EXPERIMENT 2 - REPORT

Experiment Objective: Aim of that experiment is to observe

undervoltage/overvoltage protection relays and their behaviours with using DIGSI
software.
Experiment Procedure: At the beginning, voltage value of third phase
which can be controlled by variac voltage control device. With changing the value
of

V 3 , the observations about relays behaviour can be made. In addition to,

there are 8 leds which indicates signals of relays: for instance, default indications
of leds can be listed as:

1st led: Pick Signal

2nd led: Low Voltage Signal
3rd led: Extra Low Voltage Signal
4th led: High Voltage Signal
5th led: Extra High Voltage Signal

Moreover, these appointments can be changed with using DIGSI software.

Predetermined pick up low voltages are:
U < Pick up : 85 V (1st stage)
TU<Time Delay: 4 s

U<<Pick up: 65 V(2nd stage)

TU<<Time Delay: 10 ms

These boundary value of voltages can be also changed using via software.
When a voltage change occurs in system, 1st led which shows pick up signal is on
first.
To begin the undervoltage part of experiment, value of

V3

is changed to

74 V using variac, and it is observed that 1 st led (pick up) is on first, then after 4
second 2nd led (low voltage), because only 1st stage of undervoltage protection is
passed. After that, value of

V3

is changed to 35 V which named as extra low

voltage using variac, and it is seen that 1 st led (pick up) is on first, then after 10
millisecond 3rd led(extra low voltage) and after 4 seconds 2 nd led (low voltage) is
on. There are two leds which are 2nd and 3rd are on because value of 35 V is lower
than both 2nd and 1st stage of predetermined undervoltage values.
After then, to do overvoltage part of experiment, stages of overvoltage
protection are set as:
U >Pick up : 135 V (1st stage)
TU>Time Delay: 4 s

U>>Pick up: 145 V(2nd stage)

TU>>Time Delay: 10 ms

To observe the overvoltage protection, of

V3

is changed to 139 V. It is

seen that 1st led is on first, then after 4 seconds, 4th led is on because value of

139 V is under 2nd stage. Later, voltage value is changed to 185 V. Again, 1 st led is
on first, then after 10 ms 5th led is on, lastly 4th led is on after 4 seconds pass.
Because value of 160 V is exceeding 1st and 2nd stage both, 4th and 5th led are on.
Again, all of these led assings can be changed using DIGSI software.

There are two terms involved with leds and signals which are latch and
unlatch. These can be explained as:

Latched signal: When a led is on after a fault, it remains on even if

fault is fixed. It can be shortly described as memory.
Unlatched signal: When a fault occurs led is on and if that fault is
fixed, led gets off then.

The benefit of latching relays is they dont need any power to stay in their
current state (be in open or closed), it is only need to give them a pulse to
change their state from ON to OFF or from OFF to ON. Also to observe fault with
eyes distinctionally, latch property is good; because operator may not always see
the changes in PC software.
Moreover, there is a property of relays named as drop-out ratio. It is ratio
between dropout voltage value and pick up voltage value. In our experiments , it
is use %10 of drop-out ratio, but in general it is set as around %5. Drop-out ratio
is valid for 1st stage and it can also be described as tolerance value. Relay gives
fault the tolerance before tripping. For example, in undervoltage part of our
experiments, value of drop-out was set as %10, therefore when

V3

is changed

to 93 Volts, relay wouldnt trip, because the drop-out value of relay was %10,
meaning that 93.5 Volts. If voltage is changed to 94 Volts, then relay will trip. In
our experiment, ratio is changed between %1 and %10 and observations are
made. Drop-out ratio is used to protect the relay device, because there might be
little voltage ripples that shouldnt be considered by relay. Furthermore, every
opening and closing operation of relay causes aging at relay device. However, in
some industries value of drop-out may be decreased and protection of system
will be considered more.