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    Nicole Taylor, University of New Mexico - Abstract: Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) is an important primary producer along the west coast of North America. It provides critical habitat to a wide range of marine organisms. While satellite sensors can easily quantify canopy area of kelp, using similar techniques to gauge the physiological health of these macroalgae has proven more difficult. Bell et al. (2015) devised an algorithm that effectively estimated the chlorophyll to carbon ratio (Chl:C)—a proxy for kelp health—using AVIRIS imagery. A comparison of AVIRIS imagery of the Isla Vista kelp bed sampled in 2013 and 2015, before and during the recent El Nino- associated west coast ‘warm anomaly’, indicates a decline in Chl:C in 2015 (student t-test p<0.01). The lower Chl:C of Isla Vista observed in 2015 could be caused by environmental stressors associated with El Niño such as increased sea surface temperature, decreased nutrient availability, and disturbance. However while AVIRIS imagery shows great potential in mapping kelp forest health, as an airborne sensor its availability is inconsistent over time, making it less ideal for continuous kelp forest monitoring. We therefore attempt to extend this method of determining Chl:C based on reflectance values to Landsat 8 satellite imagery. We found that although USGS Landsat 8 atmospherically corrected reflectance data does not accurately estimate kelp health, simulated Landsat 8 data from an AVIRIS image does. This suggests that although the spectral resolution of Landsat 8 is much lower than AVIRIS, with sufficient atmospheric correction the satellite will be able to classify kelp health.

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    Using Remote Sensing Techniques to Measure Chl:C in the Santa Barbara Channel

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    Nicole Taylor, University of New Mexico - Abstract: Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) is an important primary producer along the west coast of North America. It provides critical habitat to a wide range of marine organisms. While satellite sensors can easily quantify canopy area of kelp, using similar techniques to gauge the physiological health of these macroalgae has proven more difficult. Bell et al. (2015) devised an algorithm that effectively estimated the chlorophyll to carbon ratio (Chl:C)—a proxy for kelp health—using AVIRIS imagery. A comparison of AVIRIS imagery of the Isla Vista kelp bed sampled in 2013 and 2015, before and during the recent El Nino- associated west coast ‘warm anomaly’, indicates a decline in Chl:C in 2015 (student t-test p<0.01). The lower Chl:C of Isla Vista observed in 2015 could be caused by environmental stressors associated with El Niño such as increased sea surface temperature, decreased nutrient availability, and disturbance. However while AVIRIS imagery shows great potential in mapping kelp forest health, as an airborne sensor its availability is inconsistent over time, making it less ideal for continuous kelp forest monitoring. We therefore attempt to extend this method of determining Chl:C based on reflectance values to Landsat 8 satellite imagery. We found that although USGS Landsat 8 atmospherically corrected reflectance data does not accurately estimate kelp health, simulated Landsat 8 data from an AVIRIS image does. This suggests that although the spectral resolution of Landsat 8 is much lower than AVIRIS, with sufficient atmospheric correction the satellite will be able to classify kelp health.

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    141 views26 pages

    Using Remote Sensing Techniques To Measure CHL:C in The Santa Barbara Channel

    Uploaded by

    jpeterson1
    Nicole Taylor, University of New Mexico - Abstract: Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) is an important primary producer along the west coast of North America. It provides critical habitat to a wide range of marine organisms. While satellite sensors can easily quantify canopy area of kelp, using similar techniques to gauge the physiological health of these macroalgae has proven more difficult. Bell et al. (2015) devised an algorithm that effectively estimated the chlorophyll to carbon ratio (Chl:C)—a proxy for kelp health—using AVIRIS imagery. A comparison of AVIRIS imagery of the Isla Vista kelp bed sampled in 2013 and 2015, before and during the recent El Nino- associated west coast ‘warm anomaly’, indicates a decline in Chl:C in 2015 (student t-test p<0.01). The lower Chl:C of Isla Vista observed in 2015 could be caused by environmental stressors associated with El Niño such as increased sea surface temperature, decreased nutrient availability, and disturbance. However while AVIRIS imagery shows great potential in mapping kelp forest health, as an airborne sensor its availability is inconsistent over time, making it less ideal for continuous kelp forest monitoring. We therefore attempt to extend this method of determining Chl:C based on reflectance values to Landsat 8 satellite imagery. We found that although USGS Landsat 8 atmospherically corrected reflectance data does not accurately estimate kelp health, simulated Landsat 8 data from an AVIRIS image does. This suggests that although the spectral resolution of Landsat 8 is much lower than AVIRIS, with sufficient atmospheric correction the satellite will be able to classify kelp health.

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    Kelp me kelp you

    Using Remote Sensing Techniques to Measure Chl:C in


    the Santa Barbara Channel

    Niky Taylor1,
    Jesse Bausell2, Raphael Kudela2
    1Dept.
    2

    of Earth and Planetary Science, University of New Mexico

    Dept. of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz


    Oceans Group SARP 2016

    Giant Kelp

    Macrocystis pyrifera
    Range spans along the CA coast
    Ecosystem engineer and primary producer
    Supports economic and recreational interests
    Grows fast
    Canopy forming

    How healthy is
    the Kelp?
    How can we tell?

    Chlorophyll to Carbon (Chl:C)


    Chlorophyll
    Other Cell
    Parts

    =
    Chl:C

    Reflectance predicted Chl:C


    and actual Chl:C

    Bell et al. 2015

    Chlorophyll to Carbon (Chl:C)


    Primary Productivity: more chlorophyll means
    more photosynthesis
    Growth Rates: The more photosynthesis, the
    faster kelp can grow
    Ecosystem Recovery: More primary
    productivity increases the health of the
    ecosystem

    Project goals
    Use AVIRIS images to estimate Chl:C of
    kelp in the Santa Barbara Channel.
    Compare changes in Chl:C to fluctuations
    in environmental conditions during the
    warm anomaly.
    Determine if Landsat 8 images can do the
    same thing.

    AVIRIS
    Airborne Visible InfraRed Spectrometer

    Airborne: bad temporal resolution


    Hyperspectral: good spectral resolution

    Introducing Landsat 8
    High Temporal Resolution: Collects images
    every 16 days

    Satellite launched in February 2013


    In orbit above atmosphere
    11 bands

    True LS8 Band 4 Rrs and In Situ


    Chl:C

    Pigments
    chl-a
    chl-c
    fucoxanthin

    Wavelength (nm)

    AVIRIS

    (bands 31 and 32)

    Pigments
    chl-a
    chl-c
    fucoxanthin

    Wavelength (nm)

    Landsat 8

    (bands 1-4)

    Pigments
    chl-a
    chl-c
    fucoxanthin

    Wavelength (nm)

    AVIRIS

    Landsat 8

    Creating Psuedo-Landsat 8

    Relative Rrs

    Grouped AVIRIS bands into Landsat 8


    bands
    Calculated Psuedo-Landsat reflectance of
    bands 1-5

    Wavelength (nm)

    April 11, 2013


    June 2, 2015
    August 24, 2015
    February 17, 2015
    June 6, 2013

    Whats this mean?

    With better atmospheric correction,


    Landsat 8 can be used to classify
    kelp health

    Conclusion
    AVIRIS is better at determining Chl:C than
    Landsat
    Landsats temporal resolution cant be
    ignored
    Environmental Conditions have an
    observable effect on Chl:C
    Kelp physiology goes through seasonal
    cycles the same way kelp biomass does

    Acknowledgements
    Jesse Bausell
    Raphael Kudela, Ph.D
    Tom Bell
    David Miller
    Jessie Sagona, Ph.D
    Emily Schaller, Ph.D
    Oceans group
    NASA
    SARP

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