TITLE

: APPLICATIONS OF LIMITS

NAME

: TEH HUI LI

I/C NUMBER

: 970115-14-6518

CLASS

: UPPER 6 INTAN

TEACHER

: PN. LIEU AI LIN

SCHOOL

: SMK DATO PENGGAWA

TIMUR

INTRODUCTION

In mathematics(T) coursework, we need to explore about the concept of a limit .

The limit of a function f(x) as x approaches c is the value that f(x) approaches as x
approaches the number c. Mathematically this is written as :
lim f (x )
x c

A limit looks at the behaviour of f(x) as x gets closer and closer to c. Note that it have
only been talking about what happens to f(x) as x approaches c, and not about what
happens when x equals c. The truth is that when looking for limits, it is not interested in
what happens to f(x) when x actually equals c but only concerned with its behaviour as x
gets closer and closer to c. In this assignment , we explored the function of limit such as
integral and derivation .

First, we need to determined the area of regular polygon with n sides inscribed in
An
a circle of x radius . Based on the area of regular polygon , An , the value of x 2 is
determined when n is large .
1

f k (x) = (1+kx )x

Second, by using limit , the value of

is found when x is

small and value of

k
hk ( x )=(1+ )
x

is found when x is large . From the result

x

k
f k (x )is equal lim (1+ )
obtained , it is showed that lim
x
x 0
x

Third , estimate the value of g(t) =

1
x( x+1)
1

with difference number of

strips using trapezium rule. The value that found by this trapezium rule is the
approximation of g(t). The exact value of g(t) is calculated by normal integration .By
comparing the value from trapezium rule and from integration , known that when the
number of strips is increase , the accuracy of the approximation will also increase . The
more the number of strips , the closer the approximation value to exact value .

METHODOLOGY

When a regular polygon with n sides inscribed in a circle with x radius , it can be
divided into n number of identical triangle . The area of each identical triangle is
1
ab sin C
calculated using the formula 2
where a and b are the radius of the circle , x cm
, and C is the interior angle of each small triangle between two radius .The area of the
regular polygon with n sides , An = n * the area of each small identical triangle . The
An
value of x 2 is then determined by using Microsoft Excel when n is large .
1

When a function is defined by

f k (x) = (1+kx )x

, tabulate value of x and

(1+kx )x

by using Microsoft Excel ,where the value of x starting from 0.1 , 0.01 ,

0.001 , and decreased so that approves to 0 while k = 1,2,3,4 .. Similarly , when a

x
x
k
k
(
)
h
x
=(1+
)
(1+
)
function is k
, tabulate also value of x and
by using Microsoft
x
x
Excel , where the value of x starting from 1 and increased to a very large number so that
it approves to infinity .k is also determined as k = 1,2,3,4 . Hence , it can be deduce that
1
k x
lim (1+kx ) x is equal to lim (1+ ) .
x
x
x 0
t

When a function is defined by

g(t) =

1
dx , where t >1 ,
x( x+1)
1

intergration of it by using its partial fraction since it is a rational function . In this case ,
separated of denominator and compared the numerator is done . The general formula of

h (x) dx with n strips is

trapezium rule for f ( x )=
a
1
ba
dn
(d n ) [ y a +2 ( y a+d + y a+2 d + + y bd ) + y b ]
,
where
=
2
n
n

1
d y +2 y + y 1+2 d + y 1+3 d + + y td ) + y t ]
where
2 n [ 1 ( 1 +d

of g(t) using trapezium rule is

n is the number of strips and

. Hence , estimation

d n is width of each strip .

Substitute n with difference

number of scrip which n= t-1 , 2(t-1) and 4(t-1) into the formula .
Part of the formula2 ( y 1 +d + y 1+2 d + y 1+3 d + + y td )
is too complicated , hence
n

method of differences is used . The normal integration is used to find the exact value of
g(t) .

RESULT

Regular Polygon Inscribed in a circle

C
b

The area of a triangle with sides a and b ,and angle C is equal to

1
ab sin C
2

When a regular triangle inscribed in a circle , it can be divided into three identical
triangles . The area of each small triangle is

1
ab sin C
2

, where a and b are the radius

of the circle , x cm , while C is the interior angle of each small triangle .

The area of the triangle , A3 =3

1
2
( x ) ( x ) sin
2
3

, where

2
3

is 120 o .

The table below show the equilateral triangle with n = 3 sides in the circle of radius x cm
and its area ( A3 )
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE INSCRIBED IN A
CIRCLE

AREA

A3= 3

1 2
2
x sin
2
3

The table below show the regular polygon with n sides in the circle of radius x cm and its
area
SQUARE INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE ( n = 4 )

AREA ( A4 )

A4= 4

1 2
2
x sin
2
4

REGULAR PENTAGON INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE ( n = 5 )

AREA ( A5 )

A5= 5
x

REGULAR HEXAGON INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE ( n = 6 )

1 2
2
x sin
2
5

AREA ( A6 )

A6= 6
x

When comparing between the areas with x as the radius of circle ,

1 2
2
x sin
2
6

n=3 , A3= 3

1 2
2
x sin
2
3

n=4, A4= 4

1 2
2
x sin
2
4

n=5 , A5= 5

1 2
2
x sin
2
5

n=6 , A6= 6

1 2
2
x sin
2
6

It can be concluded that the area of regular polygon with n sides that inscribed in a circle
is
An = n

1 2
2
x sin
2
n

Since An = n

1 2
2
x sin
2
n

An

, hence

x2

n
=

1
2
n sin
2
n

1 2
2
x sin
2
n
2
x

The table below show the value of

An
x

or

1
2
n sin
2
n

with increasing the value of n

.
An
n
1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
An
When n is large x 2
Hence , when n is large

or

1
2
n sin
2
n

0.001
2.940
3.091
3.120
3.130
3.135
3.137
3.139
3.140
3.140
3.141
3.141
3.141
3.142
3.142
3.142
3.142
3.142
3.142
3.142
3.142
is approximate to 3.142 which is .

An
x2

3.142

2
An x , Since x is also the radius of the circle
2
An r with the condition that n is large enough

From the investigation , it is found that when regular polygon with difference number of
n inscribed in a circle , the larger the value n , the area of the regular polygon is more
approximate to the area of an circle .

Deducing Value Of A Function By Using Limit

If a function

fk

is defined by

f k (x) = (1+kx )x

The table below show the values x and

f1

(x).
1

f 1 ( x )=(1+ x ) x

x
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
0.0000001
0.00000001
0.000000001
0.0000000001
0.00000000001

It can be concluded that the value of

.

2.5937
2.7048
2.7169
2.7181
2.7183
2.7183
2.7183
2.7183
2.7183
2.7183
2.7183
lim f 1 (x)
x 0

1
is 2.7183 which approximate to e

fk

The table below show the values x and

x
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
0.0000001
0.00000001
0.000000001
0.0000000001
0.00000000001

f 2 ( x )=(1+ 2 x )

(x) for k = 2 , 3 , and 4.

1
x

6.1917
7.2446
7.3743
7.3876
7.3889
7.389
7.3891
7.3891
7.3891
7.3891
7.3891

From the table above , it can be concluded that

lim f 2 (x)
x 0

2
= 7.3891 = e

f 3 ( x )=(1+ 3 x )

1
x

13.7858
19.2186
19.9955
20.0765
20.0846
20.0854
20.0855
20.0855
20.0855
20.0855
20.0855

f 4 ( x ) =(1+ 4 x)

1
x

28.9255
50.5049
54.1643
54.5545
54.5938
54.5977
54.5981
54.5981
54.5982
54.5982
54.5982

lim f 3 (x)
x 0

lim f 4 (x )
x 0

= 20.0855 = 3
= 54.5982 = 4

lim f k ( x )
x 0

= k
1

(1+kx ) x
Hence, lim
x 0

= k

k
Let hk ( x )=(1+ x )

, where k = 1 , 2 , 3 and 4

The table below show the values x and

x
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000

hk

(x) for k = 1, 2 , 3 , and 4.

1 x
h1 ( x ) =(1+ )
x

2 x
h2 ( x ) =(1+ )
x

3 x
h3 ( x )=(1+ )
x

4 x
h4 ( x )=(1+ )
x

2
2.5937
2.7048
2.7169
2.7181
2.7183

3
6.1917
7.2446
7.3743
7.3876
7.3889

4
13.7858
19.2186
19.9955
20.0765
20.0846

5
28.9255
50.5049
54.1643
54.5545
54.5938

1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
10000000000
10000000000
0

2.7183
2.7183
2.7183
2.7183
2.7183

7.389
7.3891
7.3891
7.3891
7.3891

20.0854
20.0855
20.0855
20.0855
20.0855

54.5977
54.5981
54.5981
54.5982
54.5982

2.7183

7.3891

20.0855

54.5982

From the table above , it can be concluded that

lim h1 ( x )

lim h2 (x )

lim h3 (x )

lim h 4 (x)

= 2.7183 = e

2
= 7.3891 = e

= 20.0855 = 3
= 54.5982 = 4

lim hk ( x )

= k
x

k
(1+ )
Hence, xlim
x

= k

k x
(1+ )
Hence , it is shown that xlim
x

(1+kx )
= lim
x 0

1
x

k x
lim
(1+
)
To prove that x
x
1
x

Let y =

Then x =
When

(1+kx ) x
= lim
x 0

1
y

x0

1
x

1 1
lim (1+kx ) = lim (1+ k ( )) y
y
x 0
y

k y
lim (1+ )
y
y

k x
lim (1+ )
x
x

From the investigation , it is found that limit can be used to show that
1

lim (1+kx ) x
x 0

k x
lim (1+ )
x
x

Intergration
t

If a function g is defined by

Since

1
x (x +1)

1
dx , wheret >1.
x( x+1)

g(t ) =

is a rational function , hence intergration of

fractions .
Finding partial fractions of
1
x (x +1)
1
x (x +1)

A
B
+
x x+ 1

= =

1
x (x +1)

---------

A (x+1)+ B( x)
x ( x+1)

By comparing the numerator ,

1 = A ( x +1)+ B( x )
When x=0

When x= -1

1= A (0+ 1)+ B(0)

1=

A=1

A (1+1)+ B(1)

B= -1

Substitute values A and B into

Partial fraction of

1
x (x +1)

is

1
1

x x+1

1
x (x +1)

by its partial

1
dx
Hence
1 x( x+1)

( 1x x 1+1 ) dx

can be replace by

( 1x x 1+1 ) dx

g (t) =

h (x) dx with n strips is

Since the general formula of trapezium rule for f ( x )=
a
1
ba
dn
f ( x ) (d n) [ y a +2 ( y a +d + y a+2 d ++ y bd ) + y b ]
, where
=
2
n
n

Hence , estimation of g(t) using trapezium rule ,

t

( 1x x 1+1 ) dx

g (t ) =

1
d y +2 y + y 1+2 d + y 1+3 d + + y td ) + y t ]
2 n [ 1 ( 1 +d
n

where n is the number of strips ,

d n=widthof each strip ,
dn

t1
n

y td

yt

1
1

= td n td n +1
1
1

t t+ 1

When the number of strips is t-1 , estimate of g(t)=

1
1

x x+1
() dx
t

g(t)

d t1

1
d
y +2 y
+ y 1+2 d + y 1 +3 d + + y t d ) + y t ]
2 t1 [ 1 ( 1+d
t1

t 1
= t 1

t1

t1

t1

=1
t

g(t) =

( 1x x 1+1 ) dx
1

1
d
y + 2 ( y 2 + y 3 + y 4 + + y t1 ) + y t ]
2 t1 [ 1

1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
(1) 1 + 2
+ + ++(

)+
2
2
2 3
3 4
4 5
t 1 t 1+1
t t +1

1
1
1
1
(1) 1 + 2 [ by usingmethod of differences ] +
2
2
t t +1

1
1
(1) 1 + 2
2
2

{(

) [(

)(

)(

{( )

{(

](

[
t1

x=2

](

1
1
1
1

+
x x+1
t t+ 1

)}

)}

)}

t 1

To find

1x x 1+1
x=2

1
1

y= x x+1

Method of differences

1
1

2 2+1

1 1

2 3

1
1

3 3+1

1 1

3 4

1
1

4 4 +1

1 1

4 5

:
:
t-2
t-1

:
:

:
:

1
1

t2 t2+1

1
1

t2 t1

1
1

t1 t1+1

1
1

t1 t

t 1

1x x 1+1
x=2

1 1

2 t

Therefore , g(t) =

( 1x x 1+1 ) dx
1

[( ) ( ) (

1
1
1 1
1
1
(1) 1 +2 +
2
2
2 t
t t +1

1 1
2 1
1
+1 +
2 2
t t t +1

3 1
1

4 2 t 2 t+2
3 1
1

g(t) 4 2 t 2 t +2
lim g(t)
t

3 1
1
lim (
)
2 t 2 t+2
t 4

3
1
1

4 2( ) 2()+2

3
00
4

3
4

0.750

)]

lim g( t)

Hence ,

0.750

When the number of strips is 2(t-1) ,estimate of g(t)=

g(t)

1
d
y +2 y
2 2(t1) 1 ( 1+d

d 2(t 1 )

t1
= 2( t1)
1
2

2(t1)

+ y 1+2 d

2 (t1)

+ y 1 +3 d

2(t 1)

( 1x x 1+1 )dx
1

++ y td

2 (t1 )

)+ y t ]

g(t) =

1
1

x x+1
() dx
t

1
d
y +2 ( y 1.5 + y 2.0 + y 2.5 + + y t0.5 ) + y t ]
2 2(t1) [ 1

1 1
1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
1
1
1
( ) 1 +2 + + ++(

)+
2 2
2
3 5
2 3
5 7
t0.5 t0.5+ 1
t t +1

1 1
1
1
1
( ) 1 +2 [ by using method of differences ] +
2 2
2
t t+1

1 1
1
( ) 1 +2
2 2
2

{(

) [(

)(

)(

{( )

{( )
t0.5

To find

x=1.5

](

t0.5

x=1.5

](

1
1
1
1

+
x x +1
t t +1

)}

)}

)}

1
1

x x +1

1
1

y= x x+1

Method of differences

1.5

1
1

1.5 1.5+1

2 2

3 5

2.0

1
1

2.0 2.0+1

1 1

2 3

2.5

1
1

2.5 2.5+1

2 2

5 7

:
:
t-1.5
t-1.0

:
:
1
1

t1.5 t 1.5+1

:
:
1
1

t1.5 t 0.5

1
1

t1.0 t 1.0+1

1
1

t1 t

1
1

t 0.5 t0.5+ 1

t-0.5
t0.5

x=1.5

1
1

x x +1 =

1
1

t0.5 t +0.5

2 1 1
1
+
3 2 t t+ 0.5

7 1
1

= 6 t t+ 0.5

Therefore ,
t

( 1x x 1+1 ) dx

g(t) =

[( ) (

1 1
1
7 1
1
1
1
( ) 1 + 2
+
2 2
2
6 t t+ 0.5
t t+1

1 1 7 2
2
1
1
+
+
4 2 3 t t+0.5 t t +1

17 1
1
1

24 4 t 2t +1 4 t + 4
17 1
1
1

g(t) 24 4 t 2t +1 4 t+ 4
lim g(t)
t

lim

17 1
1
1

24 4 t 2 t+1 4 t + 4
17
1
1
1

24 4 () 2()+1 4( )+4

17
000
24

17
24

)(

)]

 0.708
lim g( t)

Hence ,

0.708

When the number of strips is 4(t-1) ,estimate of g(t)=

g(t)

1
d
y +2 y
2 4 (t 1) 1 ( 1+d

t1
= 4(t1)

d 4 (t1)

1
4

=
t

g(t) =

( 1x x 1+1 ) dx
1

4(t1)

+ y 1+2 d

4 (t1)

+ y 1+3 d

4 (t1)

( 1x x 1+1 )dx
1

+ + y t d

4( t1 )

)+ y t ]

1
d
y +2 ( y 1.25 + y 1.50 + y 1.75 + + y t 0.25 ) + y t ]
2 4 (t 1) [ 1

{(

) [(

](

1 1
1
4 4
2 2
4 4
1
1
1
1
( ) 1 +2
+ +
+ +(

)+
2 4
2
5 9
3 5
7 11
t0.25 t0.25+1
t t +1

)(

)(

{( )

1 1
1
1
1
( ) 1 +2 [ by using method of differences ] +
2 4
2
t t+1

1 1
1
( ) 1 +2
2 4
2

{( )
t0.5

To find

x=1.5

t0.25

x=1.25

)}

)}

](

1
1
1
1

+
x x +1
t t +1

1
1

x x +1
x

1
y= x

1
x+1

Method of differences

1.25

1
1

1.25 1.25+1

4 4

5 9

1.50

1
1

1.50 1.50+1

2 2

3 5

1.75

1
1

1.75 1.75+1

4 4

7 11

2.00

1
1

2.00 2.00+1

1 1

2 3

2.25

1
1

2.25 2.25+1

4 4

9 13

:
:
t-1.25
t-1.00

:
:

:
:

1
1

t1.25 t1.25+1

1
1

t1.25 t0 .25

1
1

t1.00 t1.00+1

1
1

t1 t

)}

t0.25

x=1.25

t-0.75

1
1

t0.75 t0.75+ 1

1
1

t0.75 t +0.25

t-0.50

1
1

t0.50 t0.50+1

1
1

t0.5 t +0.5

t-0.25

1
1

t0.25 t0.25+ 1

1
1

t0.25 t +0.75

1
1

x x +1 =

4 2 4 1 1
1
1
1
+ + +

5 3 7 2 t t +0.25 t+ 0.50 t +0.75

533 1
1
1
1

= 210 t t+0.25 t +0.50 t+ 0.75

Therefore ,
t

( 1x x 1+1 ) dx

g(t) =

[( ) (

1 1
1
533 1
1
1
1
1
1
( ) 1 + 2

+
2 4
2
210 t t+ 0.25 t +0.50 t+ 0.75
t t+1

)(

)]

1 1 533 2
2
2
2
1
1
+

+
8 2 105 t t+0.25 t +0.50 t+0.75
t t+1

1171 1
1
1
1
1

1680 8 t 4 t+ 1 4 t+2 4 t +3 8 t+ 8
1171 1
1
1
1
1

g(t) 1680 8 t 4 t + 1 4 t +2 4 t+3 8 t+ 8

lim g(t)
t

lim (
t

1171 1
1
1
1
1

)
1680 8 t 4 t+ 1 4 t+2 4 t+3 8 t +8

1171
1
1
1
1
1

1680 8() 4 ( )+ 1 4()+2 4 ()+3 8( )+8

)(

1171
00000
1680

1171
1680

0.697
lim g( t)

Hence ,

0.697

Finding g(t) using integration , where

1
x (x +1)

Since

( 1x x 1+1 ) dx
1

= [ ln xln x +1 ]1

1
dx
x( x+1)
1

is a rational function , hence intergration of

fractions .
g (t) =

g(t) =

x
ln

x+1

t
1

1
x (x +1)

by its partial

(ln t +1t )( ln 1+11 )

(ln t +1t )( ln 12 )

(ln t +1t )+ ln 2

ln

2t

t+ 1

Hence , g (t) =

ln

lim g(t)
t

2t

t+ 1

lim ln

2t

t+1

2t
t
lim ln

= t
t 1
+
t t

1+

1+

2
1+0

= ln 2
lim g(t)
t

1
t

ln

= ln

Hence ,

lim ln

=ln 2

1
()

Table below show the comparison between the exact value of

lim g( t)
t

by using

integration and approximate values that estimate by using trapezium rule with different
number of strips .
Method

Number
of strips

g(t)

Trapezium
rule

t-1

3 1
1

4 2 t 2 t+2

Trapezium
rule

2(t-1)

17 1
1
1

24 4 t 2t +1 4 t+ 4

Trapezium
rule

4(t-1)

Integration

When t
lim g(t)
,
t
is large,
lim g( t) in three
t
decimal
places
3
0.750
4
17
24

1171
1171 1
1
1
1
1 1680

1680 8 t 4 t+ 1 4 t +2 4 t+3 8 t+ 8
ln

2t

t+ 1

ln 2

0.708
0.697

0.693

Based on the table , it can be deduced that when using trapezium rule , the more the
number of strips , the value of g(t) will be more closer to the exact value of g(t) that
calculated by using integration with the condition that the value of t is large.

CONCLUSION
From the result, it is found that when a regular polygon with n sides inscribed in a
circle with x radius . The area of the polygon is approximate to the area of circle when n
is large .

(1+kx ) x
Besides , lim
x 0

k x
lim
(1+
)
is equal to x
x

and this can be proven by

using limit .

Then , normal integration can be used to find the exact value of a function .
Trapezium rule can be used to find the approximation value of the integration of a
function .It is found that the more number of strips , the more accurate the
approximation .

Declaration
This is to certify that the assignment report submitted is
based on my own work.

Signature:
Name

Teh Hui Li

I/C Number :

970115-14-6518

Date

15.03.2016

REFERENCE
Books
Titles : STPM Text ( Pre-U ) MATHEMATICS (T) SEM 2
Author : Lee Yoon Woh , Tan Ah Geok , Tey Kim Soon
Publisher : Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn . Bhd
First Published : 2013

Online
Website :
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Calculus/Limits/An_Introduction_to_Limits
Last edited : 26 January 2016

Website : http://tutorial.Math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/DefnOfLimit.aspx
In text reference : 2003 2015 Paul Dawkins

People
Name : Lieu Ai Lin
Occupation : Mathematics (T) teacher at SMK Dato Penggawa Teacher ,
Masai , Johor