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ABSTRACT
Government of Bangladesh and other development organization are promoting the
cheapest and easiest solution for sanitation, which is pit latrine and one of the main
intentions is to increase sanitation coverage. As a country of flooding and high ground
water table, pit latrines form a great threat for environment. It could be the best as the
starting point to shift from open defecation but while considering long-term
sustainability, improved technologies are essential depending on hydro-geological
situation. To attain environmental and technological sustainability, concerns of
GHYHORSLQJDSSURSULDWHFRQWH[W VSHFLILFWHFKQRORJLHVDQG DOLJQPHQW RI*2%V around
forty research institutions, INGO and NGO piloted more than 1293 EcoSan toilets of
various models have been constructed to achieve the solution of above problem at a
limited scale.

This study aimed to evaluate the suitability and potentiality of scaling up of Ecosan
toilet in Bangladesh through focusing on the following aspects: (1) Socio-cultural and
institutional (2) Financial and economic (3) Technology and operation (4)
Environmental and health. The study carried out literature review, field observation,
questionnaires interview from ecosan-user and non user, data collection, discussion with
sanitation experts and finally data analysis. To evaluate the functioning performance of
ecosan toilet in nine different geo-hydrological areas through a checklist was used to
incorporate the ideas.

According to ecosan-user more than 88% and non ecosan user more than 78% of the
respondents said, using sanitised human excreta as fertilizer is a good idea. The same
JURXS EHOLHYH WKDW UHVSHFWLYHO\  DQG  SHRSOH RI WKHLU DUHD GRQW OLNH HFR-san
toilet due to religious barrier and similarly 37% and 31% people of their area believe
that eco-san is not acceptable with their culture respectively. In the case of non ecoSan
user 98% know about the potentiality of urine and faeces as fertilizer and 33% having a
practice of using in the field. Among them onO\GRQWIHHOFRPIRUWRIXVLQJWKHVH
kind of organic fertilizer. In reality 32% female and 7% male doing the empting f


vault job and whenever they get time both male and female (59%) of 

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 do
the work regularly. T




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Strategy (GoB, 2005) and Department of Public Health Engineering and Local
Government endorsed this sanitation system and trying to replicate all over country by
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providing fund to local government and incorporation in government project but

FRXQWU\GRQWKDYH\HWDQ\JXLGHOLQHIRUXWLOL!LQJKXPDQXULQHDQGIDHFHV"

Within every 6 months 42%, 12 month 31% and more than 24 month 20% have to
desludging to keep the latrine functional. To avoid the desludging costly work 6%
household construct new latrine. Both user and non-user 97 percent agreed that eco-san
toilet should be available in all household. Considering the affordability 55% user want
the same option at 4000-5000BDT and 50% nonuser claim the same at the amount of
4000BDT. 16% user respondent informed that their neighbor not interested to construct
ecosan toilet. More than 50% of both user and non user respondent want to buy faeces
organic fertilizer with BDT 5/kg and for the case of urine fertilizer 5BDT/litre. #KH$&D\
%DFNSHULRGIRULQYHVWPHQWLQDQecosan toilet comes to 5.09 years, i.e. the investor in
the ecosan toilet gets back all his investments (BDT 11,000) within a period of just over
five years but without cost sharing it will take 10.5 years. The calculated FIRR is
8.11%. The investment is worth since the present average interest rate for a commercial
bank home construction loan is 7.50%. This means that the family who construct an
ecosan toilet from a bank loan will be able to pay the loan if the family sells urine and
soil conditioner at market value.
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around (56%) agreed that except the pan (in case of fibre glass made pan) all
construction materials also locally available. Considering both management and
function issue out of nine study area Chapai N.gonj (2380,1900) and Sreepur (1950,
1800) have combatively best and worst situation where as ideal situation (2000,2600).
But considering the duration of using toilet Comilla Sadar has achieved the best position
among all study area.

In different sample the moisture content of composted faeces was found high and some
specimens were found to be wet. The composted excreta of Eco-Toilets had pathogenic
burden of with parasite specially that of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura.
Bacteriological examination revealed no pathogenic organism.

Parasitological

examination revealed at least one type of parasite in each of the specimens. Cyst of
Entamoeba was found in all specimens with varying number. All the Entamoeba found
in the specimens were not pathogenic.

Ova of Ascaris were found in almost all

v

specimens but Trichuris was found in one case. Though many of the ova were not found
to be viable based on physical characteristics, but still some of them even in the dried
specimen seemed to be capable of infection. It was common in both the cases of
Practical Action Bangladesh and JADE that properly sun dried faeces after one month
of preservation in airtight containers no parasite or few distorted parasite found. 73%
respondent believes that EcoSan toilet help to reduce the diarrheal diseases and 90%
people have to spend less than 100BDT/month for it but before using ecosan toilet 30%
have to spend more than 400BDT/month.

Different laboratory result says that the contents of heavy metals and other contaminants
such as pesticide residues are generally low or very low in excreta and it is found that
the presence is below or within WHO and Bangladesh standard. Mean N (0.38%), P
(0.04%), and K (0.1%) found in nine urine samples and in case of faeces mean N
(0.35%), P (0.48%), K (2.75%) and Organic Matter (3.20%) is found which are
important elements for soil nutrient and increase the water holding capacity of soil.
There is very less scope of water pollution during disaster and subsurface and
underground water layer. Post latrine handling without safety gear is a common practice
of the user and this keeps them under health risk. In Bangladesh context (climate, food
practice, toilet types, etc), it is not yet determined the way of sanitizing properly before
use of human excreta to the farm land.