HTML and XHTML

HTML and XHTML
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XHTML is HTML written as XML.
What Is XHTML?
XHTML
XHTML
XHTML
XHTML
XHTML
stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language

is almost identical to HTML
is stricter than HTML
is HTML defined as an XML application
is supported by all major browsers
Why XHTML?
Many pages on the internet contain "bad" HTML.

This HTML code works fine in most browsers (even if it does not follow the HTML
rules):
<html>
<head>
http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_xhtml.asp
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HTML and XHTML
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<title>This is bad HTML</title>

<body>
<h1>Bad HTML
<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
Today's market consists of different browser technologies. Some browsers run on
computers, and some browsers run on mobile phones or other small devices.
Smaller devices often lack the resources or power to interpret "bad" markup.
XML is a markup language where documents must be marked up correctly (be
"well-formed").
If you want to study XML, please read our XML tutorial.
By combining the strengths of HTML and XML, XHTML was developed.
XHTML is HTML redesigned as XML.
The Most Important Differences from HTML:

Document Structure
XHTML DOCTYPE is mandatory

The xmlns attribute in <html> is mandatory
<html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> are mandatory
XHTML Elements
XHTML
XHTML
XHTML
XHTML
elements must be properly nested

elements must always be closed
elements must be in lowercase
documents must have one root element
XHTML Attributes
Attribute names must be in lower case

Attribute values must be quoted
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Attribute minimization is forbidden
<!DOCTYPE ....> Is Mandatory
An XHTML document must have an XHTML DOCTYPE declaration.

A complete list of all the XHTML Doctypes is found in our HTML Tags Reference.
The <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> elements must also be present, and the
xmlns attribute in <html> must specify the xml namespace for the document.
This example shows an XHTML document with a minimum of required tags:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Title of document</title>
</head>
<body>
some content
</body>
</html>
XHTML Elements Must Be Properly Nested
In HTML, some elements can be improperly nested within each other, like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>
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In XHTML, all elements must be properly nested within each other, like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>
XHTML Elements Must Always Be Closed

This is wrong:
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
This is correct:
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
Empty Elements Must Also Be Closed

This is wrong:
A break: <br>
A horizontal rule: <hr>
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face">
This is correct:
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HTML and XHTML
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A break: <br />

A horizontal rule: <hr />
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face" />
XHTML Elements Must Be In Lower Case

This is wrong:
<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph</P>
</BODY>
This is correct:
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>
XHTML Attribute Names Must Be In Lower Case

This is wrong:
<table WIDTH="100%">
This is correct:
<table width="100%">
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Attribute Values Must Be Quoted

This is wrong:
<table width=100%>
This is correct:
<table width="100%">
Attribute Minimization Is Forbidden

Wrong:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked />

Correct:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car"

checked="checked" />
Wrong:
<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled />
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Correct:
<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled="disabled" />
How to Convert from HTML to XHTML

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Add an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> to the first line of every page

Add an xmlns attribute to the html element of every page
Change all element names to lowercase
Close all empty elements
Change all attribute names to lowercase
Quote all attribute values
Validate XHTML With The W3C Validator

Put your web address in the box below:
http://www.w3schools.com/html/demo_xhtml.asp
Validate the page
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HTML and XHTML

THE WORLD'S LARGEST WEB DEVELOPER SITE

HTML and XHTML

XHTML is HTML written as XML.

stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language

Many pages on the internet contain "bad" HTML.

HTML and XHTML

<title>This is bad HTML</title>

The Most Important Differences from HTML:

XHTML DOCTYPE is mandatory

elements must be properly nested

Attribute names must be in lower case

HTML and XHTML

Attribute minimization is forbidden

<!DOCTYPE ....> Is Mandatory

An XHTML document must have an XHTML DOCTYPE declaration.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

XHTML Elements Must Be Properly Nested

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>

HTML and XHTML

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>

XHTML Elements Must Always Be Closed

Empty Elements Must Also Be Closed

HTML and XHTML

A break: <br />

XHTML Elements Must Be In Lower Case

XHTML Attribute Names Must Be In Lower Case

HTML and XHTML

Attribute Values Must Be Quoted

Attribute Minimization Is Forbidden

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked />

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car"

<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled />

HTML and XHTML

<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled="disabled" />

How to Convert from HTML to XHTML

Add an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> to the first line of every page

Validate XHTML With The W3C Validator

HTML and XHTML

HTML and XHTML

HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, jQuery, Bootstrap and XML.

HTML and XHTML

HTML and XHTML

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