NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 13-2972
___________
MARZENA MAGDALENA BERA,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
Respondent
____________________________________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
(Agency No. A089-913-017)
Immigration Judge: Honorable Frederic G. Leeds
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
February 6, 2014
Before: FISHER, VANASKIE and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: February 12, 2014 )
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OPINION
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PER CURIAM
Marzena Magdalena Bera (Bera) petitions for review of the Board of
Immigration Appeals (the Board) final order of removal. For the reasons that follow,
we will deny the petition for review.

I.
Petitioner Marzena Magdalena Bera, a citizen of Poland, entered the United States
in September 2007. In September 2008, she applied for asylum but was referred to
removal proceedings. The notice to appear charged her with being present in violation of
the law, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(1)(B). She conceded removability and applied
for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture
(CAT). In support of her application, she claimed that she had been persecuted in
Poland because she participated in the Solidarity Movement during the 1980s and
because she is Jewish.
In an oral decision, the Immigration Judge (IJ) determined that Bera was
credible, but he concluded that the harassment and discrimination that she faced did not
amount to past persecution. The IJ found that Bera had not established that she would
face future persecution if she returned to Poland, especially in light of the evidence
contained in the International Religious Freedom Report, which indicated that the Polish
government was reaching out to the Jewish community to improve the quality of life.
The IJ also determined that the Polish government was ready, willing and able to offer
protection to Bera. On that basis, the IJ denied Beras asylum, withholding of removal,
and CAT claims and ordered her removal to Poland.
Bera appealed to the Board, and then filed three motions to remand. In June 2013,
the Board dismissed her appeal, after determining that Bera had not established that she
suffered past persecution or that she had a well-founded fear of future persecution. The
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Board then agreed with the IJs conclusion that Bera had not established a clear
probability of future persecution that would make her eligible for withholding of
removal. Regarding her CAT claim, the Board found that Bera had not established that it
was more likely than not that she would be subject to torture by, or with the consent or
acquiescence of[,] a public official or other person acting in official capacity in Poland.
The Board lastly considered the additional evidence that Bera submitted alongside her
motions to remand, and it determined that the evidence did not establish Beras prima
facie eligibility for relief.1 Bera, through counsel, filed a timely petition for review.
II.
We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. 1252. While our review extends only to the
Boards order of removal, we may review the decision of the IJ to the extent that the
Boards order expressly adopts or defers to a finding of the IJ. Kayembe v. Ashcroft, 334
F.3d 231, 234 (3d Cir. 2003). We apply substantial evidence review to agency findings
of fact, departing from factual findings only where a reasonable adjudicator would be
compelled to arrive at a contrary conclusion. Mendez-Reyes v. Atty Gen. of the U.S.,
428 F.3d 187, 191 (3d Cir. 2005). Our review of legal conclusions is de novo, subject to
principles of deference. Kaplun v. Atty Gen., 602 F.3d 260, 265 (3d Cir. 2010). We

The Board also determined that Bera had not shown any prejudice arising from
interruptions during and mistranslations of her testimony, and that Bera failed to appeal
the IJs determination that she was ineligible for asylum based on domestic violence. We
note that, because Bera failed to raise these issues in her petition for review and opening
brief, they are waived. See Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 609 n.1 (3d Cir. 2005).
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review denials of motions to remand under a deferential abuse of discretion standard.

See Huang v. Atty Gen., 620 F.3d 372, 389-90 (3d Cir. 2010).
III.
The Board denied Beras asylum claim after concluding that Bera had failed to
establish past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution. To establish past
persecution, an alien must show that, on account of a statutorily protected ground, she
suffered threats to life, confinement, torture, and economic restrictions so severe that
they constitute a real threat to life or freedom . Chavarria v. Gonzalez, 446 F.3d 508,
518 (3d Cir. 2006). Isolated incidents that do not result in serious injury are generally not
considered examples of persecution. See Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 615 (3d Cir.
2005). Moreover, where an alien complains of threats, she must demonstrate that the
threats are highly imminent and menacing in nature, so much so that they cause
significant actual suffering or harm. Chavarria, 446 F.3d at 518.
At the merits hearing before the IJ, Bera testified that, as a result of her
involvement with the Solidarity Movement, she was detained for a period of three days in
1982 and was legally unable to work or receive public assistance for the next eight years.
Bera also testified to a number of anti-Semitic incidents leading up to and following her
2006 conversion to Judaism. Her husband, in-laws, and children responded with verbal
abuse and disapproval. Soon after Beras conversion, she was terminated from her
municipal teaching job, though she did receive a pension within several months. At
various times prior to her arrival in the United States, she was harassed by strangers,
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including incidents where skinheads confronted her on the street, unknown people
imprinted nearly 50 Stars of David on the sidewalk in front of her home, counterprotesters threw tomatoes and garbage at her during a Parade for Equality, and passengers
twice yelled at her while she read the Talmud and a Hebrew prayer book on the train.
She also had a difficult time finding an apartment after divorcing her husband. At some
point, Leszek Bubel, a well-known leader of the anti-Semitic Polish National Party,
published Beras name in a book called the Great Encyclopedia of Jews. After she left
Poland, she sublet her apartment to two Jewish friends who were later evicted, and Beras
possessions, including Judaica, were then destroyed by the landlord. However, Bera
reported none of these incidents to the police or other authorities.
Beras past experiences are troublesome but they fall short of past persecution.
When she was arrested for three days in the 1980s, she was not mistreated or otherwise
harmed. See Kibinda v. Atty Gen., 477 F.3d 113, 119-20 (3d Cir. 2007) (stating that a
five-day detention and beating that required stitches and left a scar were not severe
enough to constitute persecution under our stringent standard). The incidents of antiSemitism that Bera experienced were isolated and she did not report any serious injuries.
See Voci, 409 F.3d at 615. She has not shown that the inclusion of her name in the Great
Encyclopedia of Jews was a highly imminent threat causing her significant actual
suffering or harm, such that it constitutes persecution. See Chavarria, 446 F.3d at 518.
Although she reported two distinct periods of economic suffering after she was
arrested in 1982 and again after she was terminated from her teaching job in 2006 she
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also testified that she was able to work illegally and obtain a secondary degree during the
1980s, and that she received a pension in 2006. She has therefore not shown that she
suffered from economic persecution. See Li v. Atty Gen., 400 F.3d 157, 169 (3d Cir.
2005) (holding that the deliberate imposition of severe economic disadvantage that
could threaten a petitioners life or freedom may constitute persecution). We therefore
conclude that substantial evidence supports the agencys finding that Bera failed to
demonstrate past persecution.
The record evidence also supports the Boards conclusion that Bera failed to
demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution. To prevail, Bera needed to show
potential harm rising to the level of persecution on account of a statutorily enumerated
ground that is committed by the government or by forces the government is unable or
unwilling to control. Kibinda, 477 F.3d at 119. The record shows that anti-Semitic
threats are made somewhat frequently in Poland. Moreover, Beras name is included in
Leszek Bubels anti-Semitic publication. However, Bera did not establish the
involvement of any governmental officials in publishing the Great Encyclopedia of Jews,
nor did she show that the threats to Polands Jewish population are made by the
government or forces the Polish government is unable or unwilling to control.
Substantial evidence therefore supports the Boards determination that Bera did not have
an objective basis for her fear of future prosecution.2

Bera fares no better on her withholding of removal claim, as the showing required for
withholding of removal is the heightened showing of a clear probability of future
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The Board denied Beras CAT claim after concluding that Bera had not
established that it was more likely than not that she would be subject to torture upon her
return to Poland. To be eligible for CAT relief, an alien must show that it is more likely
than not that she will be tortured if removed to the country in question. 8 C.F.R.
1208.16(c)(2). Torture consists of the intentional infliction of severe pain or
suffering . . . by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public
official or other person acting in an official capacity. 8 C.F.R. 1208.18(a)(1). Bera
did not show that it is more likely than not that having her name published in the Great
Encyclopedia of Jews makes her a target for torture by, or with the consent or
acquiescence of, a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.
Finally, the Board denied Beras motions to remand after determining that Beras
newly submitted evidence would not establish her prima facie eligibility for relief. The
Board treats motions to remand in the same manner as motions to reopen the record.
Huang, 620 F.3d at 389-90. Accordingly, the Board may deny the motion where the
alien has not established a prima facie case for the relief sought. Caushi v. Atty Gen.,
436 F.3d 220, 231 (3d Cir. 2006). Here, Bera submitted new evidence showing that the
Polish government thwarted a potential bomb attack on parliament, which had been
planned by an avowed anti-Semite. She also submitted evidence of verbal attacks on

persecution. Yuan v. Atty Gen., 642 F.3d 420, 426 (3d Cir. 2011). Bera also did not
establish her eligibility for humanitarian asylum, which is reserved for those who have
suffered severe past persecution. See Sheriff v. Atty Gen., 587 F.3d 584, 594-95 (3d
Cir. 2009).
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Jews at a restaurant, in a play, and online (including music videos made by Leszek
Bubel). The Board plausibly concluded that Beras evidence demonstrated the presence
of potential societal discrimination, but not persecution. We therefore conclude that the
agency did not abuse its discretion in denying Beras motions to remand. See Huang,
620 F.3d at 379, 390.
After reviewing the record, we cannot conclude that the Boards decision was not
supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, we will deny the petition for review.