3

Water pump
Switches
Power cables & ribbon wires

outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation
amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode
voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier
(usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).

2.5

PIN CONFIGURATION

2.7

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical

resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with
a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in
quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to
stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of
piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around
them became known as "crystal oscillators."
Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to
tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2109) crystals are manufactured annually.
Most are used for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and
cellphones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such
as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.

2.8

DIODE

Benefits of LEDs
Low power requirement: Most types can be operated with battery powersupplies
High efficiency: Most of the power supplied to an LED or IRED isconverted into
radiation in the desired form, with minimal heat production.
Long life: When properly installed, an LED or IRED can function for decades.

2.10 Liquid Crystal Display

Liquid crystal displays (LCD) are widely used in recent years as compares to
LEDs. This is due to the declining prices of LCD, the ability to display numbers,
characters and graphics, incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, their by
relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD and also the ease of programming for
characters and graphics. HD 44780 based LCDs are most commonly used.
2.11

RELAY
The electromagnetic relay consists of a multi-turn coil, wound on an iron core, to

form an electromagnet. When the coil is energised, by passing current through it, the core
becomes temporarily magnetised. The magnetised core attracts the iron armature. The
armature is pivoted which causes it to operate one or more sets of contacts.When the coil
is de-energised the armature and contacts are released. The coil can be energised from a
low power source such as a transistor while the contacts can switch high powers such as

10

3.1

BLOCK DISCRIPTION
Data and Program Memory
The 8051 Microcontroller can be programmed in PL/M, 8051 Assembly, C and a

number of other high-level languages. Many compilers even have support for compiling
C++ for an 8051.Program memory in the 8051 is read-only, while the data memory is
considered to be read/write accessible. When stored on EEPROM or Flash, the program
memory can be rewritten when the microcontroller is in the special programmer circuit.
Program Start Address
The 8051 starts executing program instructions from address 0000 in the program
memory.
Direct Memory
The 8051 has 256 bytes of internal addressable RAM, although only the first 128
bytes are available for general use by the programmer. The first 128 bytes of RAM (from
0x00 to 0x7F) are called the Direct Memory, and can be used to store data.

11

12

CHAPTER 7
C PROGRAM FILE
#include<reg51.h>
#include<delay.h>

13

e=1; ms_delay(5); e=0; ms_delay(5);

}
void lcd_data(unsigned char temp)
{
DATA=temp;
rs=1;
rw=0;
e=1; ms_delay(5); e=0; ms_delay(5);
}
void lcd_init()

14

relay=0; mov_stepper('a',6); lcd_puts("MONITORING");

}
if(s3==1)
{
mov_stepper('a',9);
lcd_puts("FIELD C");
while(s3!=0)
{
relay=1;
}
relay=0; mov_stepper('c',9); lcd_puts("MONITORING");
}
if(s4==1)
{
lcd_puts("FIELD D");
while(s4!=0)
{

15

CHAPTER 9
EXTENTIONS IN THE PROJECT
The working of above project is basically dependent on the output of the humidity
sensors. Whenever there is need of excess water in the desired field(RICE crops) then it
will not be possible by using sensor technology. For this we will have to adopt the DTMF
technology. By using this we will be able to irrigate the desired field & in desired
amount.

This technology will be implemented in this project in the next (8 th )

semester . this will be our extention to the project for the the next semester.

16

[10] TI Inc (2005, Mar): Data Sheet of MSP430X14X

[Online]. Available:

http://www.TI.com
[11] Maxim Inc.

(2005, Mar): Data Sheet of DS1302, [Online]. Available:

http://www.maxim-ic.com/quick_view2.cfm/qv_pk/2685.