Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5.
5.
CODE: SGEE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Procedure:
1. The judge personally evaluates the report and
supporting documents submitted by the fiscal
regarding the existence of probable cause and,
on the basis thereof, issue a warrant of arrest or
2. If on the basis thereof, the judge finds no
probable cause, he may disregard the fiscals
report and require the submission of supporting
affidavits of witnesses to aid him in arriving at
the conclusion as to the existence of probable
cause.
Examination UNDER OATH OR AFFIRMATION OF THE
COMPLAINANT AND WITNESSES
1. The oath required must refer to the truth of
the facts within the personal knowledge of the
complainant or his witnesses because the
purpose is to convince the judge of the existence
of probable cause (Alvarez v. CFI, 64 Phil. 33).
2. The true test of sufficiency of an affidavit to
warrant the issuance of a search warrant is
whether it has been drawn in such a manner that
perjury could be charged thereon and affiant be
held liable for the damages caused (Alvarez v.
CFI).
PARTICULARITY OF DESCRIPTION (SEARCH WARRANT)
1. A search warrant may be said to particularly
describe the things to be seized when the
description therein is as specific as the
circumstances will ordinarily allow or
2. When the description expresses a conclusion
of fact not of law by which the warrant
officer may be guided in making the search and
seizure or
3. When the things described are limited to
those which bear a direct relation to the
offensefor which the warrant is being issued
(Bache and Co. v. Ruiz, 37 SCRA 823).
JOHN DOE WARRANT
A John Doe warrant can satisfy the requirement of
particularity of description if it contains a descriptio
personae such as will enable the officer to identify the
accused (People v. Veloso, 48 Phil. 159)
GENERAL WARRANT
A general warrant is one that does not allege any
specific acts or omissions constituting the offense
charged in the application for the issuance of the
warrant. It contravenes the explicit demand of the Bill
1.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
Waiver of right
Requisites of a valid waiver:
The right exists.
The person had actual or constructive
knowledge of the existence of such right.
There is an actual intention to relinquish such
right.
The right against unreasonable searches and
seizures is a personal right. Thus, only the
person being searched can waive the same.
Waiver requires a positive act from the person.
Mere absence of opposition is not a waiver.
3.
Note:
1. Checkpoints: as long as the vehicle is neither
searched nor its occupants subjected to a body
search and the inspection of the vehicle is
limited to a visual search = valid search
(Valmonte V. De Villa)
2. Carroll rule: warrantless search of a vehicle
that can be quickly moved out of the locality or
jurisdiction
3. The 1987 Constitution has returned to the 1935
rule that warrants may be issued only by judges,
but the Commissioner of Immigration may order
the arrest of an alien in order to carry out a
FINAL deportation order.
VALID WARRANTLESS ARRESTS
1. When the person to be arrested has committed,
is actually committing, or is about to commit an
offense in the presence of the arresting officer.
1. When an offense has in fact just been
committed and the arresting officer has personal
knowledge of facts indicating that the person to
be arrested has committed it.
1. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner
who has escaped from a penal establishment or
place where he is serving final judgment or
temporarily confined while his case is pending,
or has escaped while being transferred from one
confinement to another.
1. Waiver of an invalid arrest:
When a person who is detained applies for bail, he is
deemed to have waived any irregularity which may
have occurred in relation to his arrest.
1.
Hot pursuit
1.
2.
movie censorship
judicial prior restraint = injunction
against publication
3.
license taxes based on gross receipts for
the privilege of engaging in the business
of advertising in any newspaper
4.
flat license fees for the privilege of
selling religious books
When prohibition does not apply
1.
3.
b.
c.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Commercial Speech
1. A communication which no more than proposes
a commercial transaction.
1. To enjoy protection:
1.
It must not be false or misleading; and
2.
It should not propose an illegal
transaction.
1. Even truthful and lawful commercial speech
may be regulated if:
1.
Government has a substantial interest to
protect;
2.
The regulation directly advances that
interest; and
f.
OBSCENITY
Test for obscenity (Miller v. California)
Whether the average person, applying
contemporary community standards would find
that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the
prurient interest.
Whether the work depicts or describes, in a
patently offensive way, sexual conduct,
specifically defined by law.
Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks
serious literary, artistic, political or scientific
value.
Procedure for seizure of allegedly obscene
publications
Authorities must apply for issuance of search
warrant.
Court must be convinced that the materials are
obscene. Apply clear and present danger test.
Judge will determine whether they are in fact
obscene.
Judge will issue a search warrant.
Proper action should be filed under Art. 201 of
the RPC.
Conviction is subject to appeal.
Curtailment of rights:
RIGHT MANNER OF CURTAILMENT
1. Liberty of abode
Lawful order of
the court and within the limits prescribed by law.
2. Right to travel
May be
curtailed even by administrative officers (ex. passport
officers) in the interest of national security, public
safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
Note: The right to travel and the liberty of abode are
distinct from the right to return to ones country, as
shown by the fact that the Declaration of Human
Rights and the Covenant on Human Rights have
separate guarantees for these. Hence, the right to
return to ones country is not covered by the specific
right to travel and liberty of abode. (Marcos v.
Manglapus)
Section 7. The right of the people to information on
matters of public concern shall be recognized.
Congress
Executive, pursuant to legislation enacted by
Congress
2)
Local government units, pursuant to an
ordinance enacted by their respective legislative
bodies (under LGC)
3)
2)
3)
TAKING
A. Elements: CODE: E P A P O
1. The expropriator enters the property
2. The entrance must not be for a momentary
period, i.e., it must be permanent
3. Entry is made under warrant or color of
legal authority
4. Property is devoted to public use
5. Utilization of the property must be in such a
way as to oust the owner and deprive him of the
beneficial enjoyment of his property.
B. Compensable taking does not need to involve all
the property interests which form part of the right of
ownership. When one or more of the property rights
are appropriated and applied to a public purpose,
there is already a compensable taking, even if bare
title still remains with the owner.
PUBLIC USE
1. Public use, for purposes of expropriation, is
synonymous with public welfare as the latter
term is used in the concept of police power.
1. Examples of public use include land reform and
socialized housing.
JUST COMPENSATION
1. Compensation is just if the owner receives a
sum equivalent to the market value of his
property. Market value is generally defined as
the fair value of the property as between one
who desires to purchase and one who desires to
sell.
2. The point of reference use in determining fair
value is the value at the time the property was
taken. Thus, future potential use of the land is
not considered in computing just compensation.
Judicial review of the exercise of the power of
eminent domain
1. To determine the adequacy of the
compensation
2. To determine the necessity of the taking
3. To determine the public use character of the
taking. However, if the expropriation is pursuant
to a specific law passed by Congress, the courts
2)
When a person is otherwise deprived of his
freedom of action in any significant way.
3)
When the investigation is being conducted by the
government (police, DOJ, NBI) with respect to a
criminal offense.
4)
3)
Confessions made by an accused at the time he
voluntarily surrendered to the police or outside the
context of a formal investigation.
4)
Exclusionary rule
1)
Any confession or admission obtained in violation
of this section shall be inadmissible in evidence against
him (the accused).
2)
Therefore, any evidence obtained by virtue of an
illegally obtained confession is also inadmissible, being
the fruit of a poisoned tree.
Requisites of valid waiver:
1)
2)
Waiver should be made in the PRESENCE OF
COUNSEL.
Section 13. Right to bail
Who are entitled to bail:
1)
2)
3)
Be entitled to bail.
3)
Persons who are members of the AFP facing a
court martial.
Other rights in relation to bail.
1)
The right to bail shall NOT be impaired even
when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended.
2)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Whether accused was a fugitive from justice
when arrested
10) If accused is under bond in other cases
Implicit limitations on the right to bail:
1. The person claiming the right must be in actual
detention or custody of the law.
2. The constitutional right is available only in
criminal cases, not, e.g. in deportation
proceedings.
Note:
1. Right to bail is not available in the military.
2. Apart from bail, a person may attain provisional
liberty through recognizance.
Section 14. Rights of an accused
Rights of a person charged with a criminal offense
1. Right to due process of law
2. Right to be presumed innocent
3. Right to be heard by himself and counsel
4. Right to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation against him
5. Right to have a speedy, impartial and public
trial
6. Right to meet the witnesses face to face
7. Right to have compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witnesses and the production of
evidence in his behalf
DUE PROCESS
(ii)
1.
1)
To furnish the accused with a description of the
charge against him as will enable him to make his
defenses
2)
To avail himself of his conviction or acquittal
against a further prosecution for the same cause
3)
1)
2)
3)
4)
Assertion or non-assertion of the right by the
accused
5)
1.
2.
3.
Exceptions:
1. Punishment for a crime for which the party has
been duly convicted
2. Personal military or civil service in the interest
of national defense
3. Return to work order issued by the DOLE
Secretary or the President
Section 19. Prohibition against cruel, degrading and
inhuman punishment
When is a penalty cruel, degrading and inhuman?
1. A penalty is cruel and inhuman if it involves
torture or lingering suffering. Ex. Being drawn
and quartered.
2. A penalty is degrading if it exposes a person to
public humiliation. Ex. Being tarred and
feathered, then paraded throughout town.
Standards used:
1. The punishment must not be so severe as to be
degrading to the dignity of human beings.
2. It must not be applied arbitrarily.
3. It must not be unacceptable to contemporary
society
4. It must not be excessive, i.e. it must serve a
penal purpose more effectively than a less
severe punishment would.
Excessive fine
A fine is excessive, when under any circumstance, it is
disproportionate to the offense.
Note: Fr. Bernas says that the accused cannot be
convicted of the crime to which the punishment is
attached if the court finds that the punishment is
cruel, degrading or inhuman.
Reason: Without a valid penalty, the law is not a penal
law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or
non-payment of a poll tax.
Definition of debt under Section 20
1)
Debt refers to a CONTRACTUAL obligation,
whether express or implied, resulting in any liability to
pay money. Thus, all other types of obligations are not
within the scope of this prohibition.
2)
Thus, if an accused fails to pay the fine imposed
upon him, this may result in his subsidiary
imprisonment because his liability is ex delicto and not
ex contractu.
3)
A FRAUDULENT debt may result in the
imprisonment of the debtor if:
1.
A person is charged
2)
Under a complaint or information sufficient in
form and substance to sustain a conviction
3)
4)
5)
2)
If, upon pleading guilty, the accused presents
evidence of complete self-defense, and the court
thereafter acquits him without entering a new plea of
not guilty for accused.
3)
If the information for an offense cognizable by
the RTC is filed with the MTC.
4)
If a complaint filed for preliminary investigation
is dismissed.
When does first jeopardy TERMINATE:
(2ND REQUISITE)
1)
Acquittal
2)
Conviction
3)
Dismissal W/O the EXPRESS consent of the
accused
4)
1)
Dismissal based on violation of the right to a
speedy trial. This amounts to an acquittal.
2)
Dismissal based on a demurrer to evidence. This
is a dismissal on the merits.
3)
Dismissal on motion of the prosecution,
subsequent to a motion for reinvestigation filed by the
accused.
4)
Discharge of an accused to be a state witness.
This amounts to an acquittal.
When can the PROSECUTION appeal from an order
of dismissal:
1)
If dismissal is on motion of the accused.
Exception: If motion is based on violation of the right
to a speedy trial or on a demurrer to evidence.
2)
If dismissal does NOT amount to an acquittal or
dismissal on the merits
3)
4)
If the dismissal violates the right of due process
of the prosecution.
5)
If the dismissal was made with grave abuse of
discretion.
What are considered to be the SAME OFFENSE:
(under the 1st sentence of Section 21)
1)
Exact identity between the offenses charged in
the first and second cases.
2)
One offense is an attempt to commit or a
frustration of the other offense.
3)
One offense is necessarily included or necessary
includes the other.
Note: where a single act results in the violation of
different laws or different provisions of the same law,
the prosecution for one will not bar the other so long
as none of the exceptions apply.
Definition of double jeopardy (2nd sentence of Sec.
21)
Double jeopardy will result if the act punishable under
the law and the ordinance are the same. For there to
be double jeopardy, it is not necessary that the offense
be the same.
SUPERVENING FACTS
1)
Under the Rules of Court, a conviction for an
offense will not bar a prosecution for an offense which
3)
One which changes the punishment and inflicts
a greater punishment than that which the law annexed
to the crime when it was committed.
4)
One which alters the legal rules of evidence and
receives less testimony than the law required at the
time of the commission of the offense in order to
convict the accused.
5)
One which assumes to regulate civil rights and
remedies only BUT, in effect, imposes a penalty or
deprivation of a right, which, when done, was lawful.
6)
One which deprives a person accused of a crime
of some lawful protection to which he has become
entitled such as the protection of a former conviction
or acquittal, or a proclamation of amnesty.
Note: The prohibition on ex post facto laws only
applies to retrospective PENAL laws.
Definition of BILL OF ATTAINDER
1)
A bill of attainder is a LEGISLATIVE act which
inflicts punishment W/O JUDICIAL trial.
2)
The bill of attainder does not need to be
directed at a specifically named person. It may also
refer to easily ascertainable members of a group in
such a way as to inflict punishment on them without
judicial trial.
3)