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Fault Location
Principles
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 2
Contents
Introduction
One-end fault location
Two-end/Multiterminal fault location
Introduction
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 3
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 4
Introduction
ZB
ZL
Line
Relay
Fault
Locator
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 5
Line
Relay
Introduction
Fault location is a process aimed at locating the
occurred fault with the highest possibly accuracy.
Fault locator is mainly the supplementary
protection equipment, which apply the fault-location
algorithms for estimating the distance to fault.
When locating faults on the line consisting of more
than one section, i.e., in the case of a three-terminal
or multi-terminal line, the faulted section has to be
identified and a fault on this section has to be located.
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 7
Introduction
Introduction
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 8
Introduction
General division of fault location techniques:
knowledge-based approaches
unconventional techniques (fault indicators installed either in
substations or on towers along the line; monitoring transients of
induced radiation from power-system arcing faults using both VLF
and VHF reception )
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 10
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 11
vp
VTs
vs
Matching
Transformers
Analogue
Filters
A/D
is
Matching
Transformers
Analogue
Filters
A/D
POWER
SYSTEM
ip
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 12
CURRENT
CTs
TRANSFORMERS
v2(n)
i2(n)
HV
4
C1
LCR
A-FSC
ui
C2
us
Voltage (105 V)
up
b c
BURDEN
CVT
Tr
1
0
1
2
Rp
ip
Rs'
Lp
L's
ir
CT
is'
ie
R'2
im
Rm
Lm
20
60
Time (ms)
40
80
100
120
L'2
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 13
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 14
is'
0.5
1
ip
1.5
2
20
40
60
Time (ms)
80
100
120
ABB Group
March 26, 2012 | Slide 16
B
F
X
F
ZA
ZB
Rf
Line
Relay
Fault
Locator
No pre-fault
power flow
R F#
F
ZA_p
Line
Relay
X
RF#
ZA_p
ZA_p
ZL
RF#
Pre-fault
power flow
from A to B
Pre-fault
power flow
from B to A
EA
EB
IA
ZSA
p ZL
IF
(1-p) ZL
IB
ZSB
RF
Fault Locator
UA IApZL IFRF
where:
UA IApZL
IF
IFA
DA
IFA
RF
DA
ZL
ZSA
IOAP
Trip
UA ZSB
1
IAZL ZL
K3
IAZL
ZL
Currents
Voltages
where:
Collection of I0 in
parallel lines
DA
Installation
1 Sweden, 130 kV, 76 km
2 USA, 138 kV, 23.3 km
Hold circuit
Analog/digital converter
Micro processor
Parameter setting
Telemeter output
Printer output
IFA
RF ZOMIOAP
DA
Input transformers
Multiplexer
Led-indykator
RF
UA IApZL
1) 2)
Relay input
(1-p) ZL
p ZL
K2
Measuring transformers
Phase selection
ZOM
FL
UA
Z
1 SB
IAZL
ZL
ZSB
FL
p pK1 K2 K3RF 0
K1
where:
DA
Event
P-E fault, July 1982
67.0 km
Five staged faults on parallel
lines, October 1983
P-E fault, March 1984
93 to 99% of line
P-E fault, February 1984
16% of line
P-P fault, December 1984
77% of line
P-E faults, June 1985
78 to 90% of line
P-E faults, December 1987
76 to 78% of line
Results
67.6 km
(error 0.8%)
Maximum error of 3%
(without compensat.)
Displayed in the
range 93 to 99%
16 % (no error)
77% (error 0.5%)
Displayed in the
range 78 to 90%
(error max 0.4%)
(no error)
ZA
dZL
(1d)ZL
ZB
EB
{iA}
FL d
{uA}
Aim:
improving fault location accuracy by introducing
compensation for shunt capacitances
limiting influence of uncertain parameters on fault
location accuracy
to get simple formulae by applying generalized fault
loop model and fault model
1 1
V A 0
1
V A1 3 1 a
1 a 2
V A 2
U A_P d Z 1L I A_P RF ( a F1 I F1 a F2 I F2 a F0 I F0 ) 0
1 V Aa
a 2 V Ab
a V Ac
UA_P , IA_P fault loop voltage and current (dependent on fault type)
Z1L line impedance for the positive-sequence
IF1, IF2, IF0 symmetrical components of the ttotal fault current
aF1, aF2, aF0 weighting coefficients (dependent on fault type)
a exp(j 2 / 3)
U A_P a1U A1 a 2 U A2 a 0U A0
I A_P a1 I A1 a 2 I A2 a 0
Z 0L
I A0
Z 1L
Z
Z
I A_P a1 I AI1 a 2 I AI2 a 0 0LI I AI0 0m I AII0
Z 1LI
Z 1LI
a1, a2, a0 share coefficients (dependent on fault type)
I F a F0 I F0 a F1 I F1 a F2 I F2
aF0, aF1, aF2 weighting coefficients (complex numbers),
dependent on fault type and the assumed priority for using
particular symmetrical components,
IF0, IF1, IF2 zero-, positive- and negative-sequence
components of total fault current, which are to be calculated
or estimated
A 2 d A1d A 0 A 00 RF 0
2
d ( n ) Z iL A i
IAAi
( n 1 )
IBi
comp
I Ai
UAi
UBi
UFi
'
th
0.5d ( n 1) Y iL A i
A 2 K 1 Z 1L
th
0.5(1 d ( n 1) )Y iL B i( n1)
'
( n 1 )
A1 L 1 Z 1L K 1 Z A_P
IFi
A 0 L1 Z A_P
A 00
IFi
sh
(1 d ( n ) ) Z iL B i( n1)
'
sh
'
A IAi
Z 0L comp
comp
sh
comp
comp
comp
U A_P d( n) Z 1L a1 A1sh I comp
I
a 2 A sh
2 ( n 1) I A2 a 0 A 0 ( n 1)
( n1) A1
Z 1L A0 RF( n ) ( a F1 I F1 a F2 I F2 a F0 I F0 ) 0
(a F1 I A1 a F2 I A2 ) M 1
I A_P
comp
'
comp
A2
'
2L
th
I A1 I A1 0.5d ( n 1) Y 1L A1
I
I A2 0.5d
comp
( n 1 )
'
( n 1 )
U A1
th
2 ( n1 )
U A2
th
I A0 I A0 0.5d ( n 1) Y 0 L A 0
( n 1 )
U A0
0.8
0.6
0
10
20
30
40
Fault time (ms)
50
With compensation
1
Distance to fault (p.u.)
daver.=0.8032 p.u.
0.6
0
60
0.8
10
20
30
40
Fault time (ms)
50
60
AB
IAB
AA
FL
VAA
BA
IAA
GPS
d [p.u.]
~
RF
RF
MUA
d [p.u.]
MUB
MUA
MUB
FL
FL
d, RF
d, RF
tA
tA=0
TB-A
tB
tB=0
FLT
tFLT
t
()
t=tB=0
t
(1t)
dA Z L
SYSTEM A
{iA}
{IB}
B
(1 d A ) Z L
dA Z L
SYSTEM B
SYSTEM A
SYSTEM B
DIFF
FL
{iB}
V A e j
REL
B
dA, RFA
SATUR.
pre
IB
I A e j
{IA}
RELA
FL
B
(1dA)Z L
DIFF
{vA}
VB
COMMUNICATION
dA , RF
IB
B
IA
VA
Solution
IC
IC
PROTECTIVE
RELAY 'A'
FL
IB
IC
IA
IB
PROTECTIVE
RELAY 'B'
FL RESULTS
General algorithm:
1.
2.
SUB_C
SYSTEM C
dC
rejection conditions:
SUB_A
SUB_B
dB
dA
SYSTEM A
VA
SYSTEM B
IA
FL
IB
FL RESULTS
PROTECTIVE
RELAY 'C'
IB
IC
SUB_B
PROTECTIVE
RELAY 'A'
VA
FL
IB
IC
IA
IB
PROTECTIVE
RELAY 'B'
FL RESULTS
Network parameters:
'
'
Line: Z 1L (0.0276 j0.3151), Z 0 L (0.275 j1.0265) (/km)
C0 L 0.008 F/km
1.8
0.8
1.6
0.6
(dA)av=1.6933
1.4
Fault resistance []
IA
FB
IC
FA
1.2
1
(dC)av=0.6726
0.8
0.6
0
-0.2
-1
0
0
10
20
30
40
(RFC)AV= 0.6721
-0.4
-0.8
0.2
0.2
-0.6
(dB)av=0.6042
0.4
(RFB)AV=0.3232
0.4
50
60
10
20
30
40
SYSTEM D
Introduction
ungrounded networks
Petersons coil
resistance grounded
50
60
Algorithm Structure
Z2
voltages
Zk
Estimation of the
impedance
impedance
Estimation of the
distance
Which feeder
short-circuited?
Information from
relays and/or CBs
V kA
V k V kB
V kC
distance
Zk
V pp
I kpp
Zk
I kph
V ph
k kN I kN
Zm
V pp V A V B
k kN
I kpp I kA I kB
I kA
I k I kB
I kC
k-1
Z 0 Z1
3Z 1
lfk-1 Zsk-1
Rf
Zpk-1
I kN I kA I kB I kC
(1-lfk-1 )Zsk-1
Zpk
HV
LV
IL
IS
Vsys
VS
Rg
Rtg
Substation
grounding
equivalent b
5
1
grounding system
connection
4
9
10
12
16
17
8
18
20
14
13
equivalent c
19
11
21
15
equivalent d
No
File
Feeder 2.08
Fault type
Estimated Distance
to Fault, m
1 97031400.MAT
A-B
2 97031401.MAT
A-B
GAMR-RURW - 8867 m
GAMR-BJCG - 8935 m
BETR-GAMR - 8491 m
3 97031402.MAT
A-B
4 97031403.MAT
A-G
5 97031404.MAT
A-G
GAMR-RURW
GAMR-BJCG
GAMR-RURW
GAMR-BJCG
BETR-GAMR
8880 m
8918 m
8780 m
8776 m
8431 m
equivalent e
File
Fault type
97031400.MAT
A-B
97031401.MAT
A-B
97031402.MAT
A-G
97031403.MAT
A-G
Feeder 2.08
Estimated Distance
to Fault, m
GAMR-RURW
GAMR-BJCG
GAMR-RURW
GAMR-BJCG
GAMR-RURW
GAMR-BJCG
GAMR-RURW
GAMR-BJCG
8854 m
8762 m
8745 m
8755 m
8776 m
8772 m
8897 m
8889 m
Conclusions
Conclusions
Table of Contents