Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by
BHOOMIKA VERMA
At
June/July, 2016
1
Dated:
/ 2016
TRAINING CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Bhoomika Verma, student of B.Tech III year (Computer Science & Engg.)
Faculty of Engg. & Technology, Agra College, Agra has successfully completed 4 weeks training at
BSNL (Shahganj) Agra, starting from 27 June, 2016 to 23 July, 2016 under the supervision of this
office.
During the period of training program, she was hardworking and sincere. Certified further her
performance has been observed to be satisfactory. We wish her good luck for future endeavors.
B.D. Rawat
(Sub Divisional Officer)
BSNL, Agra
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR no.
TOPIC
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PREFACE
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
2.
3.
4.
SERVICES OF BSNL
12
13
1.
INTRODUCTION
14
2.
OVERVIEW OF NGN
15
3.
19
4.
FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE
22
5.
30
6.
33
7.
NGN SERVICES
35
8.
CONCLUSION
36
37
(I)
(II )
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with profound gratitude that I express my deep indebtedness to all the employees of B.S.N.L. without whose
support and guidance it would not have been possible for this training to have materialized and taken a concrete
shape. I owe my personal thanks to my trainers in charge Mr. B.D. Rawat (SDO), who extended full support
and co-operation at every stage of my training period. I would also like to take this opportunity to acknowledge
the guidance from Girish Saini (JE) for undergoing training at a reputed company like B.S.N.L.
I am also indebted to my parents and friends for their constant encouragement and helping me in my endeavor.
Last, but not the least, I would like to thank everyone who has contributed for the successful completion of my
training.
PREFACE
Organizations are made up of people and function through people. Without people, organizations cannot exist.
The resources of men, money, material, machinery, and mechanism are connected, coordinated and utilized
through people. Engineers need to concentrate more on mechanism and the way in which things have been made.
The need of training arises for doing things yourself, understanding its way.
Practical exposure for doing things makes a person conversant to the technicalities involved in any job. In view of
such benefits, imparting of vocational training has been made an integral part of any academic structure.
In B.S.N.L., training is given to Engineering Aspirants to secure future in the dynamic world of
telecommunications. Today telecommunication industry is one of the very fastest growing industries in the world.
1. INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea. The Indian telecom
network is the eighth largest in the world.
COMPANY NAME: BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM Ltd.
TYPE: STATE OWNED ENTERPRISE
INDUSTRY: COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER.
COUNTRY: INDIA.
PRODUCTS: WIRELESS, TELEPHONE, INTERNET, TELEVISION.
OWNER: THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
WEBSITE: www.bsnl.com
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1.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
It is defined as the system of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal conventions, customs, and
norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic activity and behavior. The country has been divided into
units called Circles, Metro Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA)
and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA).
In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of government.
Its basic functions are:
Policy Formulation
Review of performance
Licensing
Wireless spectrum management
Administrative monitoring of PSUs
Research & Development
Standardization/Validation of Equipment
BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth largest integrated telecom operator in
the country.
BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission network.
BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom connectivity.
Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai.
This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call from basic telephone to
another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa.
2.1 CALL SETUP:
When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the nearest switching centre that is
PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication Network). Then it processes the caller and subscribers number
if it exists in the same BSC then call setup is completed.
If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call transfer to MSC (Main Switching
Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call setup is completed.
If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO now call transfer is done on BTSs
(Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is completed.
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2.2 FUNCTION OF EXCHANGE:
Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This is done by two type of signaling:
1. Inchannel signaling
2. Common channel signaling
Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of signaling network.
Charging and billing.
MDF
POWERPLANT
SWITCHING ROOM
`
2.5.2
No open wiring.
Route can be changed by the computer software
In Agra Gate Exchange, we have 3 VMUX of type II.
2.6
M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscribers line. It is a termination point within the local
telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires.
2.6.1
2.7
FUNCTIONS OF MDF:
All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated and distributed through
MDF.
The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides. Each jumper is a twisted
wire.
It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main Exchange area.
The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and functions as a test point
between a line and the office.
It provides testing of calls.
It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
All lines terminate individually.
POWER PLANT:
It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.
Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their maintenance.
Cooling is provided through fans & AC.
There is earth region too for protection.
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3.1 INTERNET
The internet connection requires a computer which has Internet Explorer software signal and analog signal to
digital signal, a telephone line connection. The data is sent through telephone line connection to the local
exchange, from where it is then sent to the main exchange.
The main exchange consists of a Node. The Node consists of a control card and a modem from where it is sent to
its main. Node is in the form of packets. It has two parts- LAN and Control Card.
The main Node is connected to the main server which is located at New Delhi. From here it is sent to gateway,
which is connected to the World Wide Web (WWW)
Telephone
Modem
Delhi
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LAN
WAN
Network Connection Gateway
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3.2 OVERVIEW OF BROAD BAND
Definition of Broad Band
Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general,
any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s or more is considered broadband.
Broadband service provides higher speed of data transmissionAllows more content to be carried
through the transmission pipeline.
Broadband provides access to the highest quality Internet servicesstreaming media, VoIP (Internet
phone), gaming and interactive services. Many of these current and newly developing services require the
transfer of large amounts of data which may not be technically feasible with dial-up service. Therefore,
broadband service may be increasingly necessary to access the full range of services and opportunities
that the Internet can offer.
Broadband is always ondoes not block phone lines and no need to reconnect to network after logging
off.
Personal Computer
ADSL Modem
Land Line Connection
Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer.
High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed ranging from 256 kbps
to 8 Mbps.
Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For
example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing session.
Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services, video-on-demand etc. for application in distance
education, telemedicine etc.
Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network securely over the NIB-II
infrastructure.
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The video content will have Hindi, international and regional movies, music, soaps and serials, sports,
news, interactive gaming, e-learning and niche channels. "The driver in entertainment will be on-demand
movies, interactive gaming, broadband Internet connectivity and e-learning,"
Billing: To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or volume-based billing. It
shall provide the customer with the option to select the services through web server To provide both prepaid and post paid broadband services
IP Telephony
Messaging: plain and feature rich,
Multi-site MPLS VPN with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees.
Wi-Fi
Web hosting & web co-location.
Lease line service.
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4. SERVICES OF BSNL
Universal Telecom Services : Fixed wireline services and landline in local loop (WLL) using CDMA
Technology called bfone and Tarang respectively.
Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobile Telephone services
using GSM platform under the brand name Cellone & Excel (BSNL Mobile).
Internet: BSNL provides Internet access services through dial-up connection (as Sancharnet through
2009) as Prepaid, NetOne as Postpaid and ADSL broadband as BSNL Broadband[
3G: BSNL offers the '3G' or the 3rd Generation' services which includes facilities like video calling,
mobile broadband, live TV, 3G Video portal, streaming services and video on demand etc.
Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL offers value-added services, such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India
Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Televoting, Universal Access Number (UAN).
WiMax: BSNL has introduced India's first 4th Generation High- Speed Wireless Broadband Access
Technology with the minimum speed of 256kbit/s. The focus of this service is mainly rural customer
where the wired broadband facility is not available.
IPTV:BSNL also offers the 'Internet Protocol Television' facility which enables customers to watch
television through internet.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Today, telephony, the Internet, and the cellular mobile networks continue to be different domains, each has its
own protocols and services.
NGN will be the foundation for the creation of a new range of multimedia applications that takes full
advantage of the characteristics of the broadband network and the always on capability.
GENERAL IDEA
The general idea behind the NGN is that one network transports all type of data and provide services
(voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video) by encapsulating these into packets, similar to those
used on the Internet.
NGNs are commonly built around the Internet Protocol (IP), and therefore the term all IP is also
sometimes used to describe the transformation toward NGN.
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2. OVERVIEW OF NGN
2.1DEFINITION OF NGN
ITU-T Rec. Y2001a packet-based network able to provide telecommunication services and able to make use of multiple
broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent from
underlying transport-related technologies.
It enables unfettered access for users to networks and to competing service providers and/or services of their
choice. It supports generalized mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to
users.
ETSIs (European Telecommunication Standardization Institute) definitionNGN is a concept for defining and deploying networks, which, due to their formal separation into different layers
and planes and use of open interfaces, offers service providers and operators a platform which can evolve in a step
by step manner to create, deploy and manage innovative services.
Service-driver network
Separation of call and service
Separation of call control and bearer
Base on IP, including voice, fax, data, video and multimedia
Standard protocol
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`
2.2 PRACTICAL MEANING OF NGN
NGN got benefits from todays broadband capabilities; over fixed, over mobile and over wireless
NGN has capabilities to support managed features of IP based network, especially QoS, Security and
Mobility.
Open architecture: open to support service creation, service updating, and incorporation of service logic
provision by third parties and also support Distributed control as well as enhanced security and
protection.
Independent provisioning: service provision process should be separated from network operation by
using distributed, open control mechanism to promote competition.
Multiplicity: The NGN functional architecture shall offer the configuration flexibility needed to support `
multiple access technologies.
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`
2.4 FEATURES OF NGN
Packet-based transfer;
Separation of control functions among BC, call/session,
and application/ service;
Decoupling of service provision from transport;
Support for a wide range of services based on service building blocks;
Broadband capabilities with end-to-end QoS;
Interworking with legacy networks via open interfaces;
Generalized mobility;
Unfettered access by users to different service providers;
A variety of identification schemes;
Unified service characteristics for the same service as perceived by the user; Converged services between
fixed/mobile;
Independence of service-related functions from underlying
Transport technologies;
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`
2.6 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NGN AND TRADITIONAL NETWORK SYSTEM
NGN
TRADITIONAL
IP based.
TDM based.
Cost effective
Hierarchical design
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21
`
3.3 MULTIMEDIA SERVICES: expansion of the service features
Real-time Conversational Voice
Point-to-point interactive multimedia, e.g. real-time voice/text/video
Collaborative interactive communication, e.g. multimedia conferencing
Push to talk over NGN
Content delivery, e.g. Radio/Video streaming
Broadcast services (relying on Multicast), e.g. emergency community notification
Messaging, e.g. IM, SMS, MMS
Location-based services, e.g. tour guide service
Presence and general notification services
Push-based services, e.g. MMS notification Information services
Hosted and transit services for enterprises, e.g. IP Centrex
3GPP/3GPP2 OSA-based services.
Number portability
Network or Service Provider selection
Prevention of unsolicited bulk telecommunications
Malicious communication identification
User identifier presentation and privacy
NGN shall provide capabilities for support of Public Interest Services required by regulations or laws of national
or regional administrations and international treaties .
Transport connectivity
Communication modes
Media resource management
Codecs
Access Networks and network attachment
User networks
Interconnection, Interoperability and Interworking
Routing
QoS
Accounting and Charging
Numbering, naming and addressing
Identification, authentication and authorization
Security
Mobility management
OAM
Survivability
Management
Open Service Environment
Profile management
Policy management
Service enablers
PSTN/ISDN emulation and simulation
Public Interest Services support
Critical infrastructure protection
Non disclosure of info across NNI
Inter-provider exchange of user-related information.
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4. FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE
4.1 NGN BASIC REFERENCE MODEL
24
`
4.2 LAYERS OF NGN
Access Layer
Transport Layer
Control Layer (Soft-Switch)
Service Layer
25
`
4.2.1 ACCESS LAYER
voice encoding
packetization of voice channels
CNF ( comfort noise generation)
VAD ( voice activity detection)
Echo cancellation
26
`
Softswitch (Media gateway controller)
Enhanced services to the subscribers will be provided with the help of application servers.
It may include prepaid servers, announcement servers, Service servers
Announcement server
Announcement server performs the function of giving the announcements as per requirements
in the network
The Network Management System (NMS) manages all network elements in a Soft switch network.
It typically uses SNMP to communicate with the network elements.
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`
4.5 KEY FEATURES OF NGN FUNCTOINS
28
`
4.6 OVERALL NGN ARCHITECTURE
29
`
4.7 IMPACTS OF NGN ARCHITECTURE
30
`
4.8 PSTN V/S NGN
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QoS objectives
End-to-end QoS environment for the services offered to end users via QoS coordination across
the transport stratum
NGN will provide an initial set of requirements, architectures, mechanisms and guidelines to
enable end-to-end QoS
Focus on Resource and Admission Control, including coordination between access and core, as
well as between core and other NGN
Security objectives
NGN identified Security Requirements specification based on the application of ITU-T X.805 to
NGN
Addressing the following security dimensions: Access Control, Authentication, Non-repudiation,
Data Confidentiality, Communication Security, Data Integrity, Availability and Privacy.
Addressing the incremental security features required for secure interconnection with other NGN
or existing networks
Mobility objectives
Mobile users requirements
Seamless and transparent mechanisms for roaming between network operators and continual
access to tailored services from a variety of environments while using a variety of terminals with
varying capabilities
No major new interfaces for mobility are proposed
Existing interfaces will be used, as well as existing signaling capabilities for all types of mobility
as currently defined
Personal mobility will exist where users can register themselves to the services (existing
interfaces with terminals and networks)
Terminal Mobility will exist within and among networks where terminals can register to the
network
Nomadism (mobility without maintaining service continuity)
It shall be supported between networks and within a network
This does not exclude support for mobility with service continuity.
32
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5.3 ENABLING FOR CONVERGENCES
33
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5.4 CHANGING REGULATION FRAMEWORKS
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35
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6.2 Future use of NGN for OtO (inc. IoT/M2M)
36
7. NGN SERVICES
Several services that will be important drivers in the NGN environment are:
Voice Telephony: Call Waiting, Call Forwarding, 3-Way Calling
Voice Portal: Provide callers with anywhere, anytime access to information like news, weather,
stock quotes, and account balances using simple voice commands and any telephone,..
Data services: bandwidth-on-demand, connection reliability.
Multimedia services: This allows customers to converse with each other while displaying visual
information.
Virtual Private Networks: allow large, geographically dispersed organizations to combine their
existing private networks with portions of the PSTN, thus providing subscribers with uniform
dialing capabilities.
Public Network Computing: Provides public network-based computing services for businesses
and consumers.
Unified Messaging: Supports the delivery of voice mail, email, fax mail, and pages through
common interfaces.
E-Commerce: Allows consumers to purchase goods and services electronically over the network.
Call Center Services: A subscriber could place a call to a call center agent by clicking on a Web
page.
Interactive gaming: Offers consumers a way to meet online and establish interactive gaming
sessions.
Home Manager: These services could monitor and control home security systems, energy
systems, home entertainment systems, and other home appliances.
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8. CONCLUSION
Next generation networks are not just a PSTN replacement but at a minimum they must provide
the equivalent voice quality and reliability of todays PSTN.
The NGN will be the foundation for the creation of a new range of multimedia applications that
take full advantage of the characteristics of the broadband network and the always on
capability.
The creation of the NGN is no overnight transformation, but it is an evolution that is already
underway and gathering pace.
The NGN is the shift from separate application-specific networks to a single network capable of
carrying any and all services.
Practical training is one of the major steps in this direction. I did my training from BSNL, Agra which is
one of the best known communication service provider companies of India. The training helps me in
gaining in depth knowledge.
In the end, I hereby conclude that I have successfully completed my industrial training on the above
topics NGN exposure to working of Digital Exchanges/ Systems/ Networks.
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(I) BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Data Communication And Networking- Behrouz A. Foruzan
2. Wireless Communication and Networks-William Stallings
3. Computer Networking Kurose & Ross
(II) REFERENCES:
1. www.bsnl.com
2. www.newbsnl.co.in
3. www.wikipedia.org
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