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Lecture 5
LECTURE 5 TOPICS
I. Beam Deflections
Introduction
Method of Superposition
Virtual Work Principle for Rigid Bodies
Virtual Work Method for Deflections
Castiglianos Theorem for Deflections
1/23/2011
Lecture 5
Beam Deflections
Recall in ES 13
1. Method of Superposition
2. Method of Virtual Work
3. Castiglianos Theorem for Beam Deflections
4. Conjugate Beam Method
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Lecture 5-1
3L/2
M=
5wL2/18
L/3
y
x
V = wL/3
Due to M
Due to V
Due to w
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Due to M
Due to V
Due to w
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A
3L/2
C
L
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Solution:
C
A1
A
C
A
A
Beam 2
B
3L/2
4wL/25
L
A2
Required: A = A1 + A 2
Solution:
1. Get B and B
A1
Formulas: Case 2
A
4
B =
wL
8 EI
wL3
B =
6 EI
3L/2
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Solution:
1. Get B and B
Formulas: Case 2
wL3
wL4
B =
B =
6 EI
8EI
A1 d
A
3L/2
2. Compute for d
tan B B =
d
(small angles)
3L 2
wL4
wL3 3L
d = ( B )(3L 2) =
=
4 EI
6 EI 2
Solution:
3. Solve for A1
A1 = B + d
wL4 wL4
=
+
8 EI 4 EI
=
3 wL4
8 EI
A1 d
A
3L/2
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Beam 2
Solution:
4wL/25
A2
Formula: Case 1
max =
PL3
3EI
A
3L/2
But
4wL
25
3L
=
+ L = 2 .5 L
2
Pactual =
Lactual
A2 =
(4 wL 25)(2.5L )3
3EI
4
5 wL
6 EI
Given Beam
Solution:
4wL/25
Total Deflection:
A = A1 + A 2
3 wL4 5 wL4
=
+
8 EI 6 EI
4
3 5 (800 (1 12 ))(6 12)
=
6
(30 x10 )(100)
8 6
= 0.722"
A = 0.722"
A
A
B
3L/2
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w
wL2/2
C
L/2
L/2
Example 2
Solution:
wL2/2
wL2/2
C
V=0
A
L/2
B
V=
wL/2
A
M=
wL2/2
V=0
A
B
B
M=
wL2/8
L
A
L/2
B
B
V=
wL/2
M=
wL2/8
B
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Example 2
Solution:
wL2/2
L/2
L/2
A
wL2/2
M=
wL2/2
V=
wL/2
A
D
M=
wL2/8
Beam 1
Beam 4
Beam AB
Example 2
Solution:
wL2/2
Beam 2
L/2
L
A
L/2
B
w
wL2/2
V=
wL/2
Beam 1
Beam 4
Beam 3
M=
wL2/8
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Example 2
Solution:
wL2/2
M=
wL2/2
Beam 2
L/2
L/2
A
A
wL2/2
V=
wL/2
Beam 1
Beam 4
B
M=
wL2/8
Beam 3
Example 2
Solution:
wL2/2
L/2
wL2/2
1
C
2
C
M=
wL2/2
z
Beam 1
Therefore, deflection at C:
L/2
V=
wL/2
A
Beam 2
C = 1 + 2 + 3
3
C
z
A
M=
wL2/8
Beam 3
NOTE: Shear force V will not
contribute to left end deflection.
V goes directly to hinge B.
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Formula: Case 4
max =
L/2
wL2/2
1
ML2
2 EI
But
wL2
2
L
=
2
Beam 1
Lactual
(wL 2)(L 2)
M actual =
1 =
2 EI
4
1 =
wL
16 EI
wL4
16 EI
For Beam 2
=
M = L/2
wL2/2
z
2
But
A
L
(wL 2)(L )
2
2 =
tan 2 2 = 2
L2
2 = 2 (L 2)
wL2
2
=L
M actual =
Lactual
Beam 2
ML
3EI
3EI
wL3
6 EI
= (wL3 6 EI )( L 2 )
wL4
2 =
12 EI
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For Beam 3
L/2
3
C
V=
wL/2
But
A
Lactual
(wL 8)(L ) =
2
3 =
Beam 3
tan 3 3 = 3
L2
3 = 3 ( L 2 )
wL2
8
=L
M actual =
M=
wL2/8
ML
6 EI
6 EI
= (wL3 48EI )( L 2 )
wL4
3 =
96 EI
wL3
48EI
Example 2
Solution:
wL2/2
Compute deflection at C
C = 1 + 2 + 3
1 =
C =
wL4
16 EI
C
L/2
2 =
wL4
12 EI
3 =
A
L
L/2
wL4
96 EI
wL4
wL4
wL4
+
+
16 EI 12 EI 96 EI
C =
5 wL4
32 EI
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wL2/16
A
C
L/3
Example 3
Solution:
Step 1: Breakdown Given Beam
Applying Method of Sections at
wL2/16
A
C
L/3
A-A
A
A
V=0
V=0
wL2/16
A
B
M=
A wL2/16
M=
wL2/16 A
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Example 3
Solution:
Step 1: Breakdown Given Beam
Simplify all beam segments
wL2/16
A
C
L/3
L
A
w
wL2/16
A
B
M=
wL2/16
Beam 3
Left End replaced
with Fixed Support
due to M
Example 3
Solution:
Step 1: Breakdown Given Beam
wL2/16
A
C
L/3
Beam 1
B
wL2/16
C
Beam 2
Beam 3
M=
wL2/16
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Example 3
Solution:
Step 1: Breakdown Given Beam
wL2/16
A
C
L/3
Beam 1
B
wL2/16
C
Beam 2
Beam 3
Beam 3 will not contribute to
the deflection at a point
midway between supports.
M=
wL2/16
Example 3
Solution:
Step 1: Breakdown Given Beam
wL2/16
A
C
L/3
L
A
w
A
Beam 1
Therefore, at mid-supports:
Beam 2
B
M=
wL2/16
mid = 1 + 2
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Formula: Case 7
center =
w
A
B
1
5wL4
384 EI
So
1 =
5wL4
384 EI
5wL4
384 EI
Beam 1
Formula: Case 8
center = +
A
B
M=
wL2/16
ML2
16 EI
So
(wL
16)L2
wL4
=
16 EI
256 EI
2
2 = +
Beam 2
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Example 3
Solution:
wL2/16
mid = 1 + 2
1 =
mid =
5wL4
384 EI
2 =
mid
L
C
L/3
wL4
256 EI
7 wL4
5wL4
wL4
=
+
768 EI
384 EI 256 EI
mid =
7 wL4
768EI
Deflection at Mid-Supports
Lecture 5-2
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P3
P2
From the principle of conservation
of energy, the virtual change in
external work is equal to the virtual
change in the internal elements of a
body.
Steps:
1. Apply virtual force P
at the point in
consideration and
along the required
direction.
2. Apply the real loads.
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Therefore,
where,
- real deflection of a
point in the direction of
the applied virtual unit
force
u - internal forces
caused by virtual unit
force
dL - real deformation
of a body
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REAL
M
dx
dx
the deflection.
If the slope is to be determined, place a virtual unit couple moment
at the point.
Establish appropriate x coordinate/s.
With the virtual load in place and all the real loads removed from
the beam, calculate the internal moment, m, as a function of x.
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deflection or slope.
B
L
Determine:
The deflection at point B of the
beam shown.
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Actual Beam
w
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Virtual Moment, m
Required is B. Place a unit load at B.
B
L
m = 1 x 0
1
m = 1 x = 1( x ) = x
B
L
Actual Beam
w
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Virtual Moment, m
Required is B. Place a unit load at B.
B
L
M = 0
m = x
0 = 1x + m
v
m
B
x
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Actual Beam
w
Solution:
Step 2: Set-up Real Moment, M
Use the same coordinate axis, x
B
L
M =
M =
w
x0
2
w 2
w 2
wx 2
x = (x) =
2
2
2
B
L
Actual Beam
w
Solution:
Step 2: Set-up Real Moment, M
Use the same coordinate axis, x
B
L
x
0 = wx + M
2 2
wx
M =
2
Real Loads
M = 0
x
w
M
B
x
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Actual Beam
w
Solution:
Step 3: Virtual Work Equation
B
A
mM
B
dx
L
EI
L
( x )( wx 2 2)
B =
dx
EI
0
L
L
wx 3
wx 4
=
dx =
8EI 0
0 2 EI
4
Deflection is positive. Therefore, the assumed
wL
=
downwards virtual unit load is correct. Deflection
8EI
is in the same direction as the virtual unit load.
B =
B
L/2
L/2
Determine:
The slope at point B of the beam
shown.
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Actual Beam
P
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Virtual Moment, m
Required is B. Place a unit moment
at B.
Define coordinate axis, x
Set-up moment function, m
m = +1 x
L
2
= x
L/2
L/2
Virtual Loads
L
2
1
C
B
L/2
L/2
Actual Beam
P
Solution:
Step 2: Set-up Real Moment, M
Use the same coordinate axis, x
M = P x 0
L/2
L/2
Real Loads
P
M = P x = P( x ) = Px
1
x is always positive.
Singularity can be removed.
B
L/2
L/2
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Actual Beam
Solution:
Step 3: Virtual Work Equation
C
mM
dx
B =
B
EI
L/2
0
L
x L 2 ( Px )
1
dx
B =
B
EI
0
L2
L
(0 )( Px )
(1)( Px )
=
dx +
dx
EI
EI
0
L2
L
2
PL2 P( L 2)
Px 2
3PL2
=
+
=
=
2 EI
2 EI
2 EI L 2
8 EI
A
L/2
B
Negative sign
indicates that the
computed slope is
opposite to the
direction of the
virtual moment.
B
10 ft
20 ft
Determine:
The displacement at point A of
the beam shown.
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Actual Beam
3 kip/ft
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Virtual Moment, m
Required is A. Place a unit load at A.
RC = 0.5 kip
Fy = 0
RB = 1.5 kip
20 ft
10 ft
MB = 0
x1
Virtual Loads
x2
1
A
B
10 ft
RB
20 ft
RC
Actual Beam
3 kip/ft
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Virtual Moment, m
Set-up moment function, m1 and m2
C-B:
m1 = 1 x1 0
m1 = x1
m2 = 0.5 x2
20 ft
10 ft
m2 = 0.5 x2 0
x1
Virtual Loads
x2
1
A
B
10 ft
1.5
20 ft
0.5
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Actual Beam
3 kip/ft
Solution:
Step 2: Set-up Real Moment, M
A
MB = 0
Fy = 0
20 ft
10 ft
RC = 27.5 kip
RB = 47.5 kip
Real Loads
3 kip/ft
x1
A
x2
B
10 ft
RB
20 ft
RC
Actual Beam
3 kip/ft
Solution:
Step 2: Set-up Real Moment, M
Set-up moment function, M1 and M2
C-B:
M1 =
(3 10)
6 3
M 1 = 0.05x1
20 ft
10 ft
x1 0
x1
Real Loads
3 kip/ft
x2
M 2 = +27.5 x2 0
3
2
x2 0
2
2
M 2 = 27.5 x2 1.5 x2
B
10 ft
47.5
20 ft
27.5
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Actual Beam
3 kip/ft
Solution:
Step 3: Virtual Work Equation
A
A
C
mM
dx
B
EI
B
B
20 ft
10 ft
m1M 1
mM
=
dx1 + 2 2 dx2
EI
A EI
C
10
20
( x1 )( 0.05x13 )
( 0.5 x2 )(27.5 x2 1.5 x2 2 )
=
dx1 +
dx2
EI
EI
0
0
3
5666.7 kip ft 3 5666.7 kip ft 3 (12 in ft )
=
= 0.750 in
=
EI
[29(103 )kip in 2 ]450 in 4
A =
= 0.750 in
Lecture 5-3
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P1
1
1
P1 y 1 +
P2 y 2
2
2
Eq. 1
After increasing P1 by P1 ,
1
U = P1y1 + P1y1 + P2 y2
2
P2
P1
U =
Theorem
y1
y2
y1
Eq. 2
y2
P1
P1
1
1
1
U + U = P1y1 + P1 y1 + P1 y1 + P2 y2
2
2
2
y1
Eq. 3
P1 y 1 = P1 y 1 + P2 y 2
Eq. 4
1
P1 y 1 + P1 y 1
2
U
1
=
y1 + y1
P1
2
U
=
P1
lim
P1 0
U
= y1
P1
y 1 0 when
P1 0
U =
y1
Theorem
1
1
P1 y 1 +
P2 y 2
2
2
Eq. 1
1
P1y1 + P1y1 + P2 y2 Eq. 2
2
U + U =
U =
U =
1
1
1
P1y1 + P1 y1 + P1 y1 + P2 y2
2
2
2
Eq. 3
Eq. 5
or in general case,
U
= yi
Pi
Eq. 6
Castiglianos Thm.
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Theorem
U
M
= i
i
Wk = Pd
P2
U = Wk = Pd
P = A
= A L d
= AL d
0
U=
AL 2
d
E 0
= E
d = d
P2
2
U = AL
2E
P
P1
= L
0
2
0
Theorem
Elastic Strain
Energy
Volume
E
Therefore,
U =
2E
dV
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For a beam,
1
U =
2E
U =
1
2E
My
I
Theorem
U =
Note,
1
U =
2E
M2
2
I
M
I
2E
dV
My
V I dV
L
dV = dAdx
y 2 dA dx
yi =
dx
Using equation 6:
1
U
=
Pi
2E
yi =
U
= yi
Pi
U
1
=
Pi
E
2 M M
dx
I
Pi
L
0
M M
dx
I Pi
Theorem
1
E
M M
dx
I M '
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Theorem
Theorem
34
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Theorem
or slope .
If the resultant sum of all the definite integrals is positive, or is
Theorem
Example 1
P
C
L/5
4L/5
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Theorem
Actual Beam
Solution:
C
4L/5
L/5
Theorem
Actual Beam
Solution:
MB = 0
4L/5
L/5
4
4L
RA = P
RA ( L ) P = 0
RB
RA
5
5
Moment Function, M
1
L
1
L
4
4
M = + P x 0 P x
= P x P x
5
5
5
5
M 4
L
= x x
P 5
5
NOTE: Do not set P = 0 since there is a force acting at point C where
deflection is required.
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Theorem
Actual Beam
Solution:
C =
1 L M
M P dx
EI 0
C
C
4L/5
L/5
L 4
L
1 L4
C =
Px P x x x dx
EI 0 5
5 5
5
2
2
2
P L4
L
4
P L 4
L
L
=
x
x
dx
=
x
x
x
x
dx
EI 0 5
5
5
5
5
EI 0 5
2
2
P L4
P L8
L
P L
L
16 PL3
=
x
dx
x
x
dx
+
x
dx
C =
EI 0 5
EI 0 5
5
EI 0
5
1875 EI
2
P L 16 2
P L8
L
P L
L
Deflection is in the
=
x dx
x x dx +
x dx
same direction as P.
EI 0 25
EI L 5 5
5
EI L 5
5
Theorem
Example 2
3200 lb/ft
A
4
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Theorem
Actual Beam
3200 lb/ft
Solution:
Step 1: External Force P (Required:
Deflection)
P
C
Theorem
Actual Beam
x
Solution:
3200 lb/ft
MB = 0
4
4
8
RB
RA
4
RA (12) P(16) 3200(4) = 0
2
4
6400
RA = P +
3
3
Moment Function, M
3200
2
6400
1
1
4
x 12
M = P x 0 + P +
x4
2
3
3
M
4
2
6400
4
= x + x 4
M = Px + P +
x 4 1600 x 12
P
3
3
3
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Theorem
Actual Beam
x
Solution:
3200 lb/ft
P=0
6400
4
M = Px + P +
x4
3
3
A
4
RA
RB
1600 x 12
6400
M =
x 4 1600 x 12
3
M
4
= x + x 4
P
3
Example 2
3200 lb/ft
P=0
Solution:
Step 3: Castiglianos Theorem
Theorem
1 L M
4
8
M P dx
RA
EI 0
1 16 6400
4
2
C =
x 4 1600 x 12 x + x 4 dx
EI 0 3
3
C =
1 16 6400
6400 4
4
2
2
3 x x 4 + 1600 x x 12 + 3 3 x 4 1600 3 x 12
EI 0
RB
x 4 dx
1 16 6400
1 16
2
x( x 4 )dx +
1600 x( x 12) dx
EI 4
3
EI 12
193422.222
1 16 6400 4
1 16
4
2
2
+
( x 4) dx
1600 ( x 12 ) ( x 4 )dx =
EI 4 3
3
EI 12
3
EI
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Example 2
193422.222
EI
193422.222 (12 in ft )
2
lb 12in
1 ft
10 x10 2
100in 4
in 1 ft
12in
1 L M
M P dx
EI 0
3200 lb/ft
Solution:
C =
Theorem
RA
RB
= 0.334 in = 0.334 in
Deflection is upwards.
Computed deflection is
negative which means it
is opposite the direction
of P.
Theorem
Example 3
P
B
L/2
L/2
Determine:
The slope at point B of the beam
shown.
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Theorem
Actual Beam
P
Solution:
Step 1: External Couple Moment M
(Required: Slope)
M
C
L/2
L/2
Theorem
Actual Beam
x
P
Solution:
M
M = P x 0 + M ' x
L
L
= Px + M ' x
2
2
L/2
M
L
= x
M '
2
Set M = 0
M = Px
M
L
= x
M '
2
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Theorem
Actual Beam
x
P
Solution:
Step 3: Castiglianos Theorem
1 L M
B =
dx
M
EI 0 M '
0
1 L
L
(
)
B =
Px
x
dx
EI 0
2
A
B
L/2
L/2
1
1
Px 2
( Px ) x L dx = 1 ( Px ) dx = 1
EI L 2
2
EI 2 L 2
EI L 2
Always equal to 1.
1 PL2 P( L 2)
=
+
EI 2
2
= 3 PL
8 EI
M
B
42