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N. Subramanian
Stub angle
Stub angle
Base plate
Anchor bolts
Pier
Mat
(a)
(b)
8w
Top of
concrete
3w
Cleat angle
(c)
Nu = a(fck) (hef)
(1)
Nuo = 0.96
f ck hef (1 +
2
dh
)
hef
(3)
Nu =
2 h ef + dh
N
(2)
8w
3w
Studs
typical
spacing
AN
O
h ef
Diagonal
member
d
45
o
45
c1
Av
o
dh
(a)
(b)
AN
hef
35 o
1.5 h ef
Nuo = k1k2k3
(a)
Assuming k4 = k1k2k3
Nuo = k4
1.5hef1.5hef
c 1 1.5hef
3hef
A N = AN ( single fastening )
o
2
= ( 2 x 1.5 hef ) ( 2 x 1.5 hef ) = 9 h ef
AN = ( c + 1.5 h ) ( 2 x 1.5 h )
ef
ef
1
if : c1
(a)
_ 1.5 hef
<
(b)
1.5hef
AN
c1
= ( p/2) (c1)2
1.5hef
s1
(7)
3hef
1.5hef
(9)
AV
Vuo
Avo
f ck (hef)1.5
2
f ck (c1)
(8)
(b)
Vuo = 0.48
15
.
fck (hef )
1.5hef 1.5hef
1.5hef
s1 1.5hef
AN = ( 2 x 1.5h ef + s ) ( 2 x 1.5 h
1
if : s 1 <_ 3.0 h ef
(c)
c1
s1
1.5hef
) A N = ( c1 + s 1 + 1.5 h ef ) ( c2 + s2 + 1.5 h ef )
if : c 1 , c 2 _
< 1.5 hef
< 3.0 hef
s1 , s 2 _
(d)
where,
c1
(b)
Nu =
AN
12 N uo
ANo
(10b)
c1
, c1 15
. hef
15
. hef
c1
y 2 = 0.7 + 0.3
AV
1.5 c1 1.5 c 1
Av
Av
A v = A vo ( single fastening )
= 1.5 c 1 ( 2 x 1.5 c 1 )
= 1.5 c 1 ( 1.5 c 1 + c 2 )
if : c 2 _
< 1.5 c 1
(a)
(b)
c1
= 4.5 c 12
(10c)
c2 1.5 c1
3 c1
(10a)
1.5 c1
y 1 = 1/(1 + 2eN/(3hef)) 1
Av
c1
(a)
c1
1.5 c1
1.5 c1
Av
c1
@ 35
1.5 c 1
@35
1.5 c1
1.5 c1 1.5 c 1
A v = 2 x 1.5 c 1 x h
if : h < 1.5 c 1
Av
s 1.5 c 1
= ( 2 x 1.5 c 1 + s ) x h
_ 1.5 c 1
if : h <
_ 1.5 c 1
s<
(10)
(c)
(d)
Load
Load
ft A
ev = e'v
ft A
GF
Deformation
c1
s
Aggregate interlock
and other frictional
effects
Deformation
D
crack zone deformation, w1
(b)
(a)
s 3c1
arc tan Eo
A
EtL
s1
Vuo = (l/d)0.2
(11)
f ck (c1)1.5
hef = effective anchorage depth, Fig 3. For fastenings with three or four edges and cmax 1.5hef
(cmax = largest edge distance), the embedment
depth to be inserted in eqn. (10) is limited to
hef = cmax/1.5. This gives a constant failure load
for deep embedments8.
Tu / Nu
1.0
Equation 13
1200
Equation 14
0.8
Nu = 2.1
Test
0.6
0.4
a = 2.0
Max load, kN
800
a = 1.5
Nu
400
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
V / Vu
200
400
600
embedment depth h ef, mm
taking into consideration the fact that the size of the failure
cone is dependent on the edge distance in the loading direction,
while in tension loading, it is dependent on the anchorage
7,8
depth
Vu =
Av
4 5Vuo
Avo
1
1 + 2 e 'v /( 3c1 )
(12a)
(13c)
(14)
= 0.7 + 0.3
(13b)
where,
y4 =
V
1
Vu
(12b)
0.5
(hef)
1.5
(15)
ACI 349-85
(hef)
(hef )1.5
(c1)
(c1)1.5
a = 45o
a = 35o
2hef, tension
3h ef, tension
2c1, shear
3c1, shear
hef, tension
c 1, shear
nonlinear
reduction
linear
reduction
(13a)
Eccentricity of load
CCD method
nonlinear
reduction
Engineering Mechanics Division. ASCE, April 1984, Vol 110, No 4, pp. 518-535.
13. ELIGEHAUSEN, R., and SAWADE, G., Fracture mechanics based description of the
pull-out behaviour of headed studs embedded in concrete in RILEM report on
Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures From theory to Applications, Elfgren,
L, Ed, Chapman & Hall, London, 1989, pp. 281-299.
Illustrative examples
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
The author is highly indebted to Prof. Eligehausen, professor
and head for fastening techniques at the Institute for Building
Materials, University of Stuttgurt, Germany for making
available numerous publications, based on which this article
is written.
References
Example 1
dh
c1
hef
= 300 m m
fck
2 0 N/mm 2
= 0.96 2 0 300 (1 +
45.2
) = 444,609 N
300
= (300/27)0.2
27
1.5
20 (300) = 195,445 N
1. ______ Code requirements for nuclear safety related concrete structures (ACI
349-85). ACI Committee 349, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan
48219, USA, 1985.
2. ______ Design Guide to ACI 349-85, ACI Committee 349, American Concrete
Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48219, USA, 1985.
Example 2
3. ELIGEHAUSEN, R., MALLEE, R., and REHM, G., Befesttigungstecknik, BetonKalender 1997, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 145 pp.
4. HAWKINS, N. Strength in shear and tension of cast-in place anchor bolts in
Anchorage to Concrete, SP-103, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1985,
pp. 233-255.
= 27 mm
dh
= 45.2 mm
5. BODE, H., and ROIK, K. Headed studs embedded in concrete and loaded in
tension in Anchorage to Concrete, SP-103, American Concrete Institute, Detroit,
1993, pp. 61-88.
c1
= 500 mm
hef
= 300 mm
6. SUBRAMANIAN, N., and VASANTHI, V., Design of anchor bolts in concrete. The
Bridge and Structural Engineer. September 1991, Vol. XXI, No.3, pp. 47-73.
fck
= 25 N/mm 2
7. FUCHS, W., ELIGEHAUSEN, R., and BREEN, J.E., Concrete capacity design (CCD)
approach for fastenings to concrete, ACI Structural Journal. January-February
1995, Vol 92, No 1, pp. 73-94.
8. FUCHS, W., and ELIGEHAUSEN, R., Das CC-Verfahren fur die Berechnung der
Betonausbruchlast von Verankerungen, Beton und Stahlbetonbau, H. 1/1995,
pp. 6-9, H. 2/1995, pp. 38-44, H. 3/1995, pp. 73-76.
9. ELIGEHAUSEN, R. et al., Tragverhalten von Kopfbolzenverankerungen bei
zentrischer Zugbeanspruchung, Bauingenieur, 1992, pp. 183-196.
10. ELIGEHAUSEN, R. and BALOGH, T., Behaviour of fasteners loaded in tension in
cracked reinforced concrete, ACI Structural Journal. May-June 1995, Vol 92,
No 3, pp. 365-379.
11. Comite Euro-International du Beton, Design of Fastenings in Concrete, Design
Guide, Thomas Telford, UK, 1997.
12. BEZANT, Z.P., Size effect in blunt fracture: concrete, rock, metal, Journal of the
c1
s1
= 600 3 hef
A No
Nuo
Nu
1350,000
1 1 402,701 = 671,168 N
810,000
Vuo
= (300/27)
Av
Avo
= 4.5 300
25 (300)
1.5
27
= 405,000 mm
= 218,516 N
= 240 N/mm
fut
= 420 N/mm
Avo
fck
s > 1.5 c1
Vu
= 32.95 mm
c1
c2
Tu
Nu
300,000
= 0.661 < 1
453,818
V
Vu
60,000
= 0.498 < 1
120,556
(Tu/Nu)
AN
(Tu/Nu)
450,000
1 0.9 172,224 = 172,224 N
405,000
N uo
= 1,625,625 mm
2 0 N/mm 2
dh
Vu
1.5
1.5
= (0.661)
1.5
+ (0.498)
1.5
= 0.537 + 0.351
= 0.888 < 1
Hence, 4 nos. 20-mm diameter anchor bolts with the
arrangement as shown in Fig 12 is safe.
These examples clearly show the ease of calculation by using
the CCD method.
Nu
1.5
20 (300) = 172,224 N
A No
20
y4 = 1
450,000
1 1 218,516 = 242,795 N
405,000
Example 3
s1, s2
= (250/20) 0.2