Steady-State Thermal Analysis Elements and Commands

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THERMAL:Chapter2:SteadyStateThermalAnalysis(UP19980818)
Chapter2:SteadyStateThermalAnalysis
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Chapter1*Chapter2*Chapter3*Chapter4
2.1DefinitionofSteadyStateAnalysis
TheANSYS/Multiphysics,ANSYS/Mechanical,ANSYS/FLOTRAN,andANSYS/Thermalproductssupport
steadystatethermalanalysis.Asteadystatethermalanalysiscalculatestheeffectsofsteadythermalloadsona
systemorcomponent.Engineer/analystsoftenperformasteadystateanalysisbeforedoingatransientthermal
analysis,tohelpestablishinitialconditions.Asteadystateanalysisalsocanbethelaststepofatransient
thermalanalysis,performedafteralltransienteffectshavediminished.
Youcanusesteadystatethermalanalysistodeterminetemperatures,thermalgradients,heatflowrates,andheat
fluxesinanobjectthatarecausedbythermalloadsthatdonotvaryovertime.Suchloadsincludethefollowing:
Convections
Radiation
Heatflowrates
Heatfluxes(heatflowperunitarea)
Heatgenerationrates(heatflowperunitvolume)
Constanttemperatureboundaries.
Asteadystatethermalanalysismaybeeitherlinear,withconstantmaterialpropertiesornonlinear,with
materialpropertiesthatdependontemperature.Thethermalpropertiesofmostmaterialdovarywith
temperature,sotheanalysisusuallyisnonlinear.Includingradiationeffectsalsomakestheanalysisnonlinear.
2.2AvailableElementsforThermalAnalysis
TheANSYSandANSYS/Thermalprogramsincludeabout40elements(describedbelow)tohelpyouperform
steadystatethermalanalyses.
Fordetailedinformationabouttheelements,consulttheANSYSElementsReference.Thatmanualorganizes
elementdescriptionsinnumericorder,startingwithelementLINK1.
Elementnamesareshowninuppercase.Allelementsapplytobothsteadystateandtransientthermalanalyses.
Theusagenotesforeachelementindicatewhetherothertypesofanalysescanalsousetheelement.
2.2.1TwoDimensionalSolidElements
PLANE35
http://www.ansys.stuba.sk/html/guide_55/gthe/GTHE2.htm
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Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Triangle,sixnodes
Degreesoffreedom:Temperature(ateachnode)
PLANE55
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Quadrilateral,fournodes
PLANE75
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Harmonic,fournodes
PLANE77
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Quadrilateral,eightnodes
Usagenotes:Usefulformodelingcurvedboundaries
PLANE78
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Harmonic,eightnodes
2.2.2ThreeDimensionalSolidElements
SOLID70
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Brick,eightnodes
Usagenotes:Cancompensateformasstransportheatflowfromaconstantvelocityfield
SOLID90
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Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Brick,20nodes
Usagenotes:Usefulformodelingcurvedboundaries
SOLID87
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Tetrahedron,10nodes
Usagenotes:Usefulformeshingirregulargeometries
2.2.3RadiationLinkElements
LINK31
Dimensions:2Dor3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Line,twonodes
2.2.4ConductingBarElements
LINK32
Dimensions:2D
LINK33
Dimensions:3D
2.2.5ConvectionLinkElements
LINK34
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Dimensions:3D
2.2.6ShellElements
SHELL57
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Quadrilateral,fournodes
2.2.7CoupledFieldElements
PLANE13
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalstress,fournodes
Degreesoffreedom:Temperature,structuraldisplacement,
electricpotential,magneticvectorpotential
CONTAC48
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalstress,threenodes
Degreesoffreedom:Temperature,structuraldisplacement
CONTAC49
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalstress,fivenodes
FLUID66
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalfluid,twoorfournodes
Degreesoffreedom:Temperature,pressure
FLUID116
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Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalfluid,twoorfournodes
Degreesoffreedom:Temperature,pressure
SOLID5
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalstressand
thermalelectric,eightnodes
electricpotential,andmagneticscalarpotential
SOLID98
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalstressandthermalelectric,
10nodes
electricpotential,magneticvectorpotential
PLANE67
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalelectric,fournodes
Degreesoffreedom:Temperature,electricpotential
LINK68
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalelectric,twonodes
SOLID69
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalelectric,eightnodes
SHELL157
Dimensions:3D
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Shapeorcharacteristic:Thermalelectric,fournodes
2.2.8SpecialtyElements
MASS71
Dimensions:1D,2D,or3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Mass,onenode
Degreesoffreedom:Temperature
COMBIN37
Dimensions:1D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Controlelement,fournodes
rotation,pressure
SURF19
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Surfaceeffectelement,twoto
fournodes
SURF22
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Surfaceeffectelement,fourto
ninenodes
SURF151
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Surfaceeffectelement,twoto
fournodes
SURF152
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Surfaceeffectelement,fourto
ninenodes
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MATRIX50
Dimensions:Asdeterminedfromtheelementtypesincluded
inthissuperelement
Shapeorcharacteristic:Matrixorradiationmatrixelement,
nofixedgeometry
Degreesoffreedom:Asdeterminedfromtheelementtypesincludedinthissuperelement
INFIN9
Dimensions:2D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Infiniteboundary,twonodes
Degreesoffreedom:Temperature,magneticvectorpotential
INFIN47
Dimensions:3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Infiniteboundary,fournodes
Degreesoffreedom:Temperature,magneticvectorpotential
COMBIN14
Dimensions:1D,2D,or3D
Shapeorcharacteristic:Combinationelement,twonodes
rotation,pressure
COMBIN39
Dimensions:1D
rotation,pressure
COMBIN40
Dimensions:1D
rotation,pressure
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2.3CommandsUsedinThermalAnalyses
Section2.7,"ExampleofaSteadyStateThermalAnalysis(CommandMethod),"showsyouthesequenceof
commandsyouwouldissue(eithermanuallyorwhilerunningANSYSasabatchjob)toperformanexample
steadystatethermalanalysis.Section2.8"DoingaSteadyStateThermalAnalysis(GUIMethod),"showsyou
howtoexecutethesamesampleanalysisusingmenuchoicesfromtheANSYSGUI.(Tolearnhowtousethe
commandsandGUIselectionsforbuildingmodels,readtheANSYSModelingandMeshingGuide.)
Fordetailed,alphabetizeddescriptionsoftheANSYScommands,seetheANSYSCommandsReference.
2.4TasksinaThermalAnalysis
Theprocedurefordoingathermalanalysisinvolvesthreemaintasks:
Buildthemodel.
Applyloadsandobtainthesolution.
Reviewtheresults.
Thenextfewtopicsdiscusswhatyoumustdotoperformthesesteps.First,thetextpresentsageneral
descriptionofthetasksrequiredtocompleteeachstep.Anexamplefollows,basedonanactualsteadystate
thermalanalysisofapipejunction.Theexamplewalksyouthroughdoingtheanalysisbychoosingitemsfrom
ANSYSGUImenus,thenshowsyouhowtoperformthesameanalysisusingANSYScommands.
2.5BuildingtheModel
Tobuildthemodel,youspecifythejobnameandatitleforyouranalysis.Then,youusetheANSYS
preprocessor(PREP7)todefinetheelementtypes,elementrealconstants,materialproperties,andthemodel
geometry.(Thesetasksarecommontomostanalyses.TheANSYSModelingandMeshingGuideexplainsthem
indetail.)
Forathermalanalysis,youalsoneedtokeepthesepointsinmind:
Tospecifyelementtypes,youuseeitherofthefollowing:
Command(s):
ET
GUI:
MainMenu>Preprocessor>ElementType>Add/Edit/Delete
Todefineconstantmaterialproperties,useeitherofthefollowing:
Command(s):
MP
GUI:
MainMenu>Preprocessor>MaterialProps
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Todefinetemperaturedependentproperties,youfirstneedtodefineatableoftemperatures.Then,define
correspondingmaterialpropertyvalues.Todefinethetemperaturestable,useeitherofthefollowing:
Command(s):
MPTEMPorMPTGEN
GUI:
MainMenu>Preprocessor>MaterialProps>TempTable
Todefinecorrespondingmaterialpropertyvalues,useeitherofthefollowing:
Command(s):
MPDATA
GUI:
MainMenu>Preprocessor>MaterialProps>PropTable
UsethesameGUImenuchoicesorthesamecommandstodefinetemperaturedependentfilmcoefficients(HF)
forconvection.
Caution:Ifyouspecifytemperaturedependentfilmcoefficients(HF)inpolynomialform,youshouldspecifya
temperaturetablebeforeyoudefineothermaterialshavingconstantproperties.
2.5.1CreatingModelGeometry
Thereisnosingleprocedureforbuildingmodelgeometrythetasksyoumustperformtocreateitvarygreatly,
dependingonthesizeandshapeofthestructureyouwishtomodel.Therefore,thenextfewparagraphsprovide
onlyagenericoverviewofthetaskstypicallyrequiredtobuildmodelgeometry.Formoredetailedinformation
aboutmodelingandmeshingproceduresandtechniques,seetheANSYSModelingandMeshingGuide.
Thefirststepincreatinggeometryistobuildasolidmodeloftheitemyouareanalyzing.Youcanuseeither
predefinedgeometricshapessuchascirclesandrectangles(knownwithinANSYSasprimitives),oryoucan
manuallydefinenodesandelementsforyourmodel.Twodimensionalprimitivesarecalledareas,and3D
primitivesarecalledvolumes.
Modeldimensionsarebasedonaglobalcoordinatesystem.Bydefault,theglobalcoordinatesystemis
Cartesian,withX,Y,andZaxeshowever,youcanchooseadifferentcoordinatesystemifyouwish.Modeling
alsousesaworkingplaneamovablereferenceplaneusedtolocateandorientmodelingentities.Youcanturn
ontheworkingplanegridtoserveasa"drawingtablet"foryourmodel.
Youcantietogether,orsculpt,themodelingentitiesyoucreateviaBooleanoperations,Forexample,youcan
addtwoareastogethertocreateanew,singleareathatincludesallpartsoftheoriginalareas.Similarly,youcan
overlayanareawithasecondarea,thensubtractthesecondareafromthefirstdoingsocreatesanew,single
areawiththeoverlappingportionofarea2removedfromarea1.
Onceyoufinishbuildingyoursolidmodel,youusemeshingto"fill"themodelwithnodesandelements.For
moreinformationaboutmeshing,seetheANSYSModelingandMeshingGuide.
2.6ApplyingLoadsandObtainingtheSolution
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Youmustdefinetheanalysistypeandoptions,applyloadstothemodel,specifyloadstepoptions,andinitiate
thefiniteelementsolution.
2.6.1DefiningtheAnalysisType
Duringthisphaseoftheanalysis,youmustfirstdefinetheanalysistype:
IntheGUI,choosemenupathMainMenu>Solution>NewAnalysis>Steadystate(static).
Ifthisisanewanalysis,issuethecommandANTYPE,STATIC,NEW.
Ifyouwanttorestartapreviousanalysis(forexample,tospecifyadditionalloads),issuethecommand
ANTYPE,STATIC,REST.YoucanrestartananalysisonlyifthefilesJobname.ESAVandJobname.DB
fromthepreviousrunareavailable.
2.6.2ApplyingLoads
Youcanapplyloadseitheronthesolidmodel(keypoints,lines,andareas)oronthefiniteelementmodel(nodes
andelements).Youcanspecifyloadsusingtheconventionalmethodofapplyingasingleloadindividuallytothe
appropriateentity,oryoucanapplycomplexboundaryconditionsviaTABLEtypearrayparameters.
Youcanspecifyfivetypesofthermalloads:
2.6.2.1ConstantTemperatures(TEMP)
TheseareDOFconstraintsusuallyspecifiedatmodelboundariestoimposeaknown,fixedtemperature.
2.6.2.2HeatFlowRate(HEAT)
Theseareconcentratednodalloads.Usethemmainlyinlineelementmodels(conductingbars,convectionlinks,
etc.)whereyoucannotspecifyconvectionsandheatfluxes.Apositivevalueofheatflowrateindicatesheat
flowingintothenode(thatis,theelementgainsheat).IfbothTEMPandHEATarespecifiedatanode,the
temperatureconstraintprevails..
NoteIfyouusenodalheatflowrateforsolidelements,youshouldrefinethemesharoundthepointwhereyou
applytheheatflowrateasaload,especiallyiftheelementscontainingthenodewheretheloadisappliedhave
widelydifferentthermalconductivities.Otherwise,youmaygetanunphysicalrangeoftemperature.Whenever
possible,usethealternativeoptionofusingtheheatgenerationrateloadortheheatfluxrateload.Theseoptions
aremoreaccurate,evenforareasonablycoarsemesh.
2.6.2.3Convections(CONV)
Convectionsaresurfaceloadsappliedonexteriorsurfacesofthemodeltoaccountforheatlostto(orgained
from)asurroundingfluidmedium.Theyareavailableonlyforsolidsandshells.Inlineelementmodels,you
canspecifyconvectionsthroughtheconvectionlinkelement(LINK34),orthethermalfluidlinkelement
(FLUID66).
2.6.2.4HeatFluxes(HEAT)
Heatfluxesarealsosurfaceloads.Usethemwhentheamountofheattransferacrossasurface(heatflowrate
perarea)isknown,oriscalculatedthroughaFLOTRANCFDanalysis.Apositivevalueofheatfluxindicates
heatflowingintotheelement.Heatfluxisusedonlywithsolidsandshells.Anelementfacemayhaveeither
CONVorHFLUX(butnotboth)specifiedasasurfaceload.Ifyouspecifybothonthesameelementface,
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ANSYSuseswhatwasspecifiedlast.
2.6.2.5HeatGenerationRates(HGEN)
Youapplyheatgenerationratesas"bodyloads"torepresentheatgeneratedwithinanelement,forexamplebya
chemicalreactionoranelectriccurrent.Heatgenerationrateshaveunitsofheatflowrateperunitvolume.
Table21belowsummarizesthetypesofthermalanalysisloads.
Table21ThermalAnalysisLoadTypes
LoadType
Category
CmdFamily GUIPath
Temperature(TEMP)
Constraints
MainMenu>Solution>Loads
Apply>ThermalTemperature
HeatFlowRate(HEAT)
Forces
Apply>ThermalHeatFlow
Convection(CONV),
HeatFlux(HFLUX)
Apply>ThermalConvection
SurfaceLoads SF
Apply>ThermalHeatFlux
HeatGenerationRate(HGEN) BodyLoads
Apply>ThermalHeatGenerat
BF
Table22listsallthecommandsyoucanusetoapply,remove,operateon,orlistloadsinathermalanalysis.
Table22LoadCommandsforaThermalAnalysis
LoadType
SolidorFE
Model
Entity
Temperature
SolidModel
Keypoints DK
"
FiniteElement Nodes
HeatFlowRate
SolidModel
"
FiniteElement Nodes
Apply Delete
List
Operate
Settings
DKDELE DKLIST DTRAN
DDELE
DLIST
DSCALE
DCUM
TUNIF
FKDELE
FKLIST
FTRAN
FDELE
FLIST
FSCALE
FCUM
Keypoints FK
Convection,HeatFlux SolidModel
Lines
SFL
SFLDELE SFLLIST SFTRAN SFGRAD
"
SolidModel
Areas
SFA
SFADELE SFALIST SFTRAN SFGRAD
"
FiniteElement Nodes
SF
SFDELE
SFLIST
SFSCALE
SFGRAD
SFCUM
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FiniteElement Elements SFE
"
SFBEAM
SFCUM
SFEDELE SFELIST SFSCALE
SFFUN
SFGRAD
HeatGenerationRate SolidModel
Keypoints BFK BFKDELE BFKLIST BFTRAN
"
SolidModel
Lines
BFL
BFLDELE BFLLIST BFTRAN
"
SolidModel
Areas
BFA
BFADELE BFALIST BFTRAN
"
SolidModel
Volumes
BFV
BFVDELE BFVLIST BFTRAN
"
FiniteElement Nodes
BF
BFDELE
"
"
Elements BFE
BFLIST
BFSCALE BFCUM
BFEDELE BFELIST BFSCALE BFCUM
Youaccessallloadingoperations(exceptListseebelow)throughaseriesofcascadingmenus.Fromthe
SolutionMenu,youchoosetheoperation(apply,delete,etc.),thentheloadtype(temperature,etc.),andfinally
theobjecttowhichyouareapplyingtheload(keypoint,node,etc.).
Forexample,toapplyatemperatureloadtoakeypoint,followthisGUIpath:
GUI:
MainMenu>Solution>LoadsApply>ThermalTemperature>OnKeypoints
2.6.3ApplyingLoadsUsingTABLETypeArrayParameters
ToapplyloadsusingTABLEparameters,youusethesamecommandsormenupathsasexplainedearlierinthis
section.However,insteadofspecifyinganactualvalueforaparticularload,youspecifythenameofatable
arrayparameter.
NoteWhendefiningloadsviacommands,youmustenclosethetablenamein%symbols:%tabname%.For
example,tospecifyatableofconvectionvalues,youwouldissueacommandsimilartothefollowing:
SF,all,conv,%sycnv%
Ifworkinginteractively,youcandefineanewtableatthetimeyouapplytheloadsbyselectingthe"newtable"
option.Youwillbeaskedtodefinethetablethroughaseriesofdialogboxes.Ifworkinginbatchmode,you
needtodefinethetablebeforeissuinganyoftheloadingcommands.
Formoreinformationondefiningtablearrayparameters(bothinteractivelyandviacommand),seetheANSYS
APDLProgrammer'sGuide.
2.6.3.1DefiningPrimaryVariables
Whenyoudefinethetablearrayparameter,youcandefinethefollowingprimaryvariables:
Time(TIME)
Xcoordinate(X)
Ycoordinate(Y)
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Zcoordinate(Z)
Temperature(TEMP)
Velocity(VELOCITY)
Pressure(PRESSURE)
Thevalidlabelsusedbythe*DIMcommandareshowninparenthesesforeachoftheseprimaryvariables.
TheVELOCITYlabelrefersonlytothefluidvelocityinelementFLUID116.
Table23liststheprimaryvariablesthatcanbeusedwitheachtypeofboundarycondition.
Table23BoundaryConditionTypeandCorrespondingPrimaryVariable
ThermalBoundaryCondition CommandFamily PrimaryVariable
FixedTemperature
TIME,X,Y,Z
HeatFlow
TIME,X,Y,Z,TEMP
FilmCoefficient(Convection)
SF
TIME,X,Y,Z,TEMP,VELOCITY
BulkTemperature(Convections) SF
TIME,X,Y,Z
HeatFlux
SF
TIME,X,Y,Z,TEMP
HeatGeneration
BF
TIME,X,Y,Z,TEMP
FluidElement(FLUID116)BoundaryCondition
FlowRate
SFE
TIME
Pressure
TIME,X,Y,Z
2.6.3.2DefiningIndependentVariables
Ifyouneedtospecifyavariableotherthanoneoftheprimaryvariableslisted,youcandosobydefiningan
independentparameter.Tospecifyanindependentparameter,youdefineanadditionaltablefortheindependent
parameter.Thattablemusthavethesamenameastheindependentparameter,andcanbeafunctionofeithera
primaryvariableoranotherindependentparameter.Youcandefineasmanyindependentparametersas
necessary,butallindependentparametersmustrelatetoaprimaryvariable.
Forexample,consideraconvectioncoefficient(HF)thatvariesasafunctionofrotationalspeed(RPM)and
temperature(TEMP).TheprimaryvariableinthiscaseisTEMP.TheindependentparameterisRPM,which
varieswithtime.Inthisscenario,youneedtwotables:onerelatingRPMtoTIME,andanothertablerelatingHF
toRPMandTEMP.
*DIM,SYCNV,TABLE,3,3,,RPM,TEMP
SYCNV(1,0)=0.0,20.0,40.0
SYCNV(0,1)=0.0,10.0,20.0,40.0
SYCNV(0,2)=0.5,15.0,30.0,60.0
SYCNV(0,3)=1.0,20.0,40.0,80.0
*DIM,RPM,TABLE,4,1,1,TIME
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RPM(1,0)=0.0,10.0,40.0,60.0
RPM(1,1)=0.0,5.0,20.0,30.0
SF,ALL,CONV,%SYCNV%
2.6.3.3VerifyingBoundaryConditions
Ifyouusetablearrayparameterstodefineboundaryconditions,youmaywanttoverifythatthecorrecttable
andthecorrectvaluesfromthetablewereapplied.Youcandosoinseveralways:
YoucanlookintheOutputwindow.Ifyouapplytabularboundaryconditionsonfiniteelementorsolid
modelentities,thenameofthetable,notthenumericalvalue,isechoedintheOutputwindow.
Youcanlistboundaryconditions.Ifyoulisttheboundaryconditionsduring/PREP7,tablenamesare
listed.However,ifyoulistboundaryconditionsduringanyofthesolutionorpostprocessingphasesata
particularentityortimepoint,theactualnumericalvalueatthelocationortimeislisted.
Youcanlookatthegraphicaldisplay.Wheretabularboundaryconditionswereapplied,thetablename
andanyappropriatesymbols(faceoutlines,arrows,etc.)canbedisplayedusingthestandardANSYS
graphicdisplaycapabilities(/PBC,/PSF,etc.),providedthattablenumberingison
(/PNUM,TABNAM,ON).
Youcanlookatthenumericallysubstitutedtableofvalues(/PNUM,SVAL)inPOST1.
Youcanretrieveavalueofatableparameteratanygivencombinationofvariablesusingthe*STAT
command(UtilityMenu>List>Other>Parameters).
Anexampleofhowtorunasteadystatethermalanalysisusingtabularboundaryconditionsisdescribedin
Section2.9.
2.6.4SpecifyingLoadStepOptions
Forathermalanalysis,youcanspecifygeneraloptions,nonlinearoptions,andoutputcontrols.
Table24SpecifyingLoadStepOptions
Option
Command GUIPath
GeneralOptions
Time
TIME
MainMenu>Solution>LoadStepOptsTime/Frequenc>Time
TimeStep
NumberofTimeSteps
NSUBST
MainMenu>Solution>LoadStepOpts
Time/Frequenc>TimeandSubstps
TimeStepSize
DELTIM
Time/Frequenc>TimeTimeStep
SteppedorRampedLoads
KBC
Time/Frequenc>TimeTimeStep
NEQIT
Nonlinear>EquilibriumIter
NonlinearOptions
Max.No.ofEquilibrium
Iterations
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AutomaticTimeStepping
AUTOTS MainMenu>Solution>LoadStepOptsTime/Frequenc>Time
TimeStep
ConvergenceTolerances
CNVTOL
Nonlinear>ConvergenceCrit
SolutionTerminationOptions NCNV
Nonlinear>CriteriatoStop
LineSearchOption
LNSRCH
Nonlinear>LineSearch
PredictorCorrectorOption
PRED
Nonlinear>Predictor
PrintedOutput
OUTPR
OutputCtrls>SoluPrintout
DatabaseandResultsFile
Output
OUTRES
OutputCtrls>DB/ResultsFile
ExtrapolationofResults
ERESX
OutputCtrls>IntegrationPt
OutputControlOptions
2.6.5GeneralOptions
Generaloptionsincludethefollowing:
TheTIMEoption.
Thisoptionspecifiestimeattheendoftheloadstep.Althoughtimehasnophysicalmeaninginasteady
stateanalysis,itprovidesaconvenientwaytorefertoloadstepsandsubsteps.
Thedefaulttimevalueis1.0forthefirstloadstepand1.0plustheprevioustimeforsubsequentload
steps.
Thenumberofsubstepsperloadstep,orthetimestepsize.
Anonlinearanalysisrequiresmultiplesubstepswithineachloadstep.Bydefault,theprogramusesone
substepperloadstep.
Steppedorrampedloads.
Ifyouapplysteppedloads,theloadvalueremainsconstantfortheentireloadstep.
Ifyouramploads(thedefault),theloadvaluesincrementlinearlyateachsubstepoftheloadstep.
2.6.6NonlinearOptions
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Specifynonlinearloadstepoptionsifnonlinearitiesarepresent.Nonlinearoptionsincludethefollowing:
Numberofequilibriumiterations.
Thisoptionspecifiesthemaximumallowablenumberofequilibriumiterationspersubstep.Thedefault
valueof25shouldbeenoughformostnonlinearthermalanalyses.
Automatictimestepping.
Fornonlinearproblems,automatictimesteppingdeterminestheamountofloadincrementbetween
substeps,tomaintainsolutionstabilityandaccuracy.
Convergencetolerances.
ANSYSconsidersanonlinearsolutiontobeconvergedwheneverspecifiedconvergencecriteriaaremet.
Convergencecheckingmaybebasedontemperatures,heatflowrates,orboth.Youspecifyatypicalvalue
forthedesireditem(VALUEfieldintheCNVTOLcommand)andatoleranceaboutthetypicalvalue
(TOLERfield).TheconvergencecriterionisthengivenbyVALUE*TOLER.Forinstance,ifyouspecify
500asthetypicalvalueoftemperatureand0.001asthetolerance,theconvergencecriterionfor
temperatureis0.5degrees.
Fortemperatures,ANSYScomparesthechangeinnodaltemperaturesbetweensuccessiveequilibrium
iterations(nT=TiTi1)totheconvergencecriterion.Usingtheaboveexample,thesolutionisconverged
whenthetemperaturedifferenceateverynodefromoneiterationtothenextislessthan0.5degrees.
Forheatflowrates,ANSYScomparestheoutofbalanceloadvectortotheconvergencecriterion.The
outofbalanceloadvectorrepresentsthedifferencebetweentheappliedheatflowsandtheinternal
(calculated)heatflows.
Terminationsettingsforunconvergedsolutions.
IfANSYScannotconvergethesolutionwithinthespecifiednumberofequilibriumiterations,ANSYS
eitherstopsthesolutionormovesontothenextloadstep,dependingonwhatyouspecifyasthestopping
criteria.
Linesearch.
ThisoptionenablesANSYStoperformalinesearchwiththeNewtonRaphsonmethod.
Predictorcorrectoroption.
Thisoptionactivatesthepredictorcorrectoroptionforthedegreeoffreedomsolutionatthefirst
equilibriumiterationofeachsubstep.
2.6.6.1TrackingConvergenceGraphically
Asanonlinearthermalanalysisproceeds,ANSYScomputesconvergencenormswithcorresponding
convergencecriteriaeachequilibriumiteration.Availableinbothbatchandinteractivesessions,theGraphical
SolutionTracking(GST)featuredisplaysthecomputedconvergencenormsandcriteriawhilethesolutionisin
process.Bydefault,GSTisONforinteractivesessionsandOFFforbatchruns.ToturnGSTonoroff,use
eitherofthefollowing:
Command(s):
/GST
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GUI:
MainMenu>Solution>LoadStepOpts>OutputCtrls>GrphSoluTrack
Figure21belowshowsatypicalGSTdisplay.
Figure21ConvergencenormsdisplayedbytheGraphicalSolutionTracking(GST)feature
2.6.7OutputControls
Thethirdclassofloadstepoptionsenablesyoutocontroloutput.Theoptionsareasfollows:
Controlprintedoutput.
Thisoptionenablesyoutoincludeanyresultsdataintheprintedoutputfile(Jobname.OUT).
Controldatabaseandresultsfileoutput
ThisoptioncontrolswhatdataANSYSwritestotheresultsfile(Jobname.RTH).
Extrapolateresults.
Usethisoptiontoreviewelementintegrationpointresultsbycopyingthemtothenodesinsteadof
extrapolatingthem.(Extrapolationisthedefault.)
2.6.8DefiningAnalysisOptions
Next,youdefinetheanalysisoptions.Possibleoptionsinclude:
TheNewtonRaphsonoption(usedonlyinnonlinearanalyses).Thisoptionspecifieshowoftenthetangent
matrixisupdatedduringsolution.Youcanspecifyoneofthesevalues:
Programchosen(defaultrecommendedforthermalanalysis)
Full
Modified
Initialconductivity
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NoteForsinglefieldnonlinearthermalanalysis,ANSYSwillalwaysusethefullNewtonRaphsonalgorithm.
Tousethisoption,ortoturnNewtonRaphsonadaptivedescentonoroff(validonlyforthefullNewton
Raphsonoption),useeitherofthesemethods:
Command(s):
NROPT
GUI:
MainMenu>Solution>AnalysisOptions
Selectinganequationsolver.Youcanspecifyanyofthesevalues:
Frontalsolver(default)
JacobiConjugateGradient(JCG)solver
JCGoutofmemorysolver
IncompleteCholeskyConjugateGradient(ICCG)solver
PreconditionedConjugateGradientsolver(PCG)
PCGoutofmemorysolver
Iterative(automaticsolverselectionoption)
Toselectanequationsolver,useeitherofthefollowing:
Command(s):
EQSLV
GUI:
NoteYoucanusetheIterative(FastSolution)optionforanythermalelementexceptforSURF19,
SURF22,oranysuperelements.YoumaynotuseAUX12forradiationanalysis,anditisnot
recommendedforheattransferproblemsinvolvingphasechange(useeitherthesparseorfrontalsolver
forthesecases).ThisoptionsuppressesthecreationoftheJobname.EMATandJobname.EROTfiles.
Specifyingatemperatureoffset.Thisisthedifferenceindegreesbetweenabsolutezeroandthezeroofthe
temperaturesystembeingused.Theoffsettemperatureisincludedinternallyinthecalculationsof
pertinentelements(suchaselementswithradiationeffectsorcreepcapabilities).Itallowsyoutoinput
temperaturesindegreesCentigrade(insteadofKelvin)ordegreesFahrenheit(insteadofRankine),and
thenpostprocesstemperaturesinlikefashion.Formoreinformation,seeChapter4,"Radiation."
Tospecifytheoffsettemperature,useeitherofthefollowing:
Command(s):
TOFFST
GUI:
2.6.9SavingtheModel
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Afteryouhavespecifiedtheloadstepandanalysisoptions,youshouldsaveabackupcopyofthedatabaseto
preventyourmodelfrombeinglostifyourcomputersystemshouldfail.Shouldyoueverneedtoretrieveyour
model,dosoviaeitherofthefollowing:
Command(s):
RESUME
GUI:
UtilityMenu>File>ResumeJobname.db
UtilityMenu>File>Resumefrom
2.6.10SolvingtheModel
Tostartthesolution,useeitherofthefollowing:
Command(s):
SOLVE
GUI:
MainMenu>Solution>CurrentLS
2.6.11ReviewingAnalysisResults
ANSYSwritestheresultsfromathermalanalysistothethermalresultsfile,Jobname.RTH.Resultscontainthe
followingdata:
2.6.11.1Primarydata:
Nodaltemperatures(TEMP)
2.6.11.2Deriveddata:
Nodalandelementthermalfluxes(TFX,TFY,TFZ,TFSUM)
Nodalandelementthermalgradients(TGX,TGY,TGZ,TGSUM)
Elementheatflowrates
Nodalreactionheatflowrates
...etc.
Youcanreviewtheseresultsusingthegeneralpostprocessor,POST1(TheGUImenupathisMain
Menu>GeneralPostproc.)Sometypicalpostprocessingoperationsforathermalanalysisaredescribedbelow.
Foracompletedescriptionofallpostprocessingfunctions,seetheANSYSBasicAnalysisProceduresGuide.
NoteToreviewresultsinthegeneralpostprocessor,theANSYSdatabasemustcontainthesamemodelfor
whichthesolutionwascalculated.(Ifnecessary,usetheresumeoperationorissuetheRESUMEcommandto
retrievethemodel.)Inaddition,theresultsfile,Jobname.RTH,mustbeavailable.
2.6.12ReadingInResults
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AfteryouenterPOST1,readinresultsforthedesiredloadstepandsubstep.Todoso,useeitherofthe
following:
Command(s):
SET
GUI:
MainMenu>GeneralPostproc>ReadResultsByLoadStep
Youcanchoosetheloadsteptobereadbynumber,oryoucanrequestthatthefirstloadstepberead,thelast
loadstep,thenextloadstep,etc.IfyouareusingtheGUI,adialogboxpresentsyouwithoptionsforchoosing
theloadsteptoberead.
TheTIMEfieldenablesyoutoidentifytheresultsdatabytime.Ifyouspecifyatimevalueforwhichnoresults
areavailable,ANSYSperformslinearinterpolationtocalculatetheresultsatthattime.
2.6.13ReviewingResults
Onceyouhavereadresultsintomemory,youcanusetheANSYSgraphicsdisplaysandtablestoreviewthem.
Todisplayyourresults,usethefollowingmenupaths.Equivalentcommandsareshowninparentheses.
Forcontourdisplays:
Command(s):
PLESOL
PLETAB
PLNSOL
GUI:
MainMenu>GeneralPostproc>PlotResults>ElementSolu
MainMenu>GeneralPostproc>PlotResults>ElemTable
MainMenu>GeneralPostproc>PlotResults>NodalSolu
Figure22showsyouanexampleofacontourdisplay:
Figure22Exampleofacontourresultsplot
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Forvectordisplays:
Command(s):
PLVECT
GUI:
MainMenu>GeneralPostproc>PlotResults>PredefinedorUserdefined
Figure23showsyouanexampleofavectordisplay:
Figure23Exampleofavectordisplay
Fortablelistings:
Command(s):
PRESOL
PRNSOL
PRRSOL
GUI:
MainMenu>GeneralPostproc>>ListResults>ElementSolution
MainMenu>GeneralPostproc>>ListResults>NodalSolution
MainMenu>GeneralPostproc>ListResults>ReactionSolu
WhenyouchooseoneoftheGUIpathsorissueoneofthecommandsshownabove,theANSYSprogram
displaystheresultsinatextwindow(notshownhere).
2.7ExampleofaSteadyStateThermalAnalysis
(CommandorBatchMethod)
Thissectiondescribeshowtodoasteadystatethermalstressanalysisofapipeintersectionbyissuinga
sequenceofANSYScommands,eitherwhilerunningANSYSinbatchmodeorbyissuingthecommands
manuallyduringaninteractiveANSYSsession.Section2.8,"DoingaSteadyStateThermalAnalysis(GUI
Method),"explainshowtoperformthesameexampleanalysisbychoosingoptionsfromtheANSYSmenus.
2.7.1TheExampleDescribed
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Inthisexample,acylindricaltankispenetratedradiallybyasmallpipeatapointonitsaxisremotefromthe
endsofthetank.Theinsideofthetankisexposedtoafluidof450oF(232oC).Thepipeexperiencesasteady
flowof100oF(38oC)fluid,andthetwoflowregimesareisolatedfromeachotherbyathintube.Thefilm
coefficientinthetankisasteady250Btu/hrft2oF(1420watts/m2oK).Thefilmcoefficientinthepipevaries
withthemetaltemperatureandisgiveninthematerialpropertytablebelow.
Thepurposeoftheexampleistodeterminethetemperaturedistributionatthepipetankjunction.
NoteTheexampleanalysispresentedhereisonlyoneofmanypossiblethermalanalyses.Notallthermal
analysesfollowexactlythesamestepsorperformthosestepsinthesamesequence.Thepropertiesofthe
materialormaterialsbeinganalyzedandtheconditionssurroundingthosematerialsdeterminewhichstepsa
specificanalysisneedstoinclude.
Materialpropertiesareasfollows:
Table25Materialpropertiesfortheexampleanalysis
70
Density
0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 (lb/in3)
Conductivity
8.35 8.90 9.35 9.80 10.23 (Btu/hrftoF)
SpecificHeat
0.113 0.117 0.119 0.122 0.125 (Btu/lboF)
FilmCoefficient 426
200
405
300
352
400
275
500
(oF)
Temperature
221
(Btu/hrft2oF)
Figure24PipeTankjunctionmodel
2.7.2TheAnalysisApproach
Themodelinthisexampleusesquartersymmetrytorepresentthepipetankjunction.Thetankisassumedtobe
longenoughforitsremoteendtobeheldataconstanttemperatureof450oF.Asimilarassumptionismadeat
theY=0planeofthetank.
BuildingthemodelinvolvesdefiningtwocylinderprimitivesandaBooleanoverlapoperation.Amapped(all
brick)meshisused.Themeshingoperationproduceswarningsforafewdistortedelements,butyoucanignore
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thewarningsbecausethecitedelementsareremotefromtheregionofinterest(thejunctionofthepipeand
tank).
Becausetheanalysisusestemperaturedependentmaterialproperties,thesolutionrequiresmultiplesubsteps(50
inthiscase).Automatictimesteppingalsoisused.Afteryousolvethemodel,atemperaturecontourplotanda
vectorplotofthermalfluxenablesyoutoreviewtheresults.
2.7.3CommandsforBuildingandSolvingtheModel
Thefollowingsequenceofcommandsbuildsandsolvesthefiniteelementmodel.Textprecededbyan
exclamationmark(!)iscommenttext.
/PREP7
/TITLE,Steadystatethermalanalysisofpipejunction
/UNITS,BIN!UseBritishsystemofunits(inches)
/SHOW,!Specifygraphicsdriverforinteractiverun
!
ET,1,90!Define20node,3Dthermalsolidelement
MP,DENS,1,.285!Density=.285lbf/in^3
MPTEMP,,70,200,300,400,500!Createtemperaturetable
MPDATA,KXX,1,,8.35/12,8.90/12,9.35/12,9.80/12,10.23/12!Defineconductivityvalues
MPDATA,C,1,,.113,.117,.119,.122,.125!Definespecificheatvalues
MPDATA,HF,2,,426/144,405/144,352/144,275/144,221/144!Definefilmcoefficients
!Defineparametersformodelgeneration
RI1=1.3!Insideradiusofcylindricaltank
RO1=1.5!Outsideradius
Z1=2!Length
RI2=.4!Insideradiusofpipe
RO2=.5!Outsidepiperadius
Z2=2!Pipelength
!
CYLIND,RI1,RO1,,Z1,,90!90degreecylindricalvolumefortank
WPROTA,0,90!Rotateworkingplanetopipeaxis
CYLIND,RI2,RO2,,Z2,90!90degreecylindricalvolumeforpipe
WPSTYL,DEFA!Returnworkingplanetodefaultsetting
BOPT,NUMB,OFF!TurnoffBooleannumberingwarning
VOVLAP,1,2!Overlapthetwocylinders
/PNUM,VOLU,1!Turnvolumenumberson
/VIEW,,3,1,1
/TYPE,,4
/TITLE,Volumesusedinbuildingpipe/tankjunction
VPLOT
VDELE,3,4,,1!Trimoffexcessvolumes
!Meshing
ASEL,,LOC,Z,Z1!SelectareaatremoteZedgeoftank
ASEL,A,LOC,Y,0!SelectareaatremoteYedgeoftank
CM,AREMOTE,AREA!CreateareacomponentcalledAREMOTE
/PNUM,AREA,1
/PNUM,LINE,1
/TITLE,Linesshowingtheportionbeingmodeled
APLOT
/NOERASE
LPLOT!Overlaylineplotonareaplot
/ERASE
ACCAT,ALL!Concatenateareasandlinesatremotetankedges
LCCAT,12,7
LCCAT,10,5
LESIZE,20,,,4!4divisionsthroughpipethickness
LESIZE,40,,,6!6divisionsalongpipelength
LESIZE,6,,,4!4divisionsthroughtankthickness
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ALLSEL!Restorefullsetofentities
ESIZE,.4!Setdefaultelementsize
MSHAPE,0,3D!Choosemappedbrickmesh
MSHKEY,1
SAVE!Savedatabasebeforemeshing
VMESH,ALL!Generatenodesandelementswithinvolumes
/PNUM,DEFA
/TITLE,Elementsinportionbeingmodeled
EPLOT
FINISH
!
/COM,***Obtainsolution***
!
/SOLU
ANTYPE,STATIC!Steadystateanalysistype
NROPT,AUTO!ProgramchosenNewtonRaphsonoption
TUNIF,450!Uniformstartingtemperatureatallnodes
CSYS,1
NSEL,S,LOC,X,RI1!Nodesoninnertanksurface
SF,ALL,CONV,250/144,450!Convectionloadatallnodes
CMSEL,,AREMOTE!SelectAREMOTEcomponent
NSLA,,1!NodesbelongingtoAREMOTE
D,ALL,TEMP,450!Temperatureconstraintsatthosenodes
WPROTA,0,90!Rotateworkingplanetopipeaxis
CSWPLA,11,1!Definelocalcylindricalc.satworkingplane
NSEL,S,LOC,X,RI2!Nodesoninnerpipesurface
SF,ALL,CONV,2,100!Temperaturedep.convectionloadatthosenodes
ALLSEL
/PBC,TEMP,,1!Temperatureb.c.symbolson
/PSF,CONV,,2!Convectionsymbolson
/TITLE,Boundaryconditions
NPLOT
WPSTYL,DEFA
CSYS,0
AUTOTS,ON!Automatictimestepping
NSUBST,50!Numberofsubsteps
KBC,0!Rampedloading(default)
OUTPR,NSOL,LAST!Optionalcommandforsolutionprintout
SOLVE
FINISH
!
/COM,***Reviewresults***
!
/POST1
/EDGE,,1!Edgedisplay
/PLOPTS,INFO,ON!Legendcolumnon
/PLOPTS,LEG1,OFF!Legendheaderoff
/WINDOW,1,SQUARE!Redefinewindowsize
/TITLE,Temperaturecontoursatpipe/tankjunction
PLNSOL,TEMP!Plottemperaturecontours
CSYS,11
NSEL,,LOC,X,RO2!Nodesandelementsatouterradiusofpipe
ESLN
NSLE
/SHOW,,,1!Vectormode
/TITLE,Thermalfluxvectorsatpipe/tankjunction
PLVECT,TF!Plotthermalfluxvectors
FINISH
/EXIT,ALL
2.8DoingaSteadyStateThermalAnalysis(GUI
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Method)
ThissectiondescribeshowtousethemenusontheANSYSGUItoperformthesamesteadystatethermal
analysisdescribedinSection2.7,"DoingaSteadyStateThermalAnalysis(CommandorBatchMethod)."In
thisversionofthesampleanalysis,insteadofissuingcommands,youselectoptionsfromtheGUImenus.
Step1:GivetheAnalysisaTitle
AfteryouhavestartedtheANSYSprogramandhaveenteredtheGUI,youneedtobegintheanalysisby
assigningatitletoit.Todoso,performthesetasks:
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>File>ChangeTitle.TheChangeTitledialogboxappears.
2.EnterthetextSteadystatethermalanalysisofpipejunction.
3.ClickonOK.
Step2:SetMeasurementUnits
Youneedtospecifyunitsofmeasurementfortheanalysis.Forthispipejunctionexample,measurementsusethe
Britishsystemofunits(basedoninches).Tospecifythis,typethecommand/UNITS,BINintheANSYSInput
windowandpressENTER.
Step3:DefinetheElementType
Theexampleanalysisusesathermalsolidelement.Todefineit,dothefollowing:
1.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>ElementType>Add/Edit/Delete.TheElementTypesdialogbox
appears.
2.ClickonAdd.TheLibraryofElementTypesdialogboxappears.
3.Inthelistontheleft,scrolldownandpick(highlight)"ThermalSolid."Inthelistontheright,pick
"Brick20node90."
4.ClickonOK.
5.ClickonClosetoclosetheElementTypesdialogbox.
Step4:DefineMaterialProperties
Todefinematerialpropertiesfortheanalysis,performthesesteps:
1.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>MaterialProps>Constant
>Isotropic.TheMaterialPropertiesdialogboxappears.
2.ClickonOKtoselectmaterialnumber1.Anotherdialogboxappears.
3.Inthe"Density"field,enter.285.
4.ClickonOK.
5.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>MaterialProps>TempDependent>TempTable.TheTemperature
Tabledialogboxappears.
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6.Setthetemperaturevaluesto70,200,300,400,and500.
7.ClickonOK.
8.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>MaterialProps>TempDependent>PropTable.ThePropertiesTable
dialogboxappears.
9.Setthe"Materialpropertylabel"fieldto"Thconductivity"and"KXX"and"Materialreferencenumber"to1.
10.SetthePropertyvaluestothefollowing
8.35/12
8.90/12
9.35/12
9.8/12
10.23/12
11.ClickonApply.
12.Setthe"Materialpropertylabel"fieldto"Specificheat"and"C"and"Materialreferencenumber"to1.
13.Setthepropertyvaluestothefollowing:
.113
.117
.119
.122
.125
14.ClickonApply.
15.Setthe"Materialpropertylabel"fieldto"Convfilmcoeff"and"HF"and"Materialreferencenumber"to2.
16.Setthepropertyvaluestothefollowing:
426/144
405/144
352/144
275/144
221/144
17.ClickonOK.
Step5:DefineParametersforModeling
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>Parameters>ScalarParameters.TheScalarParameterwindowappears.
2.Inthewindow'sselectionfield,enterthevaluesshownbelow.(Donotenterthetextinparentheses.)Press
ENTERaftertypingineachvalue.Ifyoumakeamistake,simplyretypethelinecontainingtheerror.
RI1=1.3(Insideradiusofthecylindricaltank)
RO1=1.5(Outsideradiusofthetank)
Z1=2(Lengthofthetank)
RI2=.4(Insideradiusofthepipe)
RO2=.5(Outsideradiusofthepipe)
Z2=2(Lengthofthepipe)
3.ClickonClosetoclosethewindow.
Step6:CreatetheTankandPipeGeometry
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1.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Volumes>Cylinder>ByDimensions.The
CreateCylinderbyDimensionsdialogboxappears.
2.Setthe"Outerradius"fieldtoRO1,the"OptionalinnerradiusfieldtoRI1,the"Zcoordinates"fieldsto0and
Z1respectively,andthe"Endingangle"fieldto90.
3.ClickonOK.
4.ChooseUtilityMenu>WorkPlane>OffsetWPbyIncrements.TheOffsetWPdialogboxappears.
5.Setthe"XY,YZ,ZXAngles"fieldto0,90.
6.ClickonOK.
7.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Volumes>Cylinder>ByDimensions.The
CreateCylinderbyDimensionsdialogboxappears.
8.Setthe"Outerradius"fieldtoRO2,the"Optionalinnerradius"fieldtoRI2,the"Zcoordinates"fieldsto0and
Z2respectively.Setthe"Startingangle"fieldto90andthe"EndingAngle"to0.
9.ClickonOK.
10.ChooseUtilityMenu>WorkPlane>AlignWPwith>GlobalCartesian.
Step7:OverlaptheCylinders
1.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Operate>Booleans>Overlap>Volumes.TheOverlap
Volumespickingdialogboxappears.
2.ClickonPickAll.
Step8:ReviewtheResultingModel
Beforeyoucontinuewiththeanalysis,quicklyreviewyourmodel.Todoso,followthesesteps:
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>PlotCtrls>Numbering.ThePlotNumberingControlsdialogboxappears.
2.ClicktheVolumenumberradiobuttontoOn,thenclickonOK.
3.ChooseUtilityMenu>PlotCtrls>ViewSettings>ViewingDirection.Adialogboxappears.
4.Setthe"Coordsofviewpoint"fieldto(3,1,1),thenclickonOK.
5.Reviewtheresultingmodel.
Step9:TrimOffExcessVolumes
Inthisstep,deletetheoverlappingedgesofthetankandthelowerportionofthepipe.
1.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Delete>VolumeandBelow.TheDELETEVolumeand
Belowdialogboxappears.
2.IntheANSYSInputwindowtype3,4,presstheENTERkeythenclickonOKintheDELETEVolumeand
Belowdialogbox.
Step10:CreateComponentAREMOTE
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Inthisstep,youselecttheareasattheremoteYandZedgesofthetankandsavethemasacomponentcalled
AREMOTE.Todoso,performthesetasks:
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>Select>Entities.TheSelectEntitiesdialogboxappears.
2.Inthetopdropdownmenu,selectAreas.,Intheseconddropdownmenu,selectByLocation.ClickontheZ
Coordinatesradiobutton..
3.Setthe"Min,Max"fieldtoZ1.
4.ClickonApply.
5.ClickontheYCoordinatesandAlsoSeleradiobuttons.
6.Setthe"Min,Max"fieldto0.
7.ClickonOK.
8.ChooseUtilityMenu>Select>Comp/Assembly>CreateComponent.TheCreateComponentdialogbox
appears.
9.Setthe"Componentname"fieldtoAREMOTE.Inthe"Componentismadeof"menu,selectAreas.
10.ClickonOK.
Step11:OverlayLinesonTopofAreas
Dothefollowing:
2.ClicktheAreaandLinenumberradioboxestoOnandclickonOK.
3.ChooseUtilityMenu>Plot>Areas.
4.ChooseUtilityMenu>PlotCtrls>EraseOptions.
5.Set"ErasebetweenPlots"radiobuttontoOff.
6.ChooseUtilityMenu>Plot>Lines.
7.ChooseUtilityMenu>PlotCtrls>EraseOptions.
8.Set"ErasebetweenPlots"radiobuttontoOn.
Step12:ConcatenateAreasandLines
Inthisstep,youconcatenateareasandlinesattheremoteedgesofthetankformappedmeshing.Todoso,
followthesesteps:
1.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>MeshingMesh>VolumesMapped>ConcatenateAreas.The
ConcatenateAreaspickingdialogboxappears.
2.ClickonPickAll.
3.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Volumes>
Mapped>Concatenate>Lines.Apickingdialogboxappears.
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4.Pick(clickon)lines12and7(orenterintheANSYSInputwindowandpressENTER).
5.ClickonApply.
6.Picklines10and5(orenterinANSYSInputwindowandpressENTER).
7.ClickonOK.
Step13:SetMeshingDensityAlongLines
1.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Meshing>SizeCntrls>PickedLines.TheElementSizeonPicked
Linespickingdialogboxappears.
2.Pick(orenter)lines6and20.
3.ClickonOK.Adialogboxappears.
4.Setthe"No.ofelementdivisions"fieldto4.
5.ClickonOK.
6.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Meshing>SizeCntrls>PickedLines.Apickingdialogboxappears.
7.Pick(orenter)line40.
8.ClickonOK.Adialogboxappears.
9.Setthe"No.ofelementdivisions"fieldto6.
10.ClickonOK.
Step14:MeshtheModel
Inthissequenceofsteps,yousettheglobalelementsize,setmappedmeshing,thenmeshthevolumes.
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>Select>Everything.
2.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Meshing>SizeCntrls>Global>Size.TheGlobalElementSizes
dialogboxappears.
3.Setthe"Elementedgelength"fieldto4andclickonOK.
4.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Meshing>MesherOpts.TheMesherOptionsdialogboxappears.
5.SettheMesherTyperadiobuttontoMappedandclickonOK.TheSetElementShapedialogboxappears.
6.Inthe2Dshapekeydropdownmenu,selectQuadandclickonOK.
7.ClickontheSAVE_DBbuttonontheToolbar.
8.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh>Volumes>
Mapped>4to6sided.TheMeshVolumesdialogboxappears.ClickonPickAll.IntheGraphicswindow,
ANSYSbuildsthemeshedmodel.
Step15:TurnOffNumberingandDisplayElements
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10.SettheLine,Area,andVolumenumberingradiobuttonstoOff..
11.ClickonOK.
Step16:DefinetheSolutionTypeandOptions
Inthisstep,youtellANSYSthatyouwantasteadystatesolutionthatusesaprogramchosenNewtonRaphson
option.
1.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>AnalysisType>NewAnalysis.TheNewAnalysisdialogboxappears.
2.ClickonOKtochoosethedefaultanalysistype(Steadystate).
3.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>AnalysisOptions.TheStaticorSteadyStatedialogboxappears.
4.ClickonOKtosetthedefaultof"NewtonRaphsonoption"to"Programchosen."
Step17:SetUniformStartingTemperature
Inathermalanalysis,setastartingtemperature.
1.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>Loads>Apply>Thermal>Temperature>UniformTemp.Adialogbox
appears.
2.Enter450inthe"Uniformtemperature."ClickonOK.
Step18:ApplyConvectionLoads
Thisstepappliesconvectionloadstothenodesontheinnersurfaceofthetank.
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>WorkPlane>ChangeActiveCSto>GlobalCylindrical.
3.SelectNodesandByLocation,andclickontheXCoordinatesandFromFullradiobuttons.
4.Setthe"Min,Max"fieldtoRI1andclickonOK.
5.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>Loads>Apply>Thermal>
Convection>OnNodes.TheApplyCONVonNodespickingdialogboxappears.
6.ClickonPickAll.AnotherApplyCONVonNodesdialogboxappears.
7.Setthe"Filmcoefficient"fieldto250/144.
8.Setthe"Bulktemperature"fieldto450.
9.ClickonOK.
Step19:ApplyTemperatureConstraintstoAREMOTEComponent
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>Select>Comp/Assembly>SelectComp/Assembly.Adialogboxappears.
2.ClickonOKtoselectcomponentAREMOTE.
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4.SelectNodesandAttachedTo,andclickontheAreas,Allradiobutton.ClickonOK.
5.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>Loads>Apply>Thermal>Temperature>OnNodes.TheApplyTEMP
onNodespickingdialogboxappears.
6.ClickonPickAll.Adialogboxappears.
7.Setthe"Temperaturevalue"fieldto450.
8.ClickonOK.
Step20:ApplyTemperatureDependentConvection
Inthisstep,applyatemperaturedependentconvectionloadontheinnersurfaceofthepipe.
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>WorkPlane>OffsetWPbyIncrements.Adialogboxappears.
2.Setthe"XY,YZ,ZXAngles"fieldto0,90,thenclickonOK.
3.ChooseUtilityMenu>WorkPlane>LocalCoordinateSystems>CreateLocalCS>AtWPOrigin.The
CreateLocalCSatWPOrigindialogboxappears.
4.Onthe"Typeofcoordinatesystem"menu,select"Cylindrical1"andclickonOK.
6.SelectNodes,andByLocation,andclickontheXCoordinatesradiobutton.
7.Setthe"Min,Max"fieldtoRI2.
8.ClickonOK.
9.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>Loads>Apply>Thermal>Convection>OnNodes.TheApplyCONVon
Nodespickingdialogboxappears.
10.ClickonPickAll.Adialogboxappears.
11.Setthe"Filmcoefficient"fieldto2.
12.Setthe"Bulktemperature"fieldto100.
13.ClickonOK.
14.ChooseUtilityMenu>Select>Everything.
15.ChooseUtilityMenu>PlotCtrls>Symbols.TheSymbolsdialogboxappears.
16.Onthe"Showpresandconvectas"menu,selectArrows,thenclickonOK.
17.ChooseUtilityMenu>Plot>Nodes.ThedisplayintheGraphicsWindowchangestoshowyouaplotof
nodes.
Step21:ResettheWorkingPlaneandCoordinates
1.ToresettheworkingplaneanddefaultCartesiancoordinatesystem,chooseUtility
Menu>WorkPlane>ChangeActiveCSto>GlobalCartesian.
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2.ChooseUtilityMenu>WorkPlane>AlignWPWith>GlobalCartesian.
Step22:SetLoadStepOptions
Forthisexampleanalysis,youneedtospecify50substepswithautomatictimestepping.
1.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>LoadStepOptions>Time/Frequenc>TimeandSubsteps.TheTimeand
SubstepOptionsdialogboxappears.
2.Setthe"Numberofsubsteps"fieldto50.
3.Set"Automatictimestepping"radiobuttontoOn.
4.ClickonOK.
Step23:SolvetheModel
1.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>Solve>CurrentLS.TheANSYSprogramsolvesthemodelanddisplays
theasummaryoftheresultsina/STATcommandwindow.
2.Reviewtheresultssummary.
3.ChooseClosetoclosethe/STATcommandwindow.
4.ClickonOK.
5.Thesolutionruns.WhentheSolutionisdone!windowappears,clickonClose.
Step24:ReviewtheNodalTemperatureResults
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>PlotCtrls>Style>EdgeOptions.TheEdgeOptionsdialogboxappears.
2.Setthe"Plotelementoutlines"fieldto"Edgesonly"andclickonOK.
3.ChooseMainMenu>GeneralPostproc>PlotResults>ContourPlot>NodalSolu.TheContourNodal
SolutionDatadialogboxappears.
4.For"Itemtobecontoured,"pick"DOFsolution"fromthelistontheleft,thenpick"TemperatureTEMP"
fromthelistontheright.
5.ClickonOK.TheGraphicswindowdisplaysacontourplotofthetemperatureresults.
Step25:PlotThermalFluxVectors
Inthisstep,youplotthethermalfluxvectorsattheintersectionofthepipeandtank.
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>WorkPlane>ChangeActiveCSto>SpecifiedCoordSys.Adialogboxappears.
2.Setthe"Coordinatesystemnumber"fieldto11.
3.ClickonOK.
5.SelectNodesandByLocation,andclicktheXCoordinatesradiobutton.
6.Setthe"Min,Max"fieldtoRO2.
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7.ClickonApply.
8.SelectElementsandAttachedTo,andclicktheNodesradiobutton.
9.ClickonApply.
10.SelectNodesandAttachedTo,thenclickonOK.
11.ChooseMainMenu>GeneralPostproc>PlotResults>VectorPlot>Predefined.Adialogboxappears.
12.For"Vectoritemtobeplotted,"choose"Flux&gradient"fromthelistontheleftandchoose"Thermalflux
TF"fromthelistontheright.
13.ClickonOK.TheGraphicsWindowdisplaysaplotofthermalfluxvectors.
Step26:ExitfromANSYS
ToleavetheANSYSprogram,clickontheQUITbuttonintheToolbar.
2.9DoingaThermalAnalysisUsingTabular
BoundaryConditions
Thissectiondescribeshowtoperformasimplethermalanalysis,usinga1Dtabletoapplyloads.Thisproblem
isshowntwice,oncedoneviacommands,andthendoneinteractivelyusingtheGUI.
2.9.1RunningtheSampleProblemviaCommands
Textprecededbyanexclamationmark(!)iscommenttext.
/batch,list
/show
/title,DemonstrationoftimevaryingfilmcoefficientusingTabularBC's.
/com
/com
/com**TableSupportofboundaryconditions
/com**
/com**BoundaryConditionTypePrimaryVariablesIndependentParameters
/com**
/com**Convection:FilmCoefficienttemp
/com**
/com**Problemdescription
/com**
/com**AtransientHeatTransferproblem.A2x1rectangularplateis
/com**subjectedtotemperatureconstraintatoneofitsend,whilethe
/com**otherendissubjectedtoconvectionboundarycondition.The
/com**filmcoefficientisafunctionoftemperatureandisdescribedbyaparametric
/com**table'cnvtab'.
/com**
*dim,cnvtab,table,3,,,TEMP
!tabledefinition.Variablename,Var1='TEMP'
cnvtab(1,0)=20.0,50.0,100.0
cnvtab(1,1)=10.0,20.0,30.0
/prep7
esize,0.5
et,1,55
rect,0,2,0,1
amesh,1
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MP,KXX,,1.0
MP,DENS,,10.0
MP,C,,100.0
lsel,s,loc,x,0
dl,all,,temp,100
lsel,s,loc,x,2
sf,all,conv,%cnvtab%,,20
alls
/psf,conv,hcoef,2
!showconvectionbc.
/pnum,tabn,on !showtablenames
lplot
fini
/solu
antyp,trans
kbc,1
deltim,10
time,60
tunif,50
outres,all,all
solve
finish
/post1
set,last
sflist,all
!Numericalvaluesofconvectionbc's
/pnum,tabn,off
!turnofftablename
/psf,conv,hcoef,2
!showconvectionbc.
/pnum,sval,1
!shownumericalvaluesoftablebc's
eplot
!convectionatt=60sec.
/pnum,sval,0
plns,temp
fini
/post26
nsol,2,2,temp
prva,2
plva,2
finish
2.9.2RunningtheSampleProblemInteractively
ThesameproblemisshownhereusinginteractivemenuselectionsontheGUI.
Step1Definea1dtable
1.ChooseUtilityMenu>Parameters>ArrayParameters>DefineEdit.TheArrayParametersdialogappears.
ClickAdd...
2.TheAddNewArrayParameterdialogappears.Typecnvtabinthe"Parametername"field.
3.Select"Table"forParametertype.
4.Enter3,1,1asI,J,Kvalues
5.EnterTEMPasrowlabel.
6.ClickOK.
7.IntheArrayParametersdialogbox,makesurecnvtabishighlightedandclickEdit...TheTable
Array:CNVTABf(TEMP)tableeditordialogboxappears.
8.Enter20.0,50.0,and100.0inthefirstcolumnofblueboxes(rowindexvalues).
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9.Enter10.0,20.0,and30.0asdatavaluesinthefirstcolumn,rows1,2,and3,respectively.Notethatyoudo
nothavetoenteranythingintheblueboxabovethe2ndcolumnbecausethisisa1Dtable.
10.ChooseFile>Apply/Quit.
11.ClosetheArrayParametersdialogbox.
Step2Defineyourelementtypeandmaterialproperties
1.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>ElementType>Add/Edit/Delete.TheElementTypesdialogbox
appears.ClickAdd...
2.TheLibraryofElementTypesdialogboxappears.SelectThermalSolidfromthelistontheleft,andselect
Quad4node55fromthelistontheright.
3.ClickOK.
4.ClosetheElementTypesdialogbox.
5.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>MaterialProps>ConstantIsotropic.TheIsotropicMaterial
Propertiesdialogboxappears.VerifythatMaterial1isspecified.ClickOK.AsecondIsotropicMaterial
Propertiesdialogboxappears.
6.Enter10.0fordensity(DENS)
7.Enter1.0forthermalconductivity(KXX)
8.Enter100.0forspecificheat(C)
9.ClickOK.
Step3Buildandmeshyourmodel
1.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>ModelingCreate>AreasRectangle>ByDimensions.TheCreate
RectanglebyDimensionsdialogboxappears.
2.Enter0,2forX1,X2coordinates.
3.Enter0,1forY1,Y2coordinates.
4.ClickOK.Arectangularareaappearsonthescreen.
5.ChooseMainMenu>Preprocessor>SizeControls>AdvancedOptionsTheAdvancedSmartSizeSettings
dialogboxappears.
6.Enter0.5forSIZEandclickOK.
7.IntheMeshTooldialogbox,clickon"Map"underMesherandverifythat"3/4sided"isselected.
8.ClickonMESH.TheMeshAreaspickingmenuappears.
9.ClickonPickAll.An8elementmeshappearsintheGraphicswindow.
10.ClosetheMeshTooldialogbox.
Step4ApplyTabularBoundaryConditions
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1.ChooseUtilityMenu>Plot>Lines.
2.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>LoadsApply>ThermalTemperature>OnLines.TheApplyTEMPon
Linespickingmenuappears.
3.IntheGraphicswindow,selecttheverticallineatx=0.
ClickOK.
4.TheApplyTEMPonlinesdialogboxappears.
5.Enter100forVALUE.ClickOK.
6.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>LoadsApply>ThermalConvection>OnLines.TheApplyCONVon
Linespickingmenuappears.
7.IntheGraphicswindow,selecttheverticallineatx=2(onthefarrightofthemodel).
8.ClickOK.TheApplyCONVonlinesdialogboxappears.
9.Inthedropdownselectionboxfor"ApplyFilmCoefonlines,"select"Existingtable."
10.RemoveanyvalueintheVALIfield.
11.Enter20inthe"VAL2IBulktemperature"field.ClickOK.
12.AsecondApplyCONVonlinesdialogboxappears.Verifythattheselectionboxfor"Existingtable"shows
CNVTAB.ClickOK.
13.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>LoadsApply>ThermalTemperature>UniformTemp.TheUniform
Temperaturedialogboxappears.
14.Enter50astheuniformtemperature.ClickOK.
Step5Showtheappliedloadstoverify
2.Select"ConvectFilmCoef"inthe"SurfaceLoadSymbols"dropdownselectionbox.
3.Select"Arrows"inthe"Showpresandconvectas"dropdownselectionbox.
4.ClickOK.ArrowsappearonthefarrightsideofthemodelintheGraphicswindow.
6.ClickTableNameson.ClickOK.ThetablenameCNVTABappearsonthearrowsintheGraphicswindow.
Step6SetAnalysisOptionsandSolve
1.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>AnalysisTypeNewAnalysis.TheNewAnalysisdialogboxappears.
2.ClickTransientas"Typeofanalysis."ClickOK.
3.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>LoadStepOpts>TimeFrequenc>TimeTimeStep.TheTimeandTime
StepOptionsdialogboxappears.
4.Enter60as"Timeatendofloadstep."
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5.Enter10astimestepsize.
6.ChooseStepped.ClickOK.
7.ChooseMainMenu>LoadStepOptsOutputCtrls>DB/ResultsFile.TheControlsforDatabaseand
ResultsFileWritingdialogappears.Verifythatthe"Itemtobecontrolled"fieldshows"Allitems."
8.Select"Everysubstep"for"Filewritefrequency"field.ClickOK.
9.ChooseMainMenu>Solution>SolveCurrentLS.Reviewthe/STATCommanddialogbox.Ifok,click
Close.
10.IntheSolveCurrentLoadStepdialogbox,clickOKtobeginthesolve.Whenthesolutionisdone,click
Closeinthe"Solutionisdone!"dialogbox.
Step7Postprocess
1.ChooseMainMenu>GeneralPostprocessorReadResultsLastSet.
2.ChooseUtilityMenu>List>Loads>SurfaceLoads>OnAllNodes.TheSFLISTCommanddialogbox
appears.ReviewtheresultsandclickClose.
4.ClickTableNamesdisplayoff.
5.ClickNumericcontourvalueson.ClickOK.Observethenumbersoverthearrowsontherightsideofthe
model.
7.Inthe"SurfaceLoadSymbols"dropdownselectionbox,select"ConvectFilmCoef."
8.Inthe"Showpresandconvectas"dropdownselectionbox,select"Arrows."ClickOK.Observethearrows
ontheleftsideofthemodel.
9.ChooseMainMenu>GeneralPostproc>PlotResults>ContourPlotNodalSolu.TheContourNodal
SolutionDatadialogboxappears.
10.VerifythatDOFSolutionisselectedinthelistontheleft,andTemperatureisselectedinthelistontheright.
ClickOK.Observetheresultingdisplay.
Step8Finish
1.Youarenowfinishedwiththissampleproblem.Ifyouwishtosave,clickonSAVE_DBinthetoolbarand
choosethedesiredoption.Otherwise,clickQUITinthetoolbar,thenclickQuitNoSave!
2.10WheretoFindOtherExamplesofThermal
Analysis
SeveralANSYSpublications,particularlytheANSYSVerificationManualandtheHeatTransferSeminar
Workbook,describeadditionalexamplesofsteadystateandothertypesofthermalanalyses.
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AttendingtheHeatTransferseminarmaybenefityouifyourworkincludesanalyzingthethermalresponseof
structuresandcomponentssuchasinternalcombustionengines,pressurevessels,heatexchangersandfurnaces,
etc.Formoreinformationaboutthisseminar,contactyourlocalANSYSSupportDistributorortelephonethe
ANSYSTrainingRegistrarat(724)5142882.
TheANSYSVerificationManualconsistsoftestcasesdemonstratingtheanalysiscapabilitiesoftheANSYS
program.Whilethesetestcasesdemonstratesolutionstorealisticthermalanalysisproblems,theVerification
Manualdoesnotpresentthemasstepbystepexampleswithlengthydatainputinstructionsandprintouts.
However,youshouldbeabletounderstandeachproblembyreviewingthefiniteelementmodelandinputdata
withaccompanyingcomments.
Thefollowinglistshowsyouthevarietyofthermaltestcases(steadystate,transient,andsoon)thattheANSYS
VerificationManualincludes:
VM3Thermalloadedsupportstructure
VM23Thermalstructuralcontactoftwobodies
VM27Thermalexpansiontocloseagap
VM32Thermalstressesinalongcylinder
VM58Centerlinetemperatureofaheatgeneratingwire
VM64Thermalexpansiontocloseagapatarigidsurface
VM92Insulatedwalltemperature
VM93Temperaturedependentconductivity
VM94Heatgeneratingplate
VM95Heattransferfromacoolingspine
VM96Temperaturedistributioninashortsolidcylinder
VM97Temperaturedistributionalongastraightfin
VM98Temperaturedistributionalongataperedfin
VM99Temperaturedistributioninatrapezoidalfin
VM100Heatconductivityacrossachimneysection
VM101Temperaturedistributioninashortsolidcylinder
VM102Cylinderwithtemperaturedependentconductivity
VM103Thinplatewithacentralheatsource
VM104Liquidsolidphasechange
VM105Heatgenerationcoilwithtemperaturedependentconductivity
VM106Radiantenergyemission
VM107Thermocoupleradiation
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VM108Temperaturegradientacrossasolidcylinder
VM109Temperatureresponseofasuddenlycooledwire
VM110Transienttemperaturedistributioninaslab
VM111Coolingofasphericalbody
VM112Coolingofasphericalbody
VM113Transienttemperaturedistributioninanorthotropicmetalbar
VM114Temperatureresponsetoalinearlyrisingsurfacetemperature
VM115Thermalresponseofaheatgeneratingslab
VM116Heatconductingplatewithsuddencooling
VM118Centerlinetemperatureofaheatgeneratingwire
VM119Centerlinetemperatureofanelectricalwire
VM121Laminarflowthroughapipewithuniformheatflux
VM122Pressuredropinaturbulentflowingfluid
VM123Laminarflowinapipingsystem
VM124Dischargeofwaterfromareservoir
VM125Radiationheattransferbetweenconcentriccylinders
VM126Heattransferredtoaflowingfluid
VM147GrayBodyradiationwithinafrustrumofacone
VM159Temperaturecontrolledheater
VM160Solidcylinderwithharmonictemperatureload
VM161Heatflowfromaninsulatedpipe
VM162Coolingofacircularfinofrectangularprofile
VM164Dryingofathickwoodenslab
VM192Coolingofabilletbyradiation
VM193Adaptiveanalysisoftwodimensionalheattransferwithconvection
Gotothebeginningofthischapter
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Steady-State Thermal Analysis Elements and Commands

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Steady-State Thermal Analysis Elements and Commands

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7/21/2016

DKDELE DKLIST DTRAN

SFLDELE SFLLIST SFTRAN SFGRAD

SFADELE SFALIST SFTRAN SFGRAD

FiniteElement Elements SFE

Keypoints BFK BFKDELE BFKLIST BFTRAN

BFLDELE BFLLIST BFTRAN

BFADELE BFALIST BFTRAN

BFVDELE BFVLIST BFTRAN

BFEDELE BFELIST BFSCALE BFCUM

0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 0.285 (lb/in3)

8.35 8.90 9.35 9.80 10.23 (Btu/hrftoF)

0.113 0.117 0.119 0.122 0.125 (Btu/lboF)

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