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FORM 4
Chapter 3
Cikgu Desikan
Chapter 3
FORM 4 PHYSICS
2016
~ Ralph Marston
Learning Objectives :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Understanding pressure
Understanding pressure in liquids
Understanding gas pressure and atmospheric pressure
Applying Pascal s principle
Applying Archimedes principle
Understanding Bernoullis principle
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P3
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2015
Chapter 3
Concept Map
Forces and Pressure
Matter
Solid
Liquids
Pressure
Pressure
Pascals
Principle
Archimedes
Principle
Gases
Gas
Pressure
Bernoullis
Principle
Atmospheric
Pressure
3.1 Pressure
Normal force
Pressure = ______________
Area
Normal force per
unit area
SI unit :
Nm-2 = Pascal = Pa
PRESSURE
A P
A P
Amax P
Amin P
Applications Involving
High Pressure
Application involving
Low Pressure
Reducing the pressure
by increasing the area
Exercise 3.1
1. A block of metal of dimensions 0.5 m x 0.6 m x 1.0 m has a
mass of 300 kg. Calculate
a) the maximum pressure acting on the ground
1.0 m
0.6 m
0.5 m
Ans :
a) 10000 Pa b) 5000 Pa
thumb
Head of
thumbtack
Tip of thumbtack
wood
a) 200 kPa
b) 20 MPa
Ans :
c) Pressure inversely proportional to area in contact
Water
Density
The pressure in a
liquid is directly
proportional to the
depth.
The pressure in a
liquid increases with
depth.
Holes at the
same height
Oil
Water
Volume of liquid, V = Ah
Mass of liquid, m = V = Ah
Density,
Depth,
h
A
Base Area, A
Pressure in liquid,
P = hg
10
Exercise 3.2
1. If the density of sea water is 1150 kgm-3, calculate the pressure below 40m of sea water due to
the water alone.
0.8m
P
0.2m
11
Dam
Reservoir
Submarine is built
with thick wall.
Explain.
Submarine is built with thick
wall so as to withstand
enormous pressure at
greater depth.
Applications of
pressure in liquids
12
Atmospheric pressure
1. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure caused by the weight of the air above us.
2. Atmospheric pressure acts equally in all directions.
3. Atmospheric pressure varies with the height of the object above sea level. It decreases with the
altitude or the height above sea level. At higher altitudes, the density and the temperature of the
air are lower. As a result, the frequency of collisions of the molecules is lower. Hence,
atmospheric pressure is lower.
Activities to show existence of atmospheric pressure
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fill the glass to the top with water and wet rim slightly.
Lie the cardboard on the top of the glass.
Hold the card firmly in place and turn the glass over.
Take away your hand.
13
Steam
Water
Metal can
Air removed
Atmospheric
pressure
Juice
14
1. The simple barometer Fortin is along glass tube that has been filled with mercury and the
inverted into a dish of mercury.
2. The mercury column rises or falls according to the pressure of air on the mercury in the dish.
3. The space above the mercury column is a vacuum so it exerts no pressure on the top of the
mercury column.
4. If the vertical height of the mercury is h cm ,therefore the atmospheric pressure reading is h
cm mercury .
Long glass tube
Vacuum
76 cm
Mercury
Mercury
Dish
How does the height ,h of the Fortin barometer vary?
The height, h will remains unchanged when
1. the diameter of the glass tube increases
2. the glass tube is tilted
3. the glass tube is lowered further into the dish
4. the glass tube is lifted up from the dish
5. the quantity of mercury in the dish is increased
15
16
Atmospheric
Pressure
Atmospheric
Pressure
Gas
Pgas = Patmosfera
h
Gas
Pgas = Patmosfera + h
Gas
Pgas = Patmosfera - h
Example 1
The figure shows a manometer containing
mercury is connected to a gas supply.
Calculate the pressure of the gas supply in the
units
(i) cm Hg
(ii) Pa
[ Density of mercury = 1.36 x 104 kg m-3 and
Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg ]
a) 91 cmHg
15 cm
Gas
Ans :
b) 124 kPa
17
equally
Glass sphere
Water
Piston
Jet of water
Hydraulic system
F1
F2
Input
Piston A1
A2
d1
d2
Output
Piston
Fluid
18
3. When incompressible fluid is moved through a hydraulic system, the volume through which
the input system moved must be the same as the volume through which the output system,
A1d1 = A2d2
Hence, ______________
4. Hydraulic systems acts as a force multiplier. They multiply the input force by a certain factor
to gain a larger output force.
5. The magnitude of the force at the large piston depends on
the force, F1, applied to the small piston,
1. ____________________________________________________
the ratio of the surface area of the piston,
2. ____________________________________________________
Incompressible
fluid
Hydraulic
Fluid
Non corrosive
High boiling point
Important Formulas ***
F
A
F1 F2
A1 A2
A1d1 = A2d2
19
Exercise 3.4
1. The figure shows a basic hydraulic system has
small and large pistons with cross-sectional area
of 0.005 m2 and 0.1 m2 respectively. A force of
20 N is applied to the small piston. Determine
a) The pressure transmitted in the hydraulic
fluid.
b) The mass of the load.
c) If the small piston is pushed down at a depth
a 0.04 m, what is the distance moved by the
large piston.
20N
Load
Small
Piston
Large
Piston
Fluid
a) 4000 Pa
Ans :
b) 40kg c) 0.2 cm
20
10N
Oil
Ans :
a) 20 kPa, Pressure in an enclosed liquid system transmitted uniformly
throughout the liquid. So, pressure at A and B are same. b) 100 N
21
Hydraulic Jack
Pivot
Atmospheric
pressure
Small
Piston
Valve Q
Reservoir
Load
Big
Piston
Hydraulic
Oil
Valve P
Release Valve
1. When the small piston is lifted, hydraulic oil rushes in from the reservoir through the open valve
P. In the meantime, valve Q is closed. The cylinder connected to the small piston is filled with
hydraulic oil.
2. When the small piston is pressed downwards, the pressure produced is transferred onto the
hydraulic oil to the big piston. At the same time, valve P closes and valve Q opens.
3. A huge force is created depending on the area of the big piston. The, the lift on the big piston
exerted is locked in position.
4. With another lift from the small piston, the big piston is lifted higher and higher until the desired
height is reached.
5. When release valve opened, hydraulic oil from big cylinder returns to reservoir and the load
comes down.
22
Hydraulic Brake
1. A small force acting at the pedal can transmit a large force to all wheels simultaneously to
stop the car.
2. It is because the pressure will be transferred through the pedal brake liquid to cars tyre .
23
Essay Question
24
Leg
Big piston
Small
piston
Figure 1
Modification
Explanation
seat - enlarged
An ________________________resulting
from an object being ____________or
___________
upward force
wholly
partially
immersed in a fluid.
Relate buoyant force with the actual weight and apparent weight
1. Buoyant force makes thing seem to be lighter.
2. The weight of an object in air is its actual weight
3. The weight measured when the object is
immersed in a fluid is its apparent weight.
4. The apparent weight loss of the object is due to
buoyant force.
5. When in water, the object experiences two
forces:
a) The actual weight which acts downwards
b) The buoyant force which acts upwards.
6. The buoyant force is equal to the apparent loss
in weight.
7. Buoyant force = actual weight apparent weight
25 15 = 10 N
8. The object displaces a volume of water. The
bigger the volume of the object immersed, the
bigger the volume of the liquid displaced.
9. Volume of liquid displaced = volume of the
submerged part of the object.
25 N
15 N
Water
displaced
Original
water
level
25
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pour water slowly into a eureka can until it flows out from the spout.
Weight an empty beaker and place it under the spout of the eureka can
Suspend a ball of plasticine at the hook of a spring balance by a string and weigh it in air.
Lower the plasticine into the eureka can until the plasticine is completely immersed in water.
Record the reading of the spring balance.
5. When there is no more water flowing out from the spout, weigh the beaker and water.
Spring
balance
Eureka
can
xy N
Plasticine
wz
Beaker
N.
Buoyant force = Weight Loss of object in fluid = Weight of the fluid displaced
26
Archimedes Principle
When an object is immersed in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) ,the ___________________(
buoyant force
upthrust
weight
force) on the object is _____________to
the ______________of
fluid displaced by the object.
equal
Buoyant Force
Therefore, FB
= Vg
27
Exercise 3.5.1
1. An object is hung from a spring.
a) What is the buoyant force on the object in water?
b) What is the weight of water displaced by the object?
c) Determine the volume of water displaced by the object.
[density of water=1000kgm-3]
d) What is the volume of the object?
Ans : a) 35 N
65 N
30 N
2. A stone weights 2.5 N. When it is fully submerged in a liquid, its apparent weight is 2.2 N.
Calculate the density of liquid if its volume displaced by the stone is 25 cm 3 .
Ans : 1200 kgm-3
28
Buoyant Force
State of
object
Condition
Float
Buoyant force
= Weight of
object
Law of floatation
Rise
as
as
Buoyant force
> Weight of
object
Sink
Buoyant force
< Weight
of object
Weight
Based on Figure (a), (b) ,(c) and (d) write the equations in words to relate the forces acting on the
objects when the objects float and stationary.
a) Buoyant Force
b)
c)
Wmetal sphere
Wmetal
FB= Wmetal sphere
d)
29
Exercise 3.5.2
1. An object of mass 5 kg floats on the surface water. What is the upthrust experienced by the
object.
Ans : 50 N
Glass tube
Water
Sand
b) 0.02 kg
30
Empty tank
Buoyant Force
= Weight of
submarine
Buoyant Force
= Weight of
submarine
Tank partially filled
with water
Buoyant Force
< Weight of
submarine
Tank fully-filled
with water
c) Sinking
A submarine has a large balast tank, which is used to control its position and depth from the
surface of the sea. When the ballast tanks are filled with water, the buoyant force is smaller than
the weight of the submarine. The submarine sinks.
How does a submarine rises?
When the ballast tanks are filled with air (removed all water) , the buoyant force is larger than
the weight of the submarine. The submarine rises.
31
Hydrometer
floats higher
High density
liquid
Hydrometer
Lead shots
Hydrometer
Car
battery
acid
32
Plimsoll line
These marks prevent overloading
33
Hydrometer
Load
Sea water
Load
River water
The buoyant forces in the sea and in the river are the same. This is because the buoyant force
is equal to the weight of the boat which is unchanged.
The density of fresh water is lower than sea water. The buoyant force of a floating boat is equal
to the weight of water displaced.
The lower the density of the water, the larger the volume of water displaced.
A boat must displace more river water to obtain sufficient buoyant force to support its weight.
Load
Sea water
Sea water
If extra weight is put into the boat, why will the boat float lower in the water?
It displaces more water so that there is a larger buoyant force to support the extra weight.
34
Explain why a boat made of steel will float in water, but a block of steel will sink.
A block of steel will displaced a small volume of water only. So the buoyant force acting on it is
smaller than its weight. Therefore it sinks.
A ship floats on the surface of the sea because the volume of water displaced by the ship is
sufficiently
large. The weight of water displaced is large so the buoyant force acting on the ship is also
greater. Weight of ship equal Buoyant force. Therefore it floats.
Although a ship is constructed of metal, which has a larger density than water, its shape is
hollow so that the overall density of the ship is smaller than the sea water.
As a result, the buoyant force acting on the ship is large enough to support its weight.
35
1
Final position
Blowing Air
Paper
Origin position
36
2
String
Ping-pong
ball
Straw
Blowing Air
Blowing Air
Filter
Funnel
Ping-pong
ball
Atmospheric
pressure
37
Mark the water level in the vertical tubes P,Q and R in the following figures.
a)
d)
P
Air
Water
P
b)
Water
P
R
Q
e)
Water
c)
P
Air
Water
*** Pressure of moving fluid at point R (end) always less than pressure at point P (initial).
38
Applications of
Bernoullis Principle
F
High Pressure
Jet of air
Piston
Atmospheric
pressure
Fast moving
water
Low Pressure
Aerofoil
Decreased pressure
Faster airflow
Aerofoil
Lift
Slower airflow
Increased pressure
1. The figure shows the streamlines round a thin wing at an angle of attack to the air stream.
2. When a wing in the form of an aerofoil moves in air, the flow of air over the top travels faster
and creates a region of low pressure.
3. The flow of air below the wing is slower resulting in a region of higher pressure.
4. The difference between the pressures at the top and underside of the wing causes a net
upward force, called lift, which helps the plane to take-off.
5. In addition to its use in airplanes, aerofoil is also used in racing cars. In this case, the
downward force helps to stabilize the car at high speeds.
Other applications :
40
Questions
1. A strong wind blowing at a pressure of 300 kPa on a mans umbrella. If the surface area
of the umbrella is 16000 cm2, calculate the force experienced by umbrella.
Ans : 4.8 x 105 N
2. Explain why a small aquatic bird can walk across lily pads without sinking into water.
3. Given that the density of mercury is . If the pressure due to a column of mercury is 76 cm, what
is the length of water column at the same pressure? [Density of water = 1 gcm-3 ]
Ans : 10.34 m
41
4. The acceleration due to gravity of the Moon is 1/6 of the Earth. A liquid container has a liquid
pressure of 150 kPa at its base is brought to the Moons surface. Calculate the liquid pressure.
Ans : 2.5 x 10 4 Pa
3.0 cm
Oil
4.5 cm
Water
42
20 cm
8 cm
Mercury
Glass
tube
0.5 m
0.3 m
A
43
8. An object of density 50 gcm-3 and mass 500 g is immersed in a liquid of density 1.8 gcm-3
Determine.
(a) the volume of the liquid displaced.
(b) the mass of the liquid displaced.
(c) the buoyant force experienced by the object.
Ans : a) 10 cm3 b) 18 g c) 0.18 N
X
P
Z
Q
Water flows
44
40 N
100 N
Load
Water
(a)
(b)
Ans : a) 40 N b) 60 N
c) 6 kg
45
11.
Diagram 11.1
Diagram 11.1 shows a barge used to transport goods from fresh water port to the ship
anchored away from the seaside.
Using suitable physics concepts, explain the required modification needed in designing a
barge that can carry more and heavier goods, move faster and safe in fresh and salt water.
46
Modification
Explanation
Strong material
Lightweight
Big size
Aerodynamic shape
Aryabhatta
(476-550 A.D.)
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