Surface Chemistry PDF

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Adsorption
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon. It arises because of the unbalanced forces on the surface of the
solids and liquids.
The phenomenon of higher concentration of molecular species (gases or liquids) on the surface of a
solid than in the bulk is called adsorption.
Adsorbent and Adsorbate: The solid substance on the surface of which adsorption occurs is known
as adsorbent. The substances that get adsorbed on the solid surface due to intermolecular attraction s
are called adsorbate.
Examples of Adsorption:
1. Adsorption of a gas by charcoal: In this case, charcoal acts as an adsorbent while gas molecules
act as adsorbate.
2. Adsorption of a dye charcoal: The discharge of the colour is due to the fact that the coloured
component gets adsorbed on the surface of the adsorbent.
Difference between Adsorption and Absorption
Absorption
1. It is the phenomenon in which
the particles of gas or liquid get
uniformly distributed throughout
the body of the solid.
2. The concentration is the same
throughout the material. Therefore,
it is a bulk phenomenon.
Adsorption
It is the phenomenon of higher
concentration particles of gas or
liquid on the surface than in the
bulk of the solid.
The concentration on the surface of
the adsorbent is different from that
in the bulk. Therefore, it is a
surface phenomenon.
3. Absorption occurs at uniform Adsorption is
rapid in
the
rate.
beginning and its rate slowly
decreases.
Positive and Negative Adsorption
Positive adsorption: When the concentration of adsorbate is more on the surface of adsorbent
relative to its concentration in the bulk, it is called positive adsorption.
Negative Adsorption: When the concentration of the adsorbate is less on the surface relative to its
concentration in the bulk, it is called negative adsorption.
Types of Adsorption
(i) Physical adsorption: When the particles of the adsorbate are held to the surface of the adsorbent
by the physical forces such as Van der Waals forces, the adsorption is called physical adsorption or
physisorption.
(ii) Chemical adsorption: When the molecules of the adsorbate are held to the surface of the
adsorbent by the chemical forces, the adsorption is called chemical adsorption or chemisorption.
Enthalpy of adsorption: The amount of heat evolved when one mole of an adsorb ate (gas or liquid)
is adsorbed on the surface of an adsorbent is called enthalpy of adsorption.
Difference between Physical Adsorption and Chemical Adsorption
Physical Adsorption
Chemical Adsorption
1. The forces between the adsorbate molecules The forces between the adsorbate molecules
and the adsorbent are weak Van der Waals and the adsorbent are strong chemical forces.
forces.
2. Low heat of adsorption of the order of 20-40 High heat of adsorption of the order of 40-400
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kJ mol -1 .
3. Usually occurs at low temperature and decreases
with increasing temperature.
4. It is reversible.
5. The extent of adsorption depends upon the
ease of liquefication of the gas.
6. It is not specific in nature, i.e., all gases are
adsorbed on the surface of a solid to same
extent.
7. The state of adsorbate is same as in the bulk.
8. It forms multimolecular layers.
kJ mol -1 .
It occurs at high temperature.
It is irreversible.
There is no correction between extent of
adsorption and the ease of liquefication of gas.
It is highly specific in nature and occurs only
when there is bond formation between
adsorbent and adsorbate molecules.
State of adsorbate molecules may be different
from that in the bulk.
It forms mono-molecular layer.
Factor AFFECTING Adsorption of Gases on Solids

1. Nature of the gas: The adsorption depends upon the nature of the gas adsorbed. The easily
liquifiable gases such as HCl, NH 3, Cl 2 etc. are adsorbed more than the permanent gases such as H 2,
N 2 and O 2.
2. Nature of adsorbent: The extent of adsorption of a gas depends upon the nature of adsorbent.
Activated charcoal can absorb gases which are easily liquefied.
3. Effect of pressure: The variation of extent of adsorption (expressed as x/m where x is the mass of
adsorbate and m is the mass of the adsorbent) and the pressure. A graph between the amount of
adsorption and gas pressure keeping the temperature constant is called an adsorption isotherm.
x/m
P0
Extent of adsorption increases with pressure and becomes maximum corresponding to pressure P 0,
called equilibrium pressure.
Freudlich Adsorption Isotherm
(i) At low pressure: The graph is almost straight line which indicates that x/m is directly
proportional to the pressure. This may be expressed as:
x
p
m
or
x
kp
m
where k is constant.
(ii) At high pressure, the graph become almost constant which means that x/m becomes independent
of pressure. This may be expressed as:
x
x
cons tan t or
P
m
m
or
( P = 1)
x
k P
m
(iii) Thus, in the intermediate range of pressure, x/m will depend upon the power of pressure.
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x
P1 / n
m
x
kP1 / n
m
or
Calculation of k and n of adsorption isotherm

Log x log k
m
1
log P
n
x/m
x/m
4. Effect of temperature: The process of adsorption is exothermic. Therefore, the reverse process
i.e. desorption is endothermic. The graph between extent and temperature at constant pressure is
called adsorption isobar.
T
(b)
(a)
Adsorption
isobars for (a) Physical adsorption and (b) Chemical adsorption
5. Activation of adsorbent: Activation of adsorbent means the increasing of the adsorbing power of
the adsorbent.
Adsorption from solutions
The Freundlichs adsorption isotherms obtained for the adsorption of gases on the surface of solid
adsorbents have also been found to be applicable to the adsorption of solutes from the solutions. The
equilibrium pressure in the adsorption of gases has been replaced by the equilibrium concentrations
(c) of the adsorbates in solution. The adsorption isotherm may be represented as:
x
.. (i)
k c1 / n
m
Taking logarithms, Eq. (i) becomes

log
x
1
log k log c
m
n
Applications of adsorption
1. In gas masks: Activated charcoal is generally used in gas masks to adsorb poisonous and toxic
gases from air.
2. In dyeing of cloth: Mordants such as alums are used in dyeing of cloth.
3. In dehumidizers: Silica gel is commonly used to adsorb humidity or moisture from air.
4. Removal of colouring matter: Many substances such as sugar, juice and vegetable oils are
coloured due to the presence of impurities. They can be decolourised by placing in contact with
adsorbents like activated charcoal or fullers earth.
5. Heterogeneous catalysis: The phenomenon of adsorption is useful in the heteregeneous catalysis.
The metals such as Fe, Ni, Pt, Pd, etc. are used in the manufacturing processes such as Contact
process, Haber process and the hydrogenation of oils.
6. In ion-exchange resins: The organic polymers containing groups like COOH, -SO 3H and NH 2
etc. possess the property of selective adsorption of ions from solutions. These are quite useful in the
softening of water.
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7. In adsorption indicators: Many adsorption indicators are being used in volumetric analysis, e.g.
dyes such as eosin and fluorescein are used as adsorption indicators.
8. In qualitative analysis: Certain qualitative tests such as the lake test for the confirmation of Al 3+
ions are based upon adsorption.
9. Production of high vacuum: The adsorption of air in liquid air helps to create a high vacuum in a
vessel.
Solved Questions
1.
Give reason why a finely divided substance is more effective as an adsorbent.
Ans
2.
Ans
3.
A finely divided substance (absorbent) has more adsorbing power due to the following reasons :
(i)
The surface area increases and the adsorbate particles get better opportunity to get adsorbed.
(ii)
The number of active sites also called active centres become more and the extent of adsorption
will increase.
What
is
adsorption
isotherm
?
Distinguish
between
Freundlich
adsorption
isotherm and Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Adsorption isotherm represents the variation of the amount of the gas adsorbed with the corresponding
pressure at a certain temperature. The mathematical forms of the two adsorption isotherms are :
x
Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm :
= Kp1/n.
m
x
aP
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm :
=
m 1 bP
The main points of distinction in the two adsorption isotherms are :
(i)
Freundlich adsorption isotherm is applicable to all types of adsorption whereas Langmuir
adsorption isotherm is applicable mainly for chemical adsorption or chemisorption.
(ii)
Freundlich adsorption isotherm fails at high pressure of the gas whereas Langmuir adsorption
isotherm can be applied under all pressures.
Critical temperature of N2, CO and CH4 are 126, 134 and 190 K respectively. Arrange them in increasing
order of adsorption on the surface of activated charcoal ?
Ans
The extent of adsorption is directly related with the critical temperature. The increasing
order of adsorption : N2 < CO < CH4.
4.
What is the difference between adsorption and absorption ?
Adsorption
Absorption
1.
It is a surface phenomenon involving 1.
It is a bulk phenomenon involving
unequal distribution of the particles of
uniform distribution of the particles of
adsorbate (liquid or gas) between surface
gas or liquid through the body of the
and bulk of the adsorbent.
adsorbent.
2.
It occurs at a high rate in the 2.
It occurs at a uniform rate
beginning, which then slows down till
throughout the process.
equilibrium is attained.
3.
Example: water is adsorbed by silica 3.
Example: water is absorbed by
gel.
anhydrous CaCl2
Colloidal State
Colloid is not a substance but it is a state of a substance which depends upon the molecular size.
Three types of solutions
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1. True solutions 2. Suspensions 3. Colloidal solutions
1. True solution: True solution is a homogeneous solution which contains small solute particles
(molecules or ions) dispersed throughout a solvent. For example, the solution of sodium chloride in
water. The particle size is less than 1 nm.
2. Suspension: Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture which contains small insoluble particles. The
particle size is more than 100 nm. For example, dirt particles in water.
3. Colloidal solution: Colloidal solution is a heterogeneous solution which contains particles of
intermediate size. For example, milk. The particles of a colloidal solution have diameters between 1 to
100 nm.
Thus colloidal solutions are intermediate between true solutions and suspensions.
Some characteristic differences between these three types are listed below:
S. No.
Property
True solution
1.
2.
3.
Particle size
Appearance
Settling
Less than 1 nm
Clear and transparent
Do not settle
4.
Filterability
Filterable through filter

paper, parchment,
membrane.
5.
6.
Diffusion
Tyndall effect
Diffuse quickly
No Tyndall effect
7.
Visibility
particles
Nature
8.
of Not visible
Homogeneous
Colloidal solution
Suspension
Between 1- 100 nm
Transluscent
Do not settle under
gravity, but can be
made to settle under
ultracentifugation.
Pass through filter
paper,
non-filterable
through
parchment
membrane.
Diffuse slowly
Show Tyndall effect
More than 100 nm.

Opaque
Settle on standing
under gravity.
Visible with
ultramicroscope
Heterogeneous
Not filterable at
all.
Do not diffuse
Very little or no
Tyndall effect.
Visible with naked
eye.
Heterogeneous.
Phases of Colloids and their classification

(i)
Physical state.
(ii)
Affinity for dispersion medium.
(iii)
Type of particles of dispersed phase.
(iv)
State of appearance .
(v)
Charge on colloidal particles i.e., positive or negative colloids.
Classification on the basis of physical state
Since gases are miscible in all proportions, they do not form colloidal solutions. All other types of
combinations between gases, liquids and solids may exist as colloidal solutions. One phase acts as the
dispersion medium while the other as dispersed phase.
Various Types of Colloidal Solutions on the basis of physical state are
(i) Dispersed phase: It is component present in small proportion and is just like a solute in a
solution.
(ii) Dispersion medium: It is generally component present in excess and is just like a solvent in a
solution.
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S. No.
1.
2.
3.
Dispersed
Phase
Gas
Gas
Liquid
Dispersion
medium
Liquid
Solid
Gas
4.
5.
6.
7.
Liquid
Liquid
Solid
Solid
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Solid
8.
Solid
Liquid
Designation
Examples
Foam
Solid foam
Liquid
aerosol
Emulsion
Gel
Aerosol
Froaths of air, whipped cream

Pumice stone, bread, foam rubber
Clouds, mist, fog
Solid sol
Sol
Milk, creams and emulsified oils

Cheese, jellies, curd, boot polish
Smoke, volcanic dust, dust storm
Coloured glasses, precious stones, alloys,
minerals, pearls
Goldsol, sulphursol, muddy water
Classification based on Affinity

The colloidal solutions in which the particles of dispersed phase have a great affinity for the dispersion medium
are called lyophilic colloids whereas, the colloidal solutions in which the particles of the dispersed phase have
no affinity (rather have hatred) for the dispersion medium are called lyophobic colloids.
Lyophilic and Lyophobic colloids
(i) Lyophilic colloids: The colloidal solutions in which the particles of the dispersed phase have a
great affinity for the dispersion medium, are called lyophilic colloids. These solutions are easily
formed and the lyophilic colloids are reversible in nature.
The common examples of lyophilic colloids are glue, gelatin, starch, proteins, rubber, etc.
(ii) Lyophobic colloids: The colloidal solutions in which there is no affinity between particles of the
dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are called lyophobic colloids. For example, the solutions
of metals like Ag and Au, hydroxides like Al(OH) 3, Fe(OH) 3, metal sulphides like As 2S 3 etc.
Classification on the basis of type of dispersed phase particles
Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids
Multimolecular Colloids
Macromolecular Colloids
1. They consist of aggregates The particles of dispersed phase
of a large number of atoms themselves are of large size e.g.
or molecules with diameter polymers like nylon, starch,
less than 1 nm e.g. sols of protein, rubber etc.
gold, sulphur etc.
2.
3.
Their molecular masses are

not very high
The atoms or molecules in
them are held by weak van
der Waals forces
They have high molecular

masses
The van der Waals forces
holding the
particles are
comparatively stronger due to
the presence of long chain.
Associated Colloids
Behave
as
normal
electrolytes
at
low
concentrations
and
as
colloids
at
higher
concentrations due to the
aggregation of a large
number
of
ions
in
concentrated solutions
Their molecular masses are
generally high
The van der Waals forces
depend
upon
the
concentration. Higher the
concentration, greater are
the van der Waals forces.
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4.
They are usually lyophilic They are usually lyophobic in Their molecules contain
in nature
nature
both
lyophilic
and
lyophobic groups
Associated colloids (micelles). The substances which when

dissolved in a medium at low concentration behave as normal
strong electrolytes but at higher concentration exhibit colloidal state
properties due to the formation of aggregated particles, are called
associated colloids. The aggregated particles thus formed are called
micelles. Their formation takes place above a particular
temperature called Kraft temperature (Tk) and above a particular
concentration called Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Most
common associated colloids are formed by soaps and
detergents. The CMC of soaps is 10 4 103 mol L1. Soaps (RCOONa) dissociate in water to give RCOO and
Na+ ions. The RCOO ions consist of two parts i.e. non-polar long hydrocarbon chain R, called the tail which is
hydrophobic and the polar group COO, called the heads which is hydrophylic. At higher concentration, the
non-polar tails are pulled inwards into the bulk of the solution and the polar heads remain on the surface. An
aggregate of ions thus formed is called ionic micelle.
Classification based on appearance
The colloidal solutions which have rigid appearance are called gels and the others which have
fluid like appearance known as sols.
Gels :
Gels are colloidal systems in which liquids are dispersed phase and solids act as dispersion medium. The
process of gel formation is called gelation and the colloidal system forme d is called gel.Gels may
shrink by losing some liquid held by them. This is known as Syneresis or Weeping. Some gels are known to
liquify on shaking and reset on being allowed to stand. This reversible sol-gel transformation is called
thixotropy. The common examples of gel are: gum arabic, gelatin, processed cheese, silicic acid, ferric
hydroxide etc.
Gels are of two types
(a)
Non elastic. These are irreversible i.e., when dehydrated, these change into powder which cannot be
changed back into the gel form by addition of water.
(b)
Elastic. These are reversible i.e., these can be changed back into original form even after dehydration.
General methods of preparation of sols.
Preparation of Lyophilic Colloids
The lyophilic colloids have strong affinity between particles of dispersed phase and dispersion
medium. Therefore, these colloidal solutions are readily formed by simply mixing the dispersed
phase and dispersion medium under ordinary conditions.
Preparation of Lyophobic Colloids
1. Condensation Methods
(i) By chemical reactions: The following chemical reactions may be used to prepare lyophobic
colloidal solutions.
(a) Oxidation: H 2S + Br2 2HBr + S
2H 2 S + SO 2 2H 2O + 3S
(b) Reduction:2AuCl 3 + 3SnCl 2 3SnCl 4 + 2Au
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(c) HydrolysisFeCl 3 + 3H 2 O Fe(OH) 3 + 3HCl
(d) Double decomposition:
As 2 O 3 + 3H 2 S As 2 S 3 + 3H 2 O
(ii) By excessive cooling: A colloidal solution of ice in an organic solvent like ether can be prepared
by freezing a mixture of water and ether.
(iii) By exchange of solvent: Colloidal solution of certain substances such as sulphur, phosphorus
which are soluble in alcohol but insoluble in water can be prepared by pouring their alcoholic
solution in excess of water.
(iv) By change of physical state: Sols of substances like mercury and sulphur are prep ared by
passing their vapours through a cold water containing a suitable stabilizer such as ammonium salt or
citrate.
2. Dispersion Methods
(i) Mechanical dispersion:
In this method,
the substance is first ground to coarse particles.
It is then mixed with the dispersion medium
To get a suspension. The suspension is then
grinded in a colloidal mill. The space between
the discs of the mill is so adjusted that coarse
suspension is subjected to great shearing force
giving rise to particles of colloidal size. Colloidal
solutions of black ink, paints, varnishes, dyes etc.
are obtained by this method.
(ii) By electrical dispersion or Bredigs arc method: This method is used to prepare sols of metals
such as platinum, silver, copper or gold.
The metal whose sol is to be prepared is made as
two electrodes immersed in dispersion medium such as
water. The dispersion medium is kept cooled by
surrounding it with a freezing mixture. An electric
arc is struck between the electrodes . The
tremendous heat is generated by the arc vaporizes
the metals which are condensed immediately in the
liquid to give colloidal solution The colloidal solution
prepared is stabilized by adding a small amount of KOH to it.
*(iii) By peptisation: The process of converting a freshly prepared precipitate into colloidal form by
the addition of a suitable electrolyte is called peptisation.
Purification of colloidal solutions
1. Dialysis: The process of separating the particles of colloids from those of crystalloids by means of
diffusion through a suitable membrane is called dialysis. Its principle is based upon the fact that
colloidal particles cannot pass through a parchment or cellophan e membrane while the ions of the
electrolyte can pass through it.
2. Electrodialysis: The ordinary process of dialysis is slow. To increase the process of purification,
the dialysis is carried out by applying electric field. This process is called electro dialysis.
3.Ultra-filtration: It is the process of removing the impurities from the colloidal solution by passing
it through graded filter papers called ultra-filter papers.
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4. Electrophoresis:- explain latter in the chapter
Properties of colloidal solutions
1. Heterogeneous character: The colloidal solutions are heterogeneous in nature consisting of two
phases:
(i) dispersed phase and (ii) dispersion medium.
2. Stable nature: The colloidal solutions are quite stable. Their particles are in a state of motion and
do not settle down at the bottom of the container.
3. Filtrability: The colloidal particles can pass through ordinary filter papers because the size of the
colloidal particles is lesser than the size of the pores of filter paper.
4. Colligative properties: The colloidal particles have high molecular masses so that the number of
particles per litre of the sol is relatively very small than in a true solution.
5. Mechanical Properties:
(i) Brownian movement: The colloidal particles are moving at random in a zig-zag motion. This
type of motion is called Brownian Movement (Mechanical or Kinetic property): When a colloidal solution is
examined under an ultramicroscope, the colloidal particles are seen to be in a state of continuous, rapid, random
motion. This phenomenon is known as Brownian movement as it was first noticed by Robert Brown. This motion
is independent of the nature of the colloid, but is more rapid in case of particles of smaller size and in less viscous
dispersion medium. This movement is due to the bombardment of solvent or dispersion medium particles over
dispersed phase particles exerting unequal impacts on them. Further this movement does not change with time and
exist till last. It offers explanation for the stability of colloidal solutions, as the Brownian movements oppose the force
of gravity and do not allow the colloidal particles to settle down.
(ii) Diffusion: The sol particles diffuse from higher concentration to lower concentration region.
However, due to bigger size, they diffuse at a lesser speed.
(iii) Sedimentation: The colloidal particles settle down under the influence of gravity at a very slow
rate.
6. Optical Properties: Tyndall effect
When a strong beam of light is passed through a true solution placed in a beaker, in a dark room, the
path of the light does not become visible. However, if the light is passed through a sol, placed in the
same room, the path of the light becomes visible when viewed from a direction at right angle to that
of the of the incident beam.
The phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal particles as a result of which the path of the be am
becomes visible is called Tyndall effect. The illuminated path of the beam is called Tyndall cone.
The cause of Tyndall effect is the scattering of light by the colloidal particles.
7. Electrical Properties:
Electrophoresis (Electrical property): The migration of
Colloidal particles towards the oppositely charged electrodes
under the influence of applied electric field is called
electrophoresis. The term Cataphoresis was used
earlier for electrophoresis because at that time most
of thecolloidal solutions studied contained positively
charge particles which thus migrated towards cathode
onpassing electric current.. Now when electric field
is applied, the charged colloidal particles move resulting
into electrophoresis.
(i)
Electro-osmosis: Electro-osmosis is a phenomenon in which dispersion medium is allowed to move
through semi permeable membrane under the influence of an electrical field, whereas dispersed phase
particles are not allowed to move.
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Origin of charge
(i) Due to frictional electrification
(ii) Due to dissociation of the surface molecules
(iii) Due to selective adsorption of ions.
Coagulation of colloidal solutions
The phenomenon of the precipitation of a colloidal solution by the addition of the excess of an
electrolyte is called coagulation or flocculation.
*Hardy Schulze rule: According to Hardy Schulze rule, greater the valency of the active ion or
flocculating ion, greater will be its coagulating power.
(i) The ions carrying the charge opposite to that of sol particles are effective in causing coagulat ion
of the sol.
(ii) Coagulating power of an electrolyte is directly proportional to the valency of the active ion (ions
causing coagulation). For example, to coagulate negative sol of As 2 S 3 , the coagulating power of
different cations has been found to decrease in the order as:
Al 3+ > Mg 2+ > Na +
Similarly, to coagulate a positive sol such as Fe(OH) 3 , the coagulating power of different anions has
been found to decrease in the order:
[Fe(CN) 6] 4- > PO 43- > SO 4 2- > Cl The minimum concentration of an electrolyte which is required to cause the coagulation or
flocculation of a sol is known as flocculation value.
Coagulation or Flocculation
The phenomenon of the precipitation of a colloidal solution by the addition of electrolyte is called coagulation
or flocculation.
The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in millimoles per litre of the electrolyte solution which is required
to cause the coagulation or flocculation of colloidal sol is called coagulation or flocculation or precipitation
value.
Greater the coagulating power of the effective ion, lower will be the flocculation value of the electrolyte
containing the effective ion.
1
Therefore, Flocculation value
Coagulating power
Protection of colloids
The process of protecting the lyophobic colloidal solutions from precipitation by the electrolytes due
to the previous addition of some lyophilic colloid is called protection.
**Gold number: This is defined as:
The minimum amount of the protective colloid in milligrams required to just prevent the coagulation
of a 10 ml of a given gold sol when 1 ml of a 10% solution of sodium chloride is added to it.
It may be noted that smaller the value of the gold number, greater will be protecting power of the
protective colloid. Therefore, reciprocal of gold number is a measure of the protective power of a
colloid.
Lower is the value of gold number greater is the protecting power.
The gold numbers of a few protective colloids are given below
Gelatin
0.005 0.01
Casein
0.01 0.02
Egg albumin
0.10 0.2
Gum arabic
0.15 0.25
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Congo rubin number(Add to your knowledge)
Ostwald introduced Congo rubin number to account for protective nature of colloids. It is defined as the amount
of
protective
colloid
in
milligrams
which
prevents
colour
change
in
100 ml of 0.01% Congo rubin dye to which 0.16 g equivalent of KCl is added.
Solved Question
5.
Ans
Lyophilic sols are called reversible colloids.

Lyophilic sols are generally known as reversible colloids. In fact, if the dispersed phase
is removed completely the colloidal solution can be formed again by mixing the dispersed phase
(residue left) to a fresh sample of dispersion medium. For example, if
a colloidal sol of starch in water is dried completely, it can be reformed by mixing the residue with fresh
water.
6.
Artificial rain can be caused by spraying charged dust particles over clouds.
Ans Clouds represent the colloidal solutions of water drops in air (liquid in gas type). These drops are
expected to carry some charge (positive or negative). In order to neutralize the charge on these, charged
dust particles carrying opposite charge are sprayed over
a certain layer of cloud. The neutralisation results in to coagulation. The bigger water drops can no
longer be retained by the atmosphere and will result in to artificial rain.
7.
Ferric hydroxide sol is more readily coagulated by Na3PO4 in comparison to KCl
Ans Ferric hydroxide sol is positively charged and to cause its coagulation, ions carrying negative
charge are needed. Since PO43 ions have higher negative charge than Cl ions therefore, Na3PO4
coagulates the ferric hydroxide sol more efficiently.
8.
100 ml of a standard sol requires 240 mg of starch for its protection against coagulation. Calculate
gold number of starch.
Ans Amount of starch required for 100 ml of gold sol = 240 mg
240 10
Amount of starch required for 10 ml of gold sol =
= 24 mg.
100
9.
In fine weather, we normally seen red colour of setting sun. Can you co-relate this with the colloids ?
Ans We all know that dust particles are present in the atmosphere which are colloidal in nature. When light
emitted by the setting sun passes through the blanket of dust, the blue part of the light is scattered away
from our eyes and at the same time the red colour is seen. Thus, the setting sun has red colour.
10.
What is demulsification?
Ans The decomposition of an emulsion into its constituent liquids is called demulsification. The various
techniques used for it are freezing, centrifugation, filteration, electrostatic precipitation or chemical
methods which destroy emulsifying agents. e.g., milk is demulsified by centrifugation.
11.
Why do colloidal solutions differ in colours?
Colloidal solutions are generally coloured on account of the scattering of light by the particles of the
dispersed phase i.e., colloidal particles. Since the particles present in different colloidal solutions differ
in sizes, they impart different colours to these solutions on passing light. The colour of the gold sol
containing very fine particles of gold is red. As the particle size increases, the colour of solution changes
to purple, blue and finally becomes golden yellow. As the particle size changes, the wavelength of the
scattering light also changes resulting in different colours.
Emulsions
Emulsions are the colloidal solutions of two immiscible liquids in which the liquid acts as the
dispersed phase as well as the dispersion medium.
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Types of emulsions:
(i) Oil-in-water emulsions: In this case, oil acts as the dispersed phase (small amount) and water as
the dispersion medium. For example, milk, Vanishing cream. Such emulsions are called aqueous
emulsions.
(ii) Water-in-oil emulsions: In this case, water acts as the dispersed phase while the oil behaves as
the dispersion medium. For example, butter, cod liver oil, cold cream etc. Such types of emulsions
are called oily emulsions.
Properties of Emulsions
S.No. Property
Water in oil
Oil in water
(i)
Dispersed phase
Water
Oil
(ii)
Dispersion medium
Oil
Water
Examples
Butter, cold cream, cod liver oil
Milk, face creams, butter creams
(iii)
Viscosity
More than water
Slightly more than water
(iv)
Appearance
Oily, opaque and translucent
Watery, opaque and translucent
(v)
Electrical conductivity
Very low
Nearly equal to water.
(vi)
Dilution Test
More oil added is soluble but not More water added is soluble but
water
not oil
Spreads easily on an oily layer.
Spreads readily on watery layer
(vii)
Spreading test
(viii)
Dye test : Addition of oil Dye dissolves giving a bright Dye remains insoluble in the
soluble
dye
like colour
form of coloured droplets
methylene blue
Detection of type of emulsion
The type of emulsion can be detected by

(i)
Dilution test
(ii)
Dye test
(iii)
Electrical conductivity
(iv)
Spreading test
(v)
Viscosity test
Applications of emulsions
(i) The concentration of the sulphide ore of a metal by froth floatation process involves the use of
some oil such as pine oil. The oil forms emulsion with ore particles. When air is bubbled through th e
emulsion, it rises to the surface as foam and is skimmed off.
(ii) The various pharmaceuticals available in liquid form such as cod-liver oil, B-complex etc. are
emulsions of water-in-oil type. These are readily adsorbed in the intestines.
(iii) The cleaning action of soap is based upon the formation of oil-in-water type emulsion.
(iv) Milk which is an important constituent of our diet is an emulsion of fat in water.
Micelles
Micelles are the cluster or aggregated particles formed by association of colloids in solution.
Applications of colloids
1. Smoke precipitation: The smoke coming out of the chimneys contain a lot of unburnt carbon
particles. Smoke is a colloidal system in which the carbon particles are suspended in air. The carbon
particles are charged in nature and they do not get coagulated or precipitated. The charge on the
carbon particles is neutralised by bringing them in contact with the oppositely charged metal plate.
Surface Chemistry
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They, thus get precipitated and the smoke coming out of he chimney is free from dust. This
precipitation of smoke particles is carried out by Cottrell smoke precipitator.
2. Sewage disposal: The sewage disposal contains dust particles suspended in water. They can be
separated from the dirty water by placing it in a big tank fitted with electrodes. The colloidal
particles migrate towards the oppositely charged electrodes where their charged is neutralised and
they get coagulated. The coagulated mass can be used as a manure.
3. Purification of drinking water: The drinking water can be purified by precipitation of suspended
colloidal particles. For this purpose, small amount of alum [K 2SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .24H 2O] is added. The
Al 3+ ions neutralize the charge on the particles and they get coagulated.
4. Colloidal medicines: A few important medicines are colloidal gold, manganese, sulphur, antimony
etc. Ferric chloride is quite effective to stop bleeding from a minor cut.
5. Formation of delta: River water is muddy and is a colloidal solution of clay in water. Sea water
contains in it a number of dissolved salts. When the river water comes in contact with the sea water,
the clay particles get coagulated by the ions present in the sea water. Thus, there is the formation of
the delta at the point where the river enters the sea.
6. Photographic plates: These are thin glass plates coated with gelatin containing a fine suspension
of silver bromide. The particles of silver bromide are colloidal in nature.
Catalysis
A substance which changes the speed of a reaction without being used up itself is called a catalyst.
The phenomenon of increasing the rate of reaction by the use of catalyst is called catalysis.
Classification of Catalysts:
1. Homogeneous catalysts: When the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants and products, it is
called homogeneous catalyst.
(i) In lead chamber process, SO 2 is oxidised to SO 3 in the presence of nitric oxide:
NO( g)
SO 2 (g) + 1 O 2 (g)
SO 3 (g)
2
(ii) Hydrolysis of an ester is catalysed by the presence of an acid:
H ( aq)
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
CH3COOH + C 2H5OH
Ethyl acetate
2. Heterogeneous catalysts: When the catalyst is in different phase than the reactants, it is called
heterogeneous catalyst. For example,
(i) Combination of hydrogen and oxygen is catalysed by the presence of finely divided platinum.
2H 2(g) + O 2 (g)
Finely

divided Pt
2H 2 O (g)
(ii) Manufacture of NH 3 from H 2 and N 2 by Habers process using iron catalyst

Fe
3H 2 + N 2
2NH 3
Mechanism of Catalytic Reactions
1. Homogeneous catalytic reactions:
NO( g)
2SO 2(g) + O 2 (g)
2SO 3(g)
1
(i)
NO + O 2 NO 2
(fast)
2
(ii)
Catalyst
NO 2 + SO 2 SO 3 + + NO (fast)
Regenerated
Surface Chemistry
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and
SO 2 +
1
2
Catalyst
O 2 SO 3
(fast)
NO
Mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic reactions:

(i) Diffusion of the reactants at the surface of the catalyst.
(ii) Adsorption of the molecules of the reactant at the active sites.
(iii) Occurrence of the chemical reactions on the surface of the catalyst.
(iv) Desorption of product molecules from the surface.
(v) Diffusion of products away from the surface of the catalyst.
SHAPE SELECTIVE CATALYSTS ( ZEOLITES)
Zeolites are the naturally occurring or synthetic microporous aluminosilicates of general formula
M x / n [(AlO 2 ) x (SiO 2) y].zH 2 O where n is the valency of metal ion.
Zeolites are three-dimensional network silicates in which some silicon atoms are replaced by
aluminium atoms. As the substitution of an atom of silicon by aluminium generate one negative
charge on the alumino silicate frame work, substitution of x atoms generate x negative charge on
alumino silicate frame work. This charge is neutralized by the exchangeable cation M of valency n.
The void spaces which can be greater than 50% of the volume are occupied by z molecules of water
in the unit cell. They are used as catalyst in petrochemical industries for cracking of hydrocarbons.
The remarkable feature of zeolites is shape selectivity which depend upon pore size of the catalyst.
Use of Zeolites
ZSM5
1.
Alcohols
hydrocarbons
(ZSM-5 Zeolite Sieve of Molecular Porosity 5)
2.
Hydrated Zeolites are used in ion-exchangers in softening of hard water.
Difference between enzymes and inorganic catalysts.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Enzymes
Inorganic catalysts
Enzymes are complex proteins Inorganic catalysts are simple ions or small
and have a high molecular mass. molecules with low molecular mass.
Enzymes catalyse biological
reactions.
Enzymes are highly specific in
their nature.
Their efficiency is very high
The efficiency of enzymes is
greatly affected by changes in
temperature or pH.
IMPORTANT
Inorganic catalysis catalyse non-biological

reactions
Inorganic catalysts are not so specific in nature.
Their efficiency is generally not so high.
These are not much affected by a change in
temperature or pH.
TIPS TO REVISED
1.
Greater the surface area per unit weight of the adsorbent, the greater will be its power of adsorption.
2.
In most of the cases, the adsorption is reversible and an increased pressure of a gas or vapour or an
increase in concentration of solute causes increased adsorption. Also, an increase in temperature leads to
decrease in the amount adsorbed and vice versa.
Surface Chemistry
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3.
When both the adsorption and absorption take place simultaneously, the process is called sorption. e.g.,
dyes undergo sorption over cotton i.e., they are adsorbed as well as absorbed over the fibres.
4.
The adsorption of gases on the metal surfaces is called occlusion. e.g., adsorption of H2 on the surface of
finely divided metals like Ni, Pt, Pd etc.
5.
Activated charcoal is the most common adsorbent for easily liquifiable gases.
6.
The plot of temperature vs. pressure for a given amount of adsorption is called isostere.
7.
The physical adsorption is non-specific therefore every gas will get adsorbed at the surface of any solid
to some extent.
8.
Gases that get liquified easily such as HCl, NH3, H2S and CO2 get readily adsorbed at the surface of a
solid to somewhat greater extent than those, which can not be liquified easily.
9.
Surface used for adsorption can be activated by mechanical rubbing, super heated steam, etc.
11.
The colligative properties of collodial systems are low due to aggregation. All collodial solutions give
very low osmotic pressure, very small elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point.
12.
Suspensoid and emulsoid are terms used for lyophobic and lyophilic sols respectively.
13.
Colloidal antimony is used in curing Kala-azar.
14.
When a negatively charged sol is added to positively charged sol in suitable amounts, precipitation of
both the sols takes place simultaneously.
15.
Tail of comets is seen as a Tyndall cone due to the scattering of light by the tiny solid particles left by
the comet in its path.
16.
Argyrol is a silver sol used as eye lotion.
17.
Colloidal solution of graphite in water is called Aqua dag and in oil is called oil dag.
18.
Streaming potential : When a liquid is forced through a porous material or a capillary tube, the
potential difference set up between two sides is known as streaming potential. This fact is also
supported by electro-osmosis or streaming potential may be considered as reverse of electro-osmosis.
19.
Sedimentation potential and Dorn effect : It is the reverse of electrophoresis. The sedimentation
potential is the potential difference set up when a particle is forced to move in a resting liquid. The
phenomenon was discovered by Dorn, hence is also known as Dorn effect.
20.
The process of dialysis finds application in the purification of blood by artificial kidney. In this method,
impure blood is introduced in the artificial kidney apparatus where the waste materials (electrolytes)
diffuse through dialysing membrane, while colloidal blood particles are retained and hence blood is
purified.
21.
Electrodecantation : When electrophoresis of a sol is carried out without stirring, the bottom layer
gradually becomes more concentrated while the top layer which contains pure and concentrated
colloidal solutions may be decanted. This is called electrodecantation and is used for the purification as
well as for concentrating the sol.
22.
It is possible to cause artificial rain by throwing the electrified sand or silver iodide from an aeroplane
and thus coagulating the mist hanging in air.
Surface Chemistry
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23.
Silver iodide has a crystal structure very similar to that of ice. It helps in the condensation process.
24.
Critical Micellisation Concentration (CMC). In case of associated colloids, the minimum

concentration of dispersed phase required for micelle formation is called critical micellisation
concentration (CMC) and its value depends upon the nature of the dispersed phase. For soaps, CMC is
about 103 mol L1.
25.
Blood is a positively charged sol. The haemoglobin particles carry a positive charge. The coagulation
of blood on applying alum [or Al2(SO4)3] or FeCl3 is a very complex process and in no way means that
blood is a negatively charged sol. A possible explanation as to why bleeding stops on applying alum or
FeCl3 is as follows :
Blood is slightly alkaline (pH 7.36 7.42). Acidic salts like Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3 etc., decreases the pH of
the blood resulting in the denaturation of globular proteins present in it. Due to denaturation these
globular proteins become fiberous proteins which are insoluble and stops the bleeding.
26.
The dialysing membranes used in dialysis, electrodialysis, electro-osmosis are quite different from the
membranes used in osmosis. The membranes used here allow the movement of ions through them
whereas the membranes used in osmosis do not allow the movement of ions through them.
27.
Preferential Adsorption (competing adsorption). Whenever a mixture of gases is allowed to come in

contact with a particular adsorbent under the same conditions, the more strongly adsorbable adsorbate is
adsorbed to a greater extent irrespective of its amount present. For example, air besides moisture
contains a number of gases such as N2, O2 etc., yet moisture is adsorbed more strongly on silica than the
other gases of the air. This shows that different adsorbates are preferentially adsorbed.
It is also observed that a preferentially adsorbable adsorbate can displace a weakly adsorbed substance
from the surface of the adsorbent. For example, charcoal used in the masks contains O2, N2 gases etc.
from air already adsorbed on it. But when it comes in contact with poisonous gases, which are
preferentially adsorbable on charcoal, O2, N2 etc. are displaced by these poisonous gases.
28.
Isoelectric point. Colloidal particles of certain lyophilic sols have a specific charge. In case of certain
lyophilic sols, particularly proteins, the sign of the charge depends upon the pH of the solution. Above a
certain pH (specific of each sol) the particles are negatively charged, while below the pH they carry a
positive charge. At particular pH, the colloidal particles are uncharged and, therefore, do not migrate
under the influence of electric field. This pH is called isoelectric point of the colloid. For example,
isoelectric point of gelatin is 4.7 i.e., at a pH of 4.7, the colloidal particles of gelatin are uncharged.
Generally, the particles of lyophilic sols remain uncharged over a certain pH range. For example, the pH
range for casein from human milk is 4.1 to 4.7 and for haemoglobin is 4.3 to 5.3. Generally (but not
always) lyophilic sols have minimum stability at isoelectric point.
29.
Polydisperse and Monodisperse colloids. In multimolecular colloids, the colloidal particles consist of
aggregates of atoms or small molecules with diameters less than 109 m or 1 nm. Colloidal solutions in
which colloidal particles are of different sizes are called polydisperse colloids. For example, a gold sol
may contain particles of various sizes having several atoms of gold. The colloidal solutions in which all
the colloidal particles are more or less of same size are monodisperse colloids.
30.
Ultrasonic dispersion. Various substances such as mercury, oils, sulphur, sulphides and oxides of
metals can be dispersed into colloidal state very easily with the help of ultrasonic waves. Ultrasonic
Surface Chemistry
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vibrations which have frequency more than that of sound are made to strike a beaker containing the
substance to be dispersed using water as the dispersion medium.
31.
12.
Electrophoretic mobility of colloidal particles. Electrophoretic mobility of colloidal particles is defined as

the distance travelled by them in one second under a potential gradient of one volt per cm. It has been found
that the migration velocities of colloidal particles are of the same order as that of ions under similar
conditions. Since different colloidal materials have different mobilities, it is possible to separate them
from their mixtures. This method has been used for the fractionation of proteins, polysaccharides,
nucleic acids and other complex substances.
Explain with proper reasoning
(i)
When the rivers meet the ocean, they generally from delta.
(ii)
Smoke is passed through charged plates before it is allowed to come out of chimneys in
factories
(iii)
Colloidal particles cannot be seen
(iv)
Dust particles become visible when a strong beam of light passes through a cinema hall.
(i)
The river water carries in it charged particles of clay, sand and many other substances in the form
of colloidal solution. On meeting the ocean, the colloidal particles present in river water are
coagulated by the electrolytes present in ocean water. The coagulated matter settles down and
thus deltas are formed.
(ii)
Smoke coming out of chimneys in factories is a colloidal solution of carbon in air. It is made to
pass through charged plates before allowed to come out of chimneys. These plates neutralize the
charge on colloidal carbon particles. Carbon particles get precipitated and settle down while hot
air passes out through the chimney.
(iii) Colloidal particles cannot be seen even with the help of a most powerful microscope. It is
impossible to see a particle whose diameter is less than half the wavelength of light used to see
it. The shortest wavelength of visible light is about 4 x 10-7m. It is therefore, not possible to see a
particle with human eye whose diameter is less than 2 x 107m. Colloidal particles being of
smaller size than this (10 7m10 9m) can not be seen.
(iv)
13.
The dust particles in air are in the calloidal range. Hence, they scatter light (Tyndall effect) and
the path of light becomes visible.
Give proper reasoning for the following

(i)
Alum is used for cleaning muddy water
(ii)
0.1 M AICl3 is more effective than 0.1 M NaCl solution in coagulating an As2S3 solution while
0.1M AlCl3 is less effective than 0.1 M Na3PO4 in coagulating Fe2O3 sol.
(iii)
The addition of ferric hydroxide sol to arsenic sulphide sol results in the precipitation of both.
(i)
Clay particles present in muddy water are negatively charged. On adding alum, positively
charged AI3+ions of alum, neutralise the negative charge of clay particles. Hence clay particles
get precipitated and settle down at the bottom. These precipitates then can be removed by
filtration to get clean water.
(ii)
As2S3 is negatively charged sol. Therefore, cations will be effective for coagulation and the ion
with higher charge will be more effective. Thus 0.1M AlCl3 in which cations carry three units of
positive charge is more effective than 0.1M NaCl in which cations carry one unit of positive
charge. Fe2O3 is a positively charged sol and negative ions are needed to coagulate it. Therefore,
0.1M Na3PO4 carrying PO 34 ions is more effective than 0.1M AICI3 carrying CI ions.
Surface Chemistry
(Theory)
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(iii)
14.
Ferric hydroxide sol is positively charged while arsenic sulphide is negatively charged. On
mixing the two sols, charge on each of them get neutralised and both of them get precipitated.
This is known as mutual coagulation.
Why heat of chemisorption is more than heat of physisorption ?
In chemisorption, molecules of adsorbate are held to the surface of the adsorbent by chemical
bonds. On the other hand, in physisorption, adsorbate molecules are held by the weak van der Waals
forces. Hence more energy is released during chemisorption as compared to physisorption.
15.
A patient with kidney failure is kept on dialysis. What is meant by dialysis ? What is the purpose of
dialysis for the patient with kidney failure ? Explain.
Dialysis is a process to remove crystalloids with the help of a membrane from a colloidal suspension.
The membrane allows the crystalloid impurities to pass through it but not the colloidal particles. Kidney
purifies our blood by removing crystalloid impurities. During kidney failure, the blood becomes impure
and is purified by passing through a membrane which allows only the crystalloid impurities to pass
through it.
16.
What are surfactants? How they are related to miscelles?

Surfactants are substances which get preferentially adsorbed at air-water, oil-water and solid-water
interfaces, forming an oriented monolayer where in the hydrophilic groups point towards the aqueous
phase and hydrocarbon chains point towards the oil phase.
Sodium salts of higher fatty acids such as sodium palmitate, C15H31COONa, sodium strearate,
C17H35COONa and sodium oleate, C17H33CONa are anionic surfactants, as these species give
negatively charge ions in water.
Cationic surfactants are those which dissociate in water to yield positively charged ions. Examples are:
Octadecyl ammonium chloride (C18H37 N H3Cl)

When the surfactant molecules in the water-air interface become so packed in the monolayer
that no more molecules can be accommodated with ease, they aggregate in the bulk of the
solution leading to the formation of associated colloids also called micelles.
ONE MARK EACH
1. What is Collodion?
2. What is demulsification?
3. How does a catalytic poison act?
4. What does reciprocal of gold number indicate?
5. To which colloidal system does milk belong?
6. What do you understand by activity of a catalyst?
7. How does bleeding from a cut stop on applying alum?
8. Name two important processes in which heterogeneous catalysts are employed.
9. Why lyophilic colloidal sols are more stable than lyophobic colloidal sols?
10. Draw the plot of variation in the quantity of the gas absorbed with the pressure of the gas.
TWO MARKS EACH
11. Define homogeneous catalysis. Give one example.
12. Deltas are formed where the river and sea water meet. Explain.
13. 50 ml of 1 M oxalic acid is shaken with 0.5 g wood charcoal. The final concentrati on of the
solution after adsorption is 0.5 M. What is the amount of oxalic acid adsorbed per gram of
carbon?
Surface Chemistry
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14. Why are straight hydrocarbon chain detergents preferred to branched-chain detergents?
15. A homogeneous catalyst changes the rate of a reaction without taking part in it. Do you
agree with this statement?
16. What is Hardy Schulze Rule?
17. Explain the chemical phenomenon involved in the purification of water using potash alum.
18. How is coagulation brought about?
19. Why is smoke passed through charged plates before allowing it to come out of chimneys in
factories?
20. What is the shape selective catalysis?
21. What are associated colloids? Give one example.
22. Derive the variation of x versus temperature for physical adsorption process. Explain the
m
nature of the curve.

23. What is common in aquasols and solid aerosols? Also find the point of distinction between
them.
24. Why is the need felt to purify colloidal dispersion?
25. Explain why chemisorption has more heat of adsorption than physisorption.
FIVE MARKS EACH
26. What do you understand by adsorption isotherm and adsorption isobar? Explain Freundlich
adsorption isotherm for the adsorption of gases on solids.
27. What is the difference between multi-molecular and macro-molecular colloids? Give one
example of each type. How are associated colloids different from these two types of colloids?
28. Differentiate between the following pairs
(i) Sols and Emulsions
(ii) Physical adsorption and Chemical adsorption
(iii) Lyophobic sols and Lyophilic sols.
Fill in the blanks

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The metal is a dispersed phase and water is the dispersion medium. The colloid is termed as ..
According to Hardy-Schulze rule, the power of coagulation of an ion depends upon its ..
During adsorption there is . in enthalpy as well as in the entropy of the system but
adsorption is a spontaneous process and thus, G must be ..
Heterogeneous catalysis is successfully explained by .. theory.
Curd is a example of
The process of absorbing water by an elastic gel is called ..
As2S3 sol can be prepared by
Change in pH causes . of colloids.
Fluorescein is an . indicator.
Temperature at which micelle formation takes place is called ..
Fill in the blanks

1.
Hydrophobic 2.valency 3.Decrease, decrease, negative 4.Adsorption 5.Gel 6.Imbibition 7.Double
decomposition process 8. Coagulation 9. Adsorption 10. Kraft temperature
Surface Chemistry
(Theory)
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S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph.

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Factor AFFECTING Adsorption of Gases on Solids

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Calculation of k and n of adsorption isotherm

Taking logarithms, Eq. (i) becomes

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Filterable through filter

More than 100 nm.

Phases of Colloids and their classification

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Froaths of air, whipped cream

Milk, creams and emulsified oils

Classification based on Affinity

Their molecular masses are

They have high molecular

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Associated colloids (micelles). The substances which when

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Lyophilic sols are called reversible colloids.

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Detection of type of emulsion

The type of emulsion can be detected by

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

(ii) Hydrolysis of an ester is catalysed by the presence of an acid:

(ii) Manufacture of NH 3 from H 2 and N 2 by Habers process using iron catalyst

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic reactions:

Inorganic catalysis catalyse non-biological

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Colloidal antimony is used in curing Kala-azar.

Argyrol is a silver sol used as eye lotion.

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Critical Micellisation Concentration (CMC). In case of associated colloids, the minimum

Preferential Adsorption (competing adsorption). Whenever a mixture of gases is allowed to come in

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

Electrophoretic mobility of colloidal particles. Electrophoretic mobility of colloidal particles is defined as

Give proper reasoning for the following

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

What are surfactants? How they are related to miscelles?

Octadecyl ammonium chloride (C18H37 N H3Cl)

S.C.F. 23 & 29 (Top Floor), Phase -7, Mohali. Ph. 9417009068

nature of the curve.

Fill in the blanks

Fill in the blanks

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