Assignment 01

Hybrid Modulation
SLIIT ID: IT15019646
Name with initials: D.A.S.M. Delpechithra

Course
: DCCNI
Instructor
: A.B.C. Perera
Term
: 1st Semester
Date of Submission: 20st February 2015

Faculty of Computing
Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology

Hybrid Modulation
Hybrid Modulation is a combination of ASK and PSK. Before considering Hybrid
Modulation we should know about Amplitude Shift Keying and Phase Shift
Keying.
Amplitude Shift Keying
Amplitude Shift Keying is a form of amplitude modulation that
represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK
system, the binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier
wave and fixed frequency for a bit duration of T seconds. If the signal value is 1
then the carrier signal will be transmitted; otherwise, a signal value of 0 will be
transmitted.

(figure 1.0)
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

BPSK

Binary phase shift keying (BPSK), shifts the carrier sine wave 180 for each change
in binary state (figure1.1). BPSK is coherent as the phase transitions occur at the zero
crossing points. The proper demodulation of BPSK requires the signal to be compared
to a sine carrier of the same phase. This involves carrier recovery and other complex
circuitry.

(Chart 1.1)
In binary phase shift keying, note how a binary 0 is 0 while a binary 1 is 180.
The phase changes when the binary state switches so the signal is coherent.

QPSK

In a popular variation of BPSK, quadrature PSK (QPSK), the modulator produces two
sine carriers 90 apart. The binary data modulates each phase, producing four unique
sine signals shifted by 90 from one another. The two phases are added together to
produce the final signal. Each unique pair of bits generates a carrier with a different
phase.
Bits pairs and degrees for
sine waves
Bit value
Phase(degrees)
00

00/3600

01

900

10

1800

11

2700

Figure 1.1 illustrates QPSK with a constellation diagram where the phasor represents
the carrier sine amplitude peak and its position indicates the phase.
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QPSK is very spectrally efficient since each carrier phase represents two bits of data.
The spectral efficiency is 2 bits/Hz, meaning twice the data rate can be achieved in the
same bandwidth as BPSK.

QPSK Modulation can be represented without time domain waveforms. For example,
QPSK can be represented with a constellation diagram, this indicate phase and
amplitude magnitudes.

Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK)

(Hybrid)

ASK

PSK

QAM
and
APSK

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

The creation of symbols that are some combination of amplitude and phase can carry
the concept of transmitting more bits per symbol further. This method is called
quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
For example, 16 QAM uses 4 carrier phases to first amplitude, 8 carrier phases to
second amplitude and 4 carrier phases to third amplitude to transmit 4 bits per symbol.
QAM is very widely used in cable TV, Wi-Fi wireless local-area networks (LANs),
satellites and cellular telephone system to produce maximum data rate in limited
bandwidth.

Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK)

This is a combination of ASK and PSK. In this method two carrier signals with
different amplitudes are involved.This one was created in response to the need for an
improved QAM. Higher levels of QAM such as 16QAM and above have many
different amplitude levels as well as phase shifts. These amplitude levels are more
susceptible to noise.
APSK uses fewer amplitude levels. It essentially arranges the symbols into two or
more concentric rings with a constant phase offset . For example, 16APSK uses a
double-ring PSK format (chart 1.2). This is called 4-12 16APSK with four symbols in
the center ring and 12 in the outer ring.

(figure 1.2)
Example:
Encoding a big bit stream:
001010100011110000011110
First, break it up into 4-bit triads from right to left:
0010-1010-0011-1100-0001-1110
Regarding to APSK constellation diagram the resulting signal should look like below
(figure 1.3).

(figure 1.3)

A1 Outer rings amplitude (high). This ring can represent 12 symbols.

A2 Inner rings amplitude (low). This ring can represent 4 symbols.

The sensitivity of APSK to channel nonlinearities is reduced by adopting the nonrectangular QAM constellation. For this reason, non-rectangular APSK is used in
some high-capacity satellite communications services, including those that employ the
Digital Video Broadcasting-Second Generation (DVB-S2) waveform.
Unfortunately, Gray coding cannot be used for this type of constellation and
analytic expressions for the bit error probability are not available, nevertheless the
performance may be similar to the QAM.

__END__

References:
BOOKS

DCCN text book

WEB SITES

Author: Lou Frenzel

Title: Understanding Modern Digital Modulation Techniques
Internet: http://electronicdesign.com/communication, Jan 23, 2012 [Feb 15,
2015]

Title: Amplitude Phase Shift Keying

Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_and_phase-shift_keying,
July 06, 2013[Feb 13, 2015]
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