NADH is formed in glycolysis with what products?

o 1,3-BPG
What are the products for the key regulatory steps in Glycolysis?
o G6P via Hexokinase; F16BP via PFK1; Pyruvate
via PDC
Anaerobic glycolysis will yield a net production of?
o 4 total ATP and 2 Net ATP--2 are used!
Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O produces how much
ATP?

o 30-32 ATP. 2 from GTP and 18 from 6 NADHs

Allosteric activators of PDKinase would result in what rate of formation

of AcetylCoA from Pyruvate?

o Decrease
Fructose-2,6-BP is an allosteric ACTIVATOR of_______and inhibitor

of__________
o PFK1 and Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase
Phosphorylation will inactivate what 3 enzymes in glycolysis?
o PDC, PFK2, Pyruvate Kinase
Glucose-6-Phoshate is an inhibitor of?
o Hexokinase/Glucokinase
ATP alloterically inhibits what 2 enzymes in glycolysis?
o PFK1 and Pyruvate Kinase
Insulin can increase biosynthesis of______and decrease biosynthesis of
_______?

o Glucokinase; PEP Carboxykinase

PhosphoenolPyruvate is converted from Oxaloacetate via what
enzyme?

o PEP Carboxykinase
The Cori Cycle involves?
o Red Blood Cells, muscle, and liver
Phosphates on indicates? Phosphates off indicates?
o On=Glycogenolysis and Off=Glycogenesis
Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP) binds Free fatty acids to
what in the cell?
o FattyAcylCoA Synthase
Metallothionein is a product of cysteine and does what?

o Apart of low weight molecular proteins in Golgi

and helps compartmentalize mercury, silver,

arsenic and other metals.

Ca2+ binding to what enzyme in Glycogen metabolism increase its
activity?
o Phosphorylase Kinase-when phosphorylated
adds PO4 to Glycogen Phosphorylase b to A

form!
What occurs to Glycogen Synthase when it is phosphorylated?
o It becomes inactive, inhibiting Glycogen
Synthesis
Glycogen Phosphorylase (a) is activated to produce what?
o Glucose-1-PhosphateG6PGlucose!
cAMP Dependent Kinase when activated by AMP phosphorylates what?
o Phosphorylase Kinase+Glycogen Synthase(b)
What enzyme takes GlyogenPhosphorylase(a) into its inactive b form?
o Phosphoprotein Phosphatase
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway oxidizes 1 mol of G6P to produce how
much NADH and CO2?
o 12 moles NADPH and 6 moles CO2
The NADPH produced by PPP is used in __________synthesis
o Fatty Acid Synthesis-> needs NADPH and
AcetylCoA!!!
A fructose intolerance is the result of a hereditary defect in a what?
o Aldolase
UDP Galactose and Glucose combine to form what sugar
o Lactose
Fructose is converted to Fructose-1-Phosphate where?
o The Liver
Galactose1Phosphate is converted to______by Galactose-1-Phosphate
Uridyl Transferase
o UDP Galactose
Ribulose-5-Phosphate along with an Isomerase synthesizes what?
o Ribose-5-phosphate
The 2 pathways for triglyceride synthesis are?

o Monacylglycerol Pathway and Glycerol-Phosphate

Pathway
Citrate along with ATP-Citrate Lyase form Acetyl-coA, which then use
which enzyme to produce what product necessary for Fatty Acid
Synthesis?
o Acetyl-coA Carboxylase along with Biotin to make

MalonylCoA.
Phosphatidic Acid is the precursor for what synthesis?
o Triglycerides. Cleave the phosphate off to produce
diglyceride and add an activated fatty acid to form

the triglyceride.
Fatty Acid uptake is regulated by_____and synthesis is regulated by?
o Lipoprotein Lipase! And DGAT
Release of fatty acids is under control of what?
o Hormone Sensitive Lipase
Glucose and insulin both stimulate DGAT1 in adipose, but

only______stimulates DGAT2 in adipose?

o Insulin
The liver and kidneys contain what enzyme, in which Adipose

doesnt, that converts DHAPGlycerol-3-Phosphate?

o Glycerol Kinase
What pathway is only found in the gut that synthesizes triglycerides?
o Monoglycerol Pathway;
Monoacylglycerol+FattyAcylCoADiacylglycerol+DG

ATTAGycerol
What is the only thing in the liver that can stimulate DGAT1+2?
o Glucose
Triglycerides synthesized in adipose will stay there until what?
o Until a hormone signal activates Hormone Sensitive
Lipase

Triglycerides synthesized in the Liver are stored in the liver as droplets,

which are used to form Ketones, those that are not used, is put
where?

o VLDL!
Plasmalogens are glycolipids with glycerol backbones but unique
why?
o Plasmalogens are unique bc of their unique ETHER

bond.
What are Plasmalogens synthesized for?
o Form a more stable PLASMA membrane
Why is PAF(Platelet Activating Factor) impotant?
o The acetic acid at its C2 makes it more watersoluble and makes it a potent molecular signal

for inflammation!
DHAP, an intermediate in Glycolysis, forms what two important Ether
lipids?
o DHAP directly creates Platelet Activating

Factor and Plasmalogens!

Name the 6 Glycerophospholipids.
o Phosphatidylcholine; Phosphatidyethanolamine;
PhosphatidylSerine; Phosphatidylinositol;

PhosphatidylGlycerol;DiPhosphatidylGlycerol
Phospholipid remodeling involves what four phospholipases?
o PhospholipaseA1; A2; C; D
PhosphoLipase A2 is the precursor of what?
o Prostaglandins, Platelet Activating Factor
The secondary messengers DAG and InositolTriphosphate are from
what?
Phosphatidylinositol
What is the precursor to every lipid in a Sphingosine backbone?
o Ceramide! Made by adding Palmitic Acid and
Serine

Where does Sphingolipid synthesis occur in the cell?

o Endoplasmic Reticulum
What pathway forms cholesterol in plants and animals?
o Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Pathway
Why does high cholesterol cause gallstones?
o The excess cholesterol goes to the liver and
sent to Bile, if its too high this will cause

gallstones.
Cholesterol is used to synthesize what three compounds?
o Cholesterol is used for Vitamin D, Bile Salts,

ALL Steroids
What is the rate limiting enzyme for Cholesterol synthesis?
o HMG-CoA Reductase. HMG-CoA Synthase is the
split point between ketone formation and

Cholesterol formation!!
All of the carbon in cholesterol comes from what molecule?
o AcetylCoA. Which came from AcetoacetylCoA
via Thiolase and this pathway is also used

during Ketogenesis!!
You know that the Citrate Shuttle moves carbons out of the
mitochondria and made AcetylCoA in the cytoplasm for Fatty acid
synthesis, what else is occurring during this process in the Liver?
o The liver also uses that AcetylCoA for

Cholesterol Synthesis!!
How is cholesterol synthesis regulated?
o Feedback inhibition of Cholesterol to HmG-CoA

Reductase.
What does SREBP do in cholesterol synthesis?
o SREBP=Sterol Regulatory Element Binding
Protein; upregulates mRNA production of HMG-

CoA Reductase. Inhibted by Cholesterol and

bile salts!!!!
80 percent of gall stones are made of what?
o Cholesterol.
What is the rate limiting step for Bile Salt synthesis?
o 7-alpha-hydroxylase.
What are the two primary bile salts?
o Cholic Acid and Chenodeoxycholic Acid.
What do bile salts do?
o Help to keep the cholesterol dumped by the
liver into bile soluble!
What are primary bile acids? Secondary bile acids?
o 1- bile acids that the liver synthesizes. 2-the
bacteria changed bile salts
Where are Bile salts actively reabsorbed in our gut?
o The Ilium!
How much bile is moved through the enterohepatic system each day?
o 20-30 grams! About 2 grams lost to poop every
day.
What is the name of the enzyme that converts Phenylalanine to
Tyrosine?
o Phenylalanine Hydroxylase(PAH)
What is the role of Citrate Lyase?
o Provides AcetylCoA for Fatty Acid Synthesis
What is the role of Malic Enzyme?
o Provides NADPH for Fatty Acid Synthesis

Sphingomyelin is also made in the ER and uses Ceramide and what

else to be synthesized?
o PhosphatidylCholine
Galactose+Ceramide produce what important component of gray
matter?

o Cerebrosides
The CHO coating on all cells, the Glycocalyx, utilizes what acidic
Sphingolipid?
o Gangliosides

Sialic Acid is always a component of what sphingolipid?

o Gangliosides
The lack of lung surfactant used to be fatal in infants, but DPPC+LLC

have prevented what syndrome since their synthesis?

o Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
How could one speed up lung maturity if the newborn isnt forming it

by 24 weeks of age?
o Corticosteroids.
How many receptors does Histamine bind to? What do they do?
o 3. H1=Linked to allergic responses and bind to
o
o
What is the main
o

antihistamines
H2=HCL secretion, acid blockers work here
H3=CNS and Peripheral nervous functioning
function of SAM?
High energy methyl donor for 100s of
reactions. Every time SAM is used

Homocysteine is made.
What are 2 compounds made using Tryptophan?
o Serotonin and Melatonin
GABA is synthesized using what amino acid precursor?
o Glutamate via glutamate decarboxylase
X% of babies born before 28 weeks develop RDS?
o 60 percent
The 4 major Lipoproteins in the blood are?
o Chylomicrons-largest and mainly triglyceride.
o

Fastest turnover rate

VLDL-largest concentration in fasting blood. Made in

liver.
o LDL mostly cholesterol
o HDL smallest. Mostly protein
What is the cause of plaques in arterial intimas?
o Lipoproteins.
What component on Lipoproteins control movement in and out of cells?
o The apolipoproteins
Which apolipoprotein is the structural framework of Chylomicrons?

o ApoB48- ONLY APOPROTEIN WHEN

CHYLOMICRONS GO TO LYMPH
The structural framework of LDL, IDL and VLDL is which apolipoprotein?
o ApoB100
Which apolipoprotein is the LCAT activator?
o ApoC1
ApoC2 is an activator of?
o LDL uptake via Lipoprotein Lipase
o ApoC3 is an inhibitor of LPL!
What are the drivers of VLDL synthesis in the liver?
o Glucose and Fructose.
What is the driver of Chylomicron formation?
o Dietary fat.
Why are triglycerides in the blood of diabetics who dont control the
blood glucose often elevated?
o Triglyceride count is elevated because the high
concentration of sugars in the blood drive the

synthesis of VLDL in the liver!

Short+Medium chain fatty acids can be absorbed directly into the
blood, but how do long and verylong chain FA get absorbed if
theyre not h2o soluble?
o Absorbed into the Lacteals that connect to
lymph, then sent to gallbladder to combine
with bile.

What product is formed when ATP is acquired during substrate level

phosphorylation?
o 3-Phosphoglycerate + Pyruvate
Major products of glucose metabolism in RBC, mm, heart and liver cells

but NOT brain cells or adipose include?

o Lactate
Fatty acids made de novo in the liver are called?

VLDL

Fatty Acids not h20 soluble are placed where?

Chylomicrons-have FA that come from the diet

What protein do we use to absorb cholesterol from our gut to put into
chylomicrons?

NiemanPickC1L1 or NPC1L1

What is the rate limiting step in TAG hydrolysis of adipose?

Hormone sensitive lipase

What is one of the rate limiting steps in Gluconeogenesis?

PEP Carboxykinase

When Hormone sensitive Lipase releases fatty acids from adipose,

what happens to the fatty acids?

Bind to albumin

What protein binds to triglycerides that arent water soluble, less than
12 C long, and into chylomicrons?

MTP->Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein

What is the rate limiting step for FattyAcid synthesis?

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

What is the rate limiting step for Triglyceride synthesis?

DGAT-1----Diglyceride Acyl Transferase

What is the rate limiting step for the PPP?

Gluose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Which enzyme is responsible for regulating adipocyte lipolysis via

increasing or decreasing cAMP levels

Phosphodiesterase

What protein traps fatty acids attached to FABP(Fatty Acid Binding

Protein) entering the cell that have been tagged with AcetylCoA?

Fatty AcylCoA Synthase

The hormone only found in adipose is?

Hormone Sensitive Lipase-hydrolyzes TAGs->free

FA and diglyceride

Lipoprotein Lipase is found where in the body?

Skeletal Mm and cardiac mm and adipose.

Hydrolysis to-->Glycerol+diglyceride

MalonylCoA can only be used to synthesize what?

Synthesize Fatty Acids

What does Fatty Acid Synthetase do in Fatty Acid Synthesis?

It binds to AcetylCoA and 7 MalonylCoAs to
make Palmitic Acid

The 2 essential fatty acids from plants are?

o A-Linolenic Acid(Omega 3)GOOD and Linoleic
Acid(Omega6)BAD

What is the rate limiting step for Fatty Acid Synthesis?

o AcetylCoA Carboxylase
Where do the carbons from fatty acid synthesis come from?
o AcetylCoA
The 4 risk factors for Ketoacidosis are:
o Sepsis/Uncontrolled
Diabetes/Pregnancy/Myocardial Infarction
What is the rate limiting step for Bile acid synthesis?
o 7-A-hydroxylase
Glycolysiss rate limiting step is which enzyme?

o PFK-1
HMG-CoA Reductase is what pathways rate limiting step?
o Cholesterol Synthesis
Which Cytochrome System saturates fatty acids in the Smooth ER?
o Mixed Function Oxidase
systemCytP450+Desaturase Systems
How is beta oxidation in peroxisomes different than in mitochondria?
o It doesnt directly produce ATP, but rather
H2O2
List the 3 different elongation/desaturation pathways in animals of
Fatty Acids.
o Oleic/Linoleic/ Alpha LinolenicAll compete for

Delta6Desaturase!
How is beta oxidation of FAs and synthesis regulated?
o MaloylCoA inhibits
CarnitinePalmitoylTransferase I (CPTI)
Why is there a limit on Omega6 Linoleic Acid by the FDA?
o Because high levels increase inflammation!!!
Excess Glucagon and Insulin deficiency are 2 requirements for what to
occur?

o Diabetic Ketoacidosis
What precursor to eicosanoids has a direct action on adipose to
surpress the release of fatty acids, thus an inhibitor of adipocyte
lipolysis?
o EPA(Eicosapentoic Acid)-1 of 2 different health

promoting omega3 FAs

Anti-inflammatory Eicosanoids come from what acid?
o Dihomo gamma linoleic acid (DHA)
What are Resolvins and what are they made from?
o Anti-inflammatory molecules that are
neuroprotective. DHA. Resolvins of the E

series are EICOSANOIDS!

Adipocytes always have which lipase activated?

o Monoglyceride Lipase
The 4 steps of beta oxidation are:
Oxidation/Addition of h2o/oxidation/cleave
What organs synthesize Carnitine using Vitamin C as a cofactor?
o Liver and Kidney
List the 3 precursors for Eicosanoid synthesis.
o DHA(Omega6); Arachidonic acid(Omega6);
Eicosopentoic Acid(Omega3)
Delta-9-Desaturase catalyzes what reaction?
o Steric AcidOleic Acid
Plants and animals both can form the saturated fatty acid..
o Oleic Acid. Linoleic Acid only from plants!
Summarize the goal of the Citrate/Malate/Pyruvate Shuttle.
o Turnover with Citrate while also producing the
requirements for Fatty Acid Synthesis-NADPH and AcetylCoA. This allows the TCA
Cycle to work and Fatty Acid Synthesis to occur

at the same time!

_____X_______gives us the NADPH needed for fatty acid synthesis, but

not all of it.

o Malic Enzyme. Converts Malate to Pyruvate
What enzyme do Liver Mitochondria NOT have, and is responsible for
their lack of ketone body catabolism?
o Thiophorase. Converts SuccinylCoA->Succinate

to create 2 AcetylCoA
Which ketone is the major ketone in our blood?
o B-Hydroxybutyrate via beta-hydroxybutyrate
dehydrogenase which produces NADH to form

ATP
In ketogenesis, transfer of CoA to acetoacetate to make
acetoacetylCoA comes from what enzyme?
o SuccinylCoA of the Citric Acid Cycle!

In gluconeogenesis, what is the rate limiting enzyme?

o PEP Carboxykinase
What cleaves Oxaloacetate to Malate in the mitochondria?
o Malate Dehydrogenase
Short chain FAs move freely, but long chain FAs need what to move
into the mitochondrial matrix?
o Carnitine AcylTransferase I and II
Name the rate limiting step for Heme synthesis
o Delta-Amniovulinate Synthase
Beta Oxidation occurs only in what two cell organelles?
o Matrix of the mitochondria and Peroxisomes
The rate limiting step for glycogen hydrolysis is?
o Phosphorylase
What are the 2 pathways that produce NADPH for fatty acid synthesis?
o Pentose Phosphate Pathway and the Citrate
Shuttle
The three ketone bodies made in liver mitochondria are?
o Acetoacetate; Acetone, B-Hydroxybutyrate
Which enzyme keeps the CAC going by converting Oxaloacetate to
Pyruvate?
o Citrate Synthase
What cleaves Citric Acid into AcetylCoA to produce Oxaloacetate?
o Citrate Lyase
What is the function of ACAT in Chylomicron formation?
o ACAT puts oleic acid on cholesterol to form the
ester that is needed to create the chylomicron

structure.
Dietary fat, or triglycerides, end up in muscle and adipose via what
enzyme?

o Lipoprotein Lipasehydrolysis of triglycerides!

Chylomicron receives what three apolipoproteins from HDL in the
Thoracic Duct?
o ApoCII, ApoAIII, ApoE

Where do Chylomicron Remnants go after Free Fatty acids are

removed?
o The ApoE receptor on the Liver takes up

remnants to deliver cholesterol.

What does LCAT do?
o In triglyceride transport, it is activated by
ApoAI and transfers cholesterol to HDL from

Chylomicrons!
The two apolipoproteins that activate Lipoprotein Lipase in chylmicron
transport?
o ApoAIII and ApoCII
ApoE binding induces the ejection of what two apolipoproteins?
o ApoE induces ApoC-II and ApoA-III ejection
from chylomicron which stops the action of

Lipoprotein Lipase and stops hydrolysis!

Why do statins work to lower cholesterol?
o Statins inhibit the incorporation of Cholesterol
into VLDL(the precursor of LDL). This lowers

blood plasma [LDL]!

Nascent Chylomicrons only have ApoB48, but Nascent VLDL
synthesized in the Liver only have which apolipoprotein?
o Nascent VLDL only has ApoB100!***Has to pick

up ApoA,C,E to activate Lipoprotein Lipase****

The liver converts IDL to LDL using what enzyme?
o Hepatic Lipase-This completes the last bit of
triglyceride removal from IDL and thus forms
LDL, unlike in chylomicrons where it is

completely removed!
How much IDL does the liver remove from blood?
o 75% via Hepatic Lipase

How does LDL get into extrahepatic tissues?

o By binding to LDL Receptors-> almost all cell
have them.
What happens to LDL that gets oxidized?
o Cant bind to LDL receptors on cells so it must
get taken up by macrophages!
Why is HDL the most important Apolipoprotein in protection against
plaque?

o It prevents oxidized LDL via 2 enzymes!

o They are Paraoxonase and PAF acetylase
What is HDLs primary apolipoprotein?
o ApoA1.**Synthesized by both the Liver and
Gut!!!*
HDLs other primary Apolipoprotein is ApoA-II, and is synthesized
where?

o ONLY BY THE LIVER!

How does ApoA1 on HDLs decrease inflammation?
o **ApoA1 STABILIZES its enzyme Paraoxanase
which removes oxidizesLDLs!***
Which HDL form is the largest and most mature, thus most protective?
o HDL2b----contains the most cholesterol.
What is ABCA1?
o ATP-BindingCassette-A1. It is essential for
removing excess cholesterol from

macrophages!
ApoAI(the primary Apo on HDL) is required for getting ABCA1 to work

and it also activates what Transferase?

o LCAT- this traps cholesterol inside the HDL!
Reverse Cholesterol Transport via HDL, delivering cholesterol to the
liver, requires what two things along with HDL?
o HDL,ApoAI and LCATLCAT keeps Free

cholesterol inside HDL via esterification!!!

What critical role does CETP do?

Cholesterol:Ester Transfer Protein puts

cholesterol:esters into chylomicrons or VLDLs!!

What else does CETP do besides placing Choleterol:ester into VLDL?
o It transfers oxidized lipids to HDL! Which get

reduced via Paraoxanase!

Why does Lp(a) have a high risk of plaque formation associated with it?
o Lp(a) is an abnormal LDL. **It can only be
taken up by Macrophages in the intima and

inhibits blood-clot removal*

Why do steroids increase heart attack risk?
o They DECREASE HDL levels
What builds up as apart of BCAA metabolism and causes brain damage

if we have a B12 deficiency?

o PropionylCoAPropionic Acid
About how many people with heart attacks currently qualify for

treatment under the AHA guidelines?

o Only 50 percent
What causes plaque formation and plaque rupture?
o Inflammation. Also cause of 90% of diseases
What are foam cells and why are they bad?
o Foam cells are fatty macrophages. They die
and leave their lipid behind in the intima.
Damaged LDL, which causes inflammation, is produced by?
o Free radical processes. This is caused by Lipid
Peroxidation and No2 accumulation. Also by

glucose and fructose reacting with it.

What is ALA and why is it good?
o Alpha Linolenic Acid is an essential omega 3
fatty acid.
Where does the anti-inflammatory property of olive oil come from?
o Not from omega3s, but from Polyphenols.
List the 8 essential amino acids.
o Ile/Leu/Lys/Met/Phe/Thr/Try/Val
Name the 2 ketogenic amino acids.

o Leucine and Lysine

o Ile/Phe/Tyr/Try are both keto and glucogenic.
Which two metabolic processes remove nitrogen from AA and then are
converted to glucose or ketones?
o Transamination and Deamination
What are the 2 major transaminases?
o Alanine amino Transferase(ALT); Aspartate
amino Transferase(AST)
What is the rate limiting enzyme for the Urea Cycle?
o Carbomyl-Phosphate Synthase
Why is ammonia toxic to the brain?
o Neurotoxic changes in glutamate levels/GABA levels
How do we measure transaminase activity?
o In serum samples. Liver and mm do the most!
Which aminotransferase is better at indicating Liver Damage?
o ALT or Alanine amino transferase!
Why does the liver have the highest concentration of glutamine
dehydrogenase?
o The liver uses this for production of Ammonia

in the Urea Cycle

Which amino acid has the highest concentration in the blood?
o Glutamine
Why is there such a high protein turnover rate in burn victims?
o Because amino acids are needed to heal from
injury
Protein breakdown in the lysosomes or cytoplasm is done by what
proteases?
o Cathespins/Calpains->activated by high Ca2+
How much protein is found in the blood at a given time?
o 30 grams. 300 grams a day are synthesized!
What is Phenylketonuria caused by?
o A gene defect in Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
(PAH)
What causes Albinism?
o Tyrosine defect in the conversion to Melanin
What builds up as a result of B12 deficiency during BCAA catabolism?

o PropionylCoA or Propionic Acid

Where does creatine synthesis take place?
o Starts in Kidneys, Uses Arg and Lys and ends in

Liver.
What is Nitrogen Oxide synthesized from and what systems use it?
o Arginine. Muscular, Circulatory, Nervous,

Immune and Digetive.

Taurine comes from Cysteine metabolism and is essential in what
synthesis?
o Bile Salt synthesis.
What role does Cysteine play in the immune system?
o MAJOR ROLE IN DETOX. Activated
sulfate=PAPS and is synthesized using

Cysteine!!!
Why do newborns see jaundice occur more than adults?
o Remember hemolysis can cause increased
bilirubin levels, and newborns RBC die
easier because they arent fully matured

yet!
Hepatitis, ethanol and Tylenol can cause blockage of bile flow to form
what?
o Adult jaundice via tumors or gallstones.
Jaundice is actually common in newborns

but rare in adults

Hyperbilrubinemia is most commonly known as what?
o Jaundice- due to 1)increased bilirubin due
to hemolysis or abnormal

uptake/conjugation of bilirubin.
For Bilirubin to be eliminated from the body it has to be converted to
h2o soluble form, bilirubin glucoronide. What enzyme does this?

o Bilirubin UDP glucorynyl transferase

The rate limiting enzyme for Heme Catabolism is?

o Heme Oxygenase
Why does lead toxicity cause Anemia?
o Lead inhibits Ferrochelatase, the enzyme that
puts iron into the poryphyrin ring.
The rate commiting step in heme synthesis is by what enzyme?
o Delta-amniovelunic acid synthase
Iron is bound to 3 different poryphrin ring systems, whats the name of
the one in Hb, Mb and Cytochrome B in the ETC?
o Heme B, Iron Protoporyphrin IX