharge through an aquifer
(c) the water pressure in an aquifer
(d) the porosity of an aquifer
(xviii) Kalabagh Dam was proposed to built on:
(a) Swat River
(b) Kabul River
(c) Indus River
(d) Nilam River
(xix) Chromite ore mines are located in:
(a) Axial folded Belt
(b) Sulaiman Ranges
(c) Trans Indus Ranges
(d) Kharan Ranges
(e) None of these
(xx) Most of the Oil and Gas Fields of Indus Basin discovered in:

(a) Punjab Platform Area

(b) Thar Platform Area
(c) Sargodha High
(d) Kohat-Potwar Basin
(e) None of these
(i)
Following are the members of plagioclase family:
(a) Albite, Oligoclase, Andesine
(b) Andesine, Labradorite, Bytownite
(c) Oligoclase, Andesine, Labradorite
(d) Labradorite, Bytownite, Anorthite (e) All of these
(ii) Chaman Transform Zone is characterized:
(a) Mainly by strike-slip faulting with minor subduction
(b) Mainly by dip-slip faulting with minor subduction
(c) Mainly by subduction with minor strike-slip faulting
(d) Mainly by obduction with minor strike-slip faulting
(e) None of these
(iii) A blocky and fragmented form of lava occurring in flows
with fissured and angular surfaces is known as:
(a) Ad lava
(b) Ac lava
(c) Ab lava
(d) Aa lava
(e) None of these
(iv) The following formations are known respectively as
Upper, Middle and Lower Productus Limestone:
(a) Amb, Wargal and Chiddru
(b) Chiddru, Wargal and Amb
(c) Wargal, Amb and Chiddru
(d) Amb, Chiddru and Wargal
(e) None of these
(v) The following mineral shows two sets rhombic cleavage:
(a) Hornblende
(b) Grunerite
(c) Tremolite
(d) Actinolite
(e) All of these
(vi) Physical weathering process in which sheets of rock are
fractured and detached from an outcrop is termed as:
(a) Degeneration
(b) Transpiration
(c) Exfoliation

(d) Deformation
(e) None of these
(vii) Mohorovicic Discontinuity is the boundary between:
(a) Crust and Lithosphere
(b) Sima and Sial
(c) Crust and Mantle
(d) Crust and Asthenosphere
(e) None of these
(viii) Type of foliation associated with very fine grained pelitic
rocks metamorphosed to low grade is known as:
(a) Phyllitic Structure
(b) Gneissic Structure
(c) Schistose Structure
(d) Slaty Cleavage
(e) None of these
(ix) Which of the following statements is true?
(a) Apatite is harder than Fluorite
(b) Quartz is harder than Calcite
(c) Corundum is harder than Quartz
(d) Diamond is harder than all minerals
(e) All of these
(x) Among following which are classed as chronostratigraphic
units:
(a) Era, Period, Epoch
(b) Group, Formation, Member
(c) System, Series, Stage
(d) Palaeozoic, Cretaceous, Miocene
(e) None of these
(xi) Which of the following group of rocks is known as basic
igneous rocks?
(a) Monzonite, Syenite, Rhyolite
(b) Granite, Diorite, Granodiorite
(c) Trachyte, Andesite, Dacite
(d) Gabbro, Norite, Dolerite
(e) None of these
(xii) Antistress and stress minerals are discussed in the
context of:
(a) Metamorphic rocks
(b) Sedimentary rocks
(c) Plutonic rocks

(d) Volcanic rocks

(e) All of these
(xiii) Island Arc is a linear or arcuate chain of volcanic islands
at:
(a) Transform Plate Boundary
(b) Convergent Plate Boundary
(c) Mid-Oceanic Ridge
(d) Divergent Plate Boundary
(e) None of these
(xiv) Axial Fold Belt is the dividing feature between two
basins.
(a) Indus and Kakar Khurasan
(b) Lower and Upper Indus
(c) Southern and Central Indus
(d) Indus and Balochistan
(e) None of these
(xv) Current ripples are used to indicate:
(a) Velocity of flow
(b) Direction of flow
(c) Line of flow
(d) Gradient of flow
(e) All of these
(xvi) Floating invertebrates are known as:
(a) Benthos
(b) Nektons
(c) Zooplanktons
(d) Phytoplanktons
(e) None of these
(xvii) Zaluch Nala is situated in:
(a) Eastern Salt Range
(b) Western Salt Range
(c) Surghar Range
(d) Central Salt Range
(e) None of these
(xviii) Expression of the septum on the wall surface of
Ammonoids is known as:
(a) Growth lines
(b) Suture
(c) Ribs
(d) Umbilicus

(e) None of these

(xix) Blue Schist is comprised of:
(a) Smectite and Quartz
(b) Glaucophane, Lawsonite and Quartz
(c) Epidote and Albite
(d) Marble and Quartzite
(e) None of these
(xx) The hinge line of a doubly plunging syncline is:
(a) Curvilinear
(b) Rectilinear
(c) Horizontal
(d) Vertical
(e) None of these
(iii) When moist air moves and encounters a mountain range,
it flows up and down the other side, rain
occurs in the zone of cooling air, called:
(a) Convectine precipitation (b) Cyclonic precipitation
(c) Orographic precipitation (d) None of these
(iv) Clay is:
(a) More porous and more permeable (b) Less porous and
less permeable
(c) More porous and less permeable (d) Less porous and
more permeable
(v) In Alkali-Silica Reaction strained quartz is:
(a) Non-reactive (b) Most reactive (c) Prevent ASR (d)
Imparts high strength
(vi) In concrete ASR is exhibited by:
(a) Parallel Fractures (b) Oblique fractures
(c) Transverse fractures (d) None of these
(vii) Greywacke and other phillosilicates are generally prone
to:
(a) Alkali Silica Reaction (b) Alkali Carbonate Reaction
(c) Alkali Silicate Reaction (d) All of these
(viii) An aquifer, not in contact with atmosphere, overlain by
aquitards, have inflow or out flow of
groundwater through overlying (or underlying) aquitards, is
known as:
(a) Semi-unconfined aquifer (b) Confined aquifer
(c) Unconfined aquifer (d) Semi-confined aquifer
(ix) A formation which can transmits water at a very low rate
(sandy clay, fractures shales, silts)
forms:
(a) Aquitard (b) Aquifuge (c) Aquiclude (d) Aquifer
(x) Maps having contour lines connecting points of equal
depths of precipitation for the aerial
distribution of rainfall are called:
(a) Contour Maps (b) Isopack Maps (c) Isohyetal Maps (d)
Hydrological Maps

(xi) Having uniform grain size, choose the correct statement:

(a) Cubic packing has higher porosity than rhombohedral
packing
(b) Rhombohedral packing has higher porosity than cubic
packing
(c) Both type of packing have same porosities
(d) Packing of grains has no effect on porosity
(xii) The process of formation of deposits from channels at or
near the surface is described as:
(a) Syngenetic (b) Epigenetic (c) Paragenetic (d)
Pneumatogenetic
(xiii) Pegmatites are described as:
(a) Massive mineral deposits of sedimentary origin
(b) Huge outcrops of fine-grained volcano-plutonic rocks
(c) Very coarse-grained igneous or metamorphic rocks
(d) Bonanza of gold and silver
(xiv) Which of the following is an endogenetic deposit?
(a) Oxidation and supergene sulphide enrichment
(b) Residual concentration deposits
(c) Sedimentation deposits
(d) Fumarolic deposits
(xv) The deposits formed at the end of magmatic
differentiation are termed as:
(a) Orthotectic deposits (b) Metasomatic deposits
(c) Hydrothermal deposits (d) Orthomagmatic deposits
(xvi) In a compaction test, maximum dry density is achieved
at a particular moisture content called:
(a) Maximum moisture content (b) Optimum moisture
content
(c) Ultimate moisture content (d) Minimum moisture content
(xvii) Coal deposits are formed on:
(a) Continental slopes (b) Deep Marine (c) Shallow Marine (d)
None of these
(xviii) Uranium in Pakistan is found in:
(a) Volcanic Rocks (b) Plutonic Rocks (c) Sedimentary Rocks
(d) All of these
(xix) In stratigraphic trap the chief trap making element is:
(a) Lithology (b) Porosity (c) Permeability (d) All of these
(xx) The Lines of Latitude and Longitude drawn on a globe
as:
(a) Latitude lines are parallel and Longitude lines meet at the
poles
(b) Latitude lines are parallel and Longitude lines meet at the
equator
(c) Longitude lines are parallel and Latitude lines meet at the
poles
(d) Longitude lines are parallel and Latitude lines meet at the
equator