VOL. X, NO.

X, XXXXXXXX

ISSN 1819-6608

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

2006-2015 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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CORROSION MECHANISM ON CARBON STEEL COATED

WC-10%Ni
Xxxxx Xxxx 1, Xxxx X. Xxxxx 2, Xxxx. Xxxx Xxxxx 2
1

Microwave Research Group, Centre for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
2
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
E-Mail: xxxxxx@xxxxxx.xxx

ABSTRACT
The mechanism of corrosion attack on carbon steel coated with WC-10%Ni was observed in different parameters including
temperature, pH and velocity. The corrosion rate was observed from weight loss measurement and electrochemistry test.
The quantative analysis by electrochemistry analysis from Tafel plot will illustrate the corrosion attack in terms of open
circuit potential, corrosion potential, Ecorr and current density icorr . The most severe attack was identified at the base metalcoating interface. The mechanism of these attack was characterised by using SEM to evaluate the coating integrity. This
research will suggest the solution for corrosion defect on pipeline due to corrosion and how the temperature, pH and
velocity in pipeline affect the corrosion on pipelines.
Keywords: Firefly Algorithm

Hybridization

Modification

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The U.S Department of
The global thermal spray coating coating market is
expected to reach 12.29 USD billion by 2011 [1]. This
anticpated growth result from the rising scope of end-use
applications due to coating benefits that include wear and
corrosion protection, low toxic gass emission, thickness
capability and electrical resistance. The growing need for
corrosion resistant coatings in most top two application
segments; aerospace and industrial gas turbines is
expected to fuel demand over the next seven years [2].
In the oil and gas industry, it is common to transport the
liquid or gaseous goods through undersea pipelines. Any
penetration of the coatings, can eventually result in
leakage and environmental disaster. Therefore, for both
corrosion prevention and protection, the pipes are typically
coating up to 100 mm thick in total.

temperature starts with ambient room temperature (30 oC

+- 1oC); and test device is WPG100 electrochemical
measurement instrument with a three-electrodes system.
During the test, the scan rate was set into 1mV/sec.
For weight loss measurement, the samples was immersed
in artificial seawater for 1, 2 , 3 and 4 weeks. After
immersion complete, the samples were removed from the
test solution, and the corrosion products on the sample
surface were removed with derusting liquids (500 mL
concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), 500 mL deionized
water, and 3.56 g methenamine) and then dried. The
samples were measured with a shimadzu microbalance.
The average corrosion rate was equal to the ratio of weigh
loss (mg) to corrosion surface area (cm 2) and time. The
corrosion rate according to electrochemical analysis was
determined from Stern Geary equation (equation 2.1).

2.0 METHODOLOGY
The experimental material was a domestic carbon steel
which is commonly used as a contruction material
expecially as structure and pipelines. The chemical
composition of this carbon steel by wt% consist of 0.035
C, 0.275 Si, 0.245 Cu, 0.100 Ni, 1.8 Mn, 0.01 P, 0.005 S
and the reminder Fe. The experimental was devided itno
two techniques which are using electrochemical method
and by immersion technique by identify the weight loss of
the samples.
The size of the test sample for electrochemical corrosion
testing was 10x10x10 mm. A copper wire was inserted
into the non-working surface, and this surface was coated
with epoxy. The artificial seawater was synthesized
composed of 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) and the

The surface morphologies and chemical compositions

were analyzed with a XXX Scanning Electrone
Microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS), respectively.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were also used to
evaluate the mechanical performance, corrosion resistance
and corrosion mechanism of the coating performance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The test was divided into
Temp (C)

Weight loss (mg)

Corrosion rate
mm/year

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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

20
40
60
80

0.1
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5www.arpnjournals.com

2006-2015 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

After immersion in different length of time, the wight loss

and the corrosion rate was calculated according to Stern
Geary equation
curve (E/iapp), as shown in Figure 2.16. The
corrosion rate can then be determined using the SternGeary equation:
a c
E
icorr
RP
2.3( a c )
iapp
The quantity a, and b are referred to as the Tafel
2.1
constant, which can be measured experimentally or
estimated. Corrosion rate can be obtained from Faradays
Law;

icorr
moles / cm 2 / sec
nF

2.2

Where F= Faraday constant = 96500 Coulombs/mole

Electrochemical Corrosion Test
Figure 1 shows the polarisatio curves for carbon steel
coated 10% WC-Ni in 3.5% artificial seawater. The Open
Circuit Potential, OCP was decreased as the artificial
seawater temperature increased, as expected. The OCP
represents a initial value when metal is exposed to an
electrolyte. This describe the a finite amount of time to
transform an air-formed oxide film on a metal surface into
an electrical double layer (EDL). Then the direction of
potential change is determined by how EDL chemistry
adjust to accommodate electrolyte chemistry. This is
elucidate how metal surface form a passive film and
protects the metal from further corrosion attack (metal
self-healing, typically at increasing OCP). The selfcorrosion potential of the sample increased from -76.6 mV
to 70.5 mV showing superior of corrosion resistance due
to increasing in corrosion protection.

Figure 1 Polarisation curve of the carbon steel coated

WC-10%Ni

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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Yang, X. (2010). Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic
2006-2015 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
Algorithms. 2nd ed. Frome: Luniver Press.

At 40 C

Yu, S., Yang, S. and Su, S. (2013). Self-Adaptive Step

www.arpnjournals.com
Firefly Algorithm. Journal of Applied Mathematics, pp.18.

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCE

Abdullah, A., Deris, S., Mohamad, M. and Hashim, S.

(2012). A new hybrid firefly algorithm for complex and
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