Grade 12 Chemistry

Rates of reactionsTest
Name.

Date.

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____

1. Which statement does not represent a rate?

a. The speed of a car is 45 km/h.
b. The half-life of an element is 12.4 h.
c. A family consumes 4 L of milk every three days.
d. It takes 15 min to walk to the store.
e. A cat eats three cans of wet food per week.

____

2. Which statement about the instantaneous rate of a reaction is not correct?

a. The higher the rate, the greater is the slope of a line on a concentration-time graph.
b. The instantaneous rate is the slope of the tangent to a line on a concentration-time graph.
c. The instantaneous rate is the slope of the secant to a line on a concentration-time graph.
d. The instantaneous rate decreases over time.
e. All of these statements are correct.

____

3. Which expression does not represent the rate of the following reaction?
Mg(s) 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) H2(g)
a.
b.
c.

d.
e. All of these are accurate representations of the rate of this reaction.
____

4. In the following reaction, what is equal to the rate of production of NO gas?

4NH3(g) 5O2(g) 4NO(g) 6H2O(g)
a. the rate of production of NH3 gas
b. one third the rate of production of water
c. four fifths the rate of disappearance of O2 gas
d. one quarter the rate of disappearance of NH 3 gas
e. six times the production of water vapour

____

5. The initial rate of production of Br2 gas in the following reaction is 0.0750 mol/(Ls). What is the rate of loss of
HBr gas?
4HBr(g) O2(g) 2Br2(g) 2H2O(g)
a. 0.0188 mol/(Ls)
b. 0.0375 mol/(Ls)
c. 0.0750 mol/(Ls)
d. 0.150 mol/(Ls)

e. 0.300 mol/(Ls)
____

6. In the following reaction, butane is consumed at the rate of 0.0333 mol/(L s). Determine the rate at which CO 2 is
produced.
C4H10(g)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

O2(g) 4CO2(g) 5H2O(g)

0.008 25 mol/(Ls)
0.0165 mol/(Ls)
0.0333 mol/(Ls)
0.0667 mol/(Ls)
0.133 mol/(Ls)

____

7. Which factor will not affect the rate of the following reaction?
Na(s) AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) Ag(s)
a. the addition of a catalyst
b. an increase in pressure
c. an increase in the concentration of AgNO3(aq)
d. an increase in temperature
e. all of these factors will have a strong effect on the rate of the reaction

____

8. Over an interval of 1.00 s, the mass of propane changes by 5.87 g. What is the corresponding rate of production of
carbon dioxide?
2C3H8(g) 9O2(g) 6CO2(g) 6H2O(g)
a. 1.2 mol/s
b. 0.60 mol/s
c. 0.80 mol/s
d. 0.20 mol/s
e. 0.40 mol/s

____

9. Which property cannot be used to measure the rate of the following reaction?
Mg(s) 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) H2(g)
a. change in colour
b. change in pH
c. change in conductivity
d. change in mass
e. all of these properties could be used to measure the rate

____ 10. Which step of a reaction is the rate-determining step?

a. the fastest step
b. the first step
c. the last step of the reaction mechanism
d. the step with the greatest number of molecules
e. the slowest step
____ 11. Which statement about the factors that affect reaction rates is false?
a. Decreasing the concentrations of the reacting particles decreases the chance of collision.
b. A collision with poor orientation requires a higher activation energy than a collision with
optimum orientation.
c. Increasing the pressure in a gaseous reaction increases the chance of collision.
d. A reaction occurs every time particles of the reactants collide.
e. Increasing the temperature increases the reaction rate.

____ 12. Given the following reaction mechanism, what is the equation for the overall reaction?
2A B 2C (slow)
B C D E (fast)
C D E F (fast)
a. 2A 2E F
b. 2A B 2C D 2E F
c. 2A 2C 2E F
d. 2A B 2C D B 2C D 2E F
e. 2A C 2E F
____ 13. Consider the following reaction mechanism. Changing the concentration of which substance(s) would have the
most effect on the rate of the overall reaction?
2A B 2C (slow)
B C D E (fast)
C D E F (fast)
a. A
b. A and C
c. B
d. D
e. D and E
____ 14. Why does the rate of reaction increase with increasing temperature?
a. The activation energy decreases as the temperature increases.
b. Changing the temperature usually alters the reaction mechanism, similar to the effect of a
catalyst.
c. The change in temperature reduces the overall potential energy change between reactants
and products.
d. A greater proportion of all the molecules possess kinetic energy that is equal to or greater
than the activation energy.
e. Hotter molecules stick together better.
____ 15. Why does an increase in concentration increase the rate of reaction?
a. Collisions become more effective.
b. The number of collisions increases.
c. The activation energy decreases.
d. The average kinetic energy increases.
e. When there are more molecules in the container, they all speed up.
____ 16. Which quantity does not increase when the temperature of a reaction system is raised?
a. activation energy
b. number of collisions
c. number of effective collisions
d. average kinetic energy of the particles
e. all of the above increase
____ 17. To determine the rate of the following reaction, what physical property could be measured?
H2(g) I2(g) 2HI(g)
a. change in concentration
b. change in pH

c. change in mass
d. change in colour
e. change in pressure
Potential Energy Diagram

____ 18. Use the Potential Energy Diagram. What is shown by the letter A?
a. the activation energy of the forward reaction
b. the activation energy of the reverse reaction
c. the transition state
d. the heat of reaction
e. the entropy of the reaction
____ 19. Use the Potential Energy Diagram. What is shown by the letter B?
a. the activation energy of the forward reaction
b. the activation energy of the reverse reaction
c. the transition state
d. the heat of reaction
e. the entropy of the reaction
____ 20. Use the Potential Energy Diagram. What is shown by the letter C?
a. the activation energy of the forward reaction
b. the activation energy of the reverse reaction
c. the transition state
d. the heat of reaction
e. the entropy of the reaction
____ 21. For an exothermic reaction, what does the activation energy of the reverse reaction equal?
a. the activation energy of the forward reaction
b. the heat of reaction minus the activation energy of the forward reaction
c. the activation energy of the forward reaction minus the heat of reaction
d. the heat of reaction plus the activation energy of the forward reaction
e. the heat of reaction minus the activation energy of the reverse reaction
Short Answer
For the following questions, write the most appropriate answer in the space provided.
22. What is an elementary reaction?
23. Define the mechanism of a reaction.

24. What is a bimolecular elementary reaction?

25. How does a catalyst affect the enthalpy change of a reaction?
26. What is the order of the reaction with the rate law expression r k[A]0[B]1?
27. What is the order of the reaction with the rate law expression r k[A][B]2?
28. Suppose that you use one lump of sugar in your tea. You would like the lump of sugar to dissolve quickly. How
can you increase the rate at which it dissolves?
29. Use the collision theory to explain the rate at which gas reactions usually occur.
30. In the following reaction, the initial rate of production of NO 2 gas is 0.035 mol/(Ls). What is the rate of loss of
NO?
3NO(g) N2O(g) NO2(g)
31. The reactant concentration of a first-order reaction is 0.05 mol/L, and the rate constant is 0.25 s 1. What is the rate
of this reaction?
32. What are the two major requirements for a reaction to occur?
33. What is an activated complex, and when is it found?
34. What physical properties can be measured in each reaction?
a) CaCO3(s) 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) H2O(l) CO2(g)
b) 2H2O(g) 2H2(g) O2(g)
c) HCl(aq) Zn(s) ZnCl2(aq) H2(g)
35. What physical properties can be measured in each reaction?
a) NaHCO3(s) HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) CO2 (g) H2O(l)
b) 2KI(aq) Cl2(aq) 2KCl(aq) I2(aq)
c) 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
36. The rate constant for the following reaction is 8.6 102 s1. What is the half-life of the reaction?
CH3CHO(g) CH4(g) CO(g)
37. The rate constant for the following reaction is 6.0 10 4 s1. What is the half-life of this reaction?
N2O5(g) 2NO2(g) O2(g)
38. What is the difference between a homogeneous catalyst and a heterogeneous catalyst? Give an example of each
type of catalyst.
Problem
Graphics
For the following questions, use the graphics provided to review terms or skills. Add any missing labels, draw any
missing parts, or use the graphics to help you answer a question.
39. a) Sketch a graph to show the change in concentration of CO (g), with respect to time, during the following
reaction.
CO(g) Cl2(g) COCl2(g)
b) Sketch a graph to show the change in concentration of COCl 2(g), with respect to time, during the same reaction.
c) On the first graph, show and explain how you would determine the average rate of reaction.
d) On the first graph, show and explain how you would determine the instantaneous rate of reaction.

40. Use the following diagram to answer the questions below.

a) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain.

b) What letter represents the activation energy of the forward reaction?
c) What letter represents the heat of reaction?
d) What letter represents the activation energy of the reverse reaction?
41. The forward activation energy of a reaction is 25 kJ/mol, and the heat of reaction is 286.4 kJ/mol.
a) Sketch a potential energy diagram for the reaction. Label the axes, the forward activation energy, the heat of
reaction, the transition state, and the reactants and products.
b) Indicate the numerical values of the forward activation energy and the enthalpy change on your diagram.
c) Show and label the effect of a catalyst.
42. Sketch a potential energy diagram for an exothermic reaction and for an endothermic reaction. Label the axes,
reactants, products, heat of reaction, activation energy, and transition state on each diagram.
43. The following data were obtained for the decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide in carbon tetrachloride solution
at 45C.
N2O5 (mol/L)
0.316
0.274
0.238
0.190
0.146

Time (min)
0
39
80
140
210

a) Plot a graph of concentration of dinitrogen pentoxide versus time.

b) Determine the instantaneous rate of reaction at 20 min and at 180 min.
44. The following graph represents the concentration of H 2O2(aq) over time for the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide into water.
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) O2(g)

a) What would you do to determine the rate of reaction at A?

b) Compare the rate of reaction at A with the rate of reaction at B. Explain the difference in terms of the collision
theory.
c) Sketch the general shape of the curve, showing the concentration of H 2O versus time on the same graph.

45. The mechanism for a reaction is given below.

Step 1: A B C
Ea 168 kJ/mol
H 42 kJ/mol
Step 2: C B E F
Ea 63 kJ/mol
H 21 kJ/mol
Step 3: F B G
Ea 84 kJ/mol
H 42 kJ/mol
a) Draw an accurate energy curve to represent the steps of this reaction.
b) What is the overall equation for this reaction?
c) What is the H(forward) for the overall, or net, reaction?
d) Which step is the rate-determining step?
46. Consider the following series of potential energy diagrams.

a) Which diagram(s) represent(s) an endothermic reaction?

b) Which diagram represents the burning of a candle? Explain your choice.
47. Consider the following series of potential energy diagrams.

a) Which diagram(s) represent(s) an exothermic reaction?

b) Which diagram represents the reaction of iron with oxygen to produce rust? Explain your choice.
48. Consider the following series of potential energy diagrams.

a) Which diagram represents the fastest reaction at room temperature? Explain your choice.
b) Which diagram represents the reaction of two solids at room temperature? Explain your choice.
49. Consider the following series of potential energy diagrams.

a) Which diagram represents the slowest reaction at room temperature? Explain your choice.
b) Which diagram represents the ionization of sulfuric acid? Explain your choice.
50. Use collision theory to explain how surface area affects reaction rate. Include a diagram to illustrate your
explanation.
51. Use collision theory to explain how temperature affects reaction rate. Include a diagram or graph to illustrate your
explanation.
52. Use collision theory to explain how concentration affects reaction rate. Include a diagram or graph to illustrate
your explanation.
53. Use collision theory to explain how a catalyst affects reaction rate. Include a diagram or graph to illustrate your
explanation.
Critical Thinking
For the following questions, write the answer in the space provided. Use complete sentences in your answer. If the
question requires mathematical calculations, show all of your work. Write a final statement that gives your
solution.
54. Doubling the concentration of hydroxide ions in the following reaction causes the reaction rate to double.
Doubling the concentration of both reactants causes the reaction rate to increase by a factor of four.
C2H5Br(aq) OH(aq) C2H5OH(aq) Br(aq)
a) What is the order of the reaction with respect to hydroxide ions?
b) What is the order of the reaction with respect to bromoethane?
c) What is the overall reaction order?
55. The reaction rate for the following second-order reaction is 0.005 mol/(Ls). The reaction rate is first order with
respect to A and first order with respect to B. The concentration of A is 0.15 mol/L, and the concentration of B is
0.10 mol/L.
ABC
a) Write the rate law for this reaction.
b) What is the rate constant for this reaction?
c) Why must rate constants be given for specific temperatures?
56. The rate of the following reaction is given below.
(CH3)3CBr(aq) H2O(l) (CH3)3COH(aq) H(aq) Br(aq)
Rate k[(CH3)3CBr(aq)]1[H2O(l)]0
a) What is the overall reaction order?
b) What is the reaction order with respect to (CH3)3CBr?
c) What is the reaction order with respect to water?
d) If the concentration of water is doubled, what happens to the initial rate?
e) If the concentration of (CH3)3CBr is halved, what happens to the initial rate?
57. The following equation represents the decomposition of phosphorus trihydride (phosphine). The initial rate is 2.0
104 mol/(Ls).
4PH3(g) 6H2(g) P4(g)
a) What is the rate of formation of H2?

b) What is the rate of formation of P 4?

58. The following equation represents the decomposition of ozone into oxygen. Propose a mechanism for this
reaction, given that it takes place in two steps.
2O3(g) 3O2(g)
59. The following equation represents the reaction of nitrogen monoxide and oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide.
Propose a mechanism for this reaction, given that it takes place in two steps.
NO(g) O2(g) NO2(g)
60. Propose a mechanism for the following catalyzed reaction, in the presence of platinum.
2SO2(g) O2(g) 2SO3(g)
61. The data in the table below were collected for the following reaction.
2HI(g) H2(g) I2(g)
Concentration of HI (mol/L)
0.1000
0.0715
0.0558
0.0457
0.0387
0.0336
0.0296

Time (s)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300

a) Plot the data.

b) What is the rate of the reaction at 100 s?
c) On your graph, sketch the change in concentration H2(g) over time.
62. The experimental data in the table below were collected for the following reaction of nitrogen monoxide and
hydrogen. What is the rate law for this reaction?
2NO(g) 2H2(g) N2(g) 2H2O(g)
Trial
1
2
3

Initial concentration (mol/L)

[NO]
[H2]
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.10

Initial rate of disappearance of NO (mol/Ls)

1.23 103
2.46 103
4.92 103

63. The experimental data in the table below were collected for the following decomposition of SO 2Cl2(g). What is the
rate law for this reaction?
SO2Cl2(g) SO2(g) Cl2(g)
Trial
1
2
3

Initial concentration of SO2Cl2(g) (mol/L)

0.100
0.200
0.300

Initial reaction rate [mol/(Ls)]

2.2 106
4.4 106
6.6 106

64. Cyclopropane is a general anesthetic. It undergoes molecular rearrangement to form propene. The following data
were obtained for the rate at which this rearrangement takes place. What is the rate law for the reaction?
Trial

Initial concentration of cyclopropane

(mol/L)

Rate of formation of propene (mol/L/s)

1
2
3

2.95 105
5.90 105
8.85 105

0.050
0.100
0.150

65. The iodine ion reacts very quickly with the hypochlorite ion.
OCl + I OI + Cl
The data in the following table were collected for this reaction. What is the rate law for this reaction?
Trial
1
2
3

Initial concentration (mol/L)

[OCl]
[I]
3
1.7 10
1.7 103
3.4 104
1.7 103
3
1.7 10
3.4 104

Rate of formation of Cl (mol/Ls)

1.75 104
3.50 104
3.50 104

Applications
For the following questions, write the answer in the space provided. Use complete sentences in your answer. If the
question requires mathematical calculations, show all of your work. Write a final statement that gives your
solution.
66. Discuss how reaction rates have a role in your everyday life. Include an example of a fast reaction and an example
of a slow reaction in your discussion.
67. Why are catalysts important in industries? Give one example of an industrial catalyst.
68. a) What are enzymes, and why are they important?
b) Give one example of an enzyme that is important in the human body. Why is this enzyme important?
69. Grain that is stored in a grain elevator is unreactive. If a spark is placed near fine dust in the silos, however, an
explosive reaction will occur. Explain this observation, based on what you learned in this chapter.
70. Often small twigs are used to start a campfire instead of large logs. Explain why, using what you learned in this
unit.
71. A refrigerator keeps food fresh and stops it from spoiling. If food is left long enough in a refrigerator, however, it
goes bad. Explain.