Experiment:- 9&10

Date:

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF A SINGLE AREA POWER SYSTEM

Aim:-

To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow

dynamics of a power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design better
controllers for getting better responses.

Apparatus:- MATLAB
Theory:Active power control is one of the important control actions to be perform to be normal Operation
of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing system load in order to
maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level. This is one of the foremost
requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system load cases a change in the speed of all
rotating masses (Turbine generator rotor systems) of the system leading to change in system frequency.
The speed change form synchronous speed initiates the governor control (primary control) action result in
the entire participating generator turbine units taking up the change in load, stabilizing system
frequency. Restoration of frequency to nominal value requires secondary control action which adjusts the
load - reference set points of selected (regulating) generator turbine units. The primary objectives of
automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the set nominal value and also to
regulate the net interchange of each area to the scheduled value by adjusting the outputs of the regulating
units. This function is referred to as load frequency control (LFC).

Formula used: 1.

G G=

2.

GT =

KG

( 1+ S T G )
KT

( 1+ S T T )

3.

4.

GP =

Kp=

KP

( 1+ S T P )
1
( D)

Where
D = damping coefficient
GG gain of generator
GT - gain of turbine
GP - gain of power
KP power system constant
KT- turbine constant
KG- generator constant
TP power system time constant
TG- generator time constant

Procedure:1. Open Matlab-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model

2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
6. Plot the waveforms

Exercise:1. An isolated power station has the following parameters

Turbine time constant, Tt = 0.5sec
Governor time constant, Tg = 0.2sec
Generator inertia constant, H = 5sec
Governor speed regulation = R per unit
The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1 percent change in frequency, i.e, D = 0.8
A) Simulate the system obtain frequency response for step deviation in load of 0.2 p.u
B) Represent the above system with transfer function and convert to state space model
C) Use above load frequency control block diagram to design AGC system with integral control in
secondary loop. Take Ki=7

Circuit diagram:-(without control)

Program:pl=0.2;
num=[0.1 0.7 1];
den=[1 7.08 10.56 20.8];
t=0:0.02:10;
c=-pl*step(num,den,t);
plot(t,c);
xlabel('sec')
ylabel('pu')
grid
timespac(num,den)

Graph:-

Circuit diagram:-(with control)

Program:pl=0.2;
ki= 7;
num= [0.1 0.7 1 0];
den= [1 7.08 10.56 20.8 7];
t= 0:.02:12;
c= -pl* step(num, den, t);
plot(t, c),grid
xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('pu')
title('Frequency deviation step response')

Graph:-

Result:Modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of a single area power
system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) was studied and responses are simulated using
simulation software.