Application of The Homotopy Perturbation Method in Steady State Brusselator Model

Advances in Chemical Science Volume 3 Issue 3, November 2014
www.seipub.org/sepacs
Application of the Homotopy Perturbation

Method in Steady State Brusselator Model
V.Ananthaswamy1, P. Jeyabarathi2
Department of Mathematics, The Madura College (Autonomous), Maduri, Tamil Nadu, India
Department of Mathematics, K.L.N. Engineering College, Pottapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
2
1
ananthu9777@rediffmail.com; 2 bsc.jeya@yahoo.com
Abstract
In this research paper the analytical expression for the
concentrations of the reaction-diffusion equations in steady
state Brusselator model is discussed. The approximate
analytical solution of the steady state non-linear boundary
value problem is derived by using the Homotopy
perturbation method. The Homotopy-perturbation method
has the advantage of being more concise for analytical and
numerical functions. This method can be easily extended to
find the solution of the other strongly non-linear initial and
boundary value problems in engineering and chemical
sciences.
Keywords
Two-point Boundary Value Problem; Non-linear ReactionDiffusion Equation; Steady State Brusselator Model; Homotopy
Perturbation Method
Introduction
Systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
arise in mathematical models throughout science and
engineering. When an explicit condition (or
conditions) that a solution must satisfy is specified at
one value of the independent variable, usually its
lower bound, this is referred to as an initial value
problem (IVP). When the conditions to be satisfied
occur at more than one value of the independent
variable, this is referred to as a boundary value
problem (BVP). If there are two values of the
independent variable at which conditions are
specified, then this is a two-point boundary value
problem (TPBVP). TPBVPs occur in a wide variety of
problems, including the modeling of chemical
reactions, heat transfer, and diffusion. They are also of
interest in optimal control problems. For a typical
TPBVP, when expressed as system of first-order ODEs,
there are one or more unknown initial states. Solving
the TPBVP is equivalent to finding these initial states.
In other cases, the initial states are known, but there
are unknown model parameters, and solving the
TPBVP requires finding values for these parameters.
There may also be a combination of unknown initial

states and parameters that must be determined to
solve theTPBVP. A TPBVP may have no solution, a
single solution, or multiple solutions. There are many
techniques available for the numerical solution of
TPBVPs for ODEs [Heath (2002), Chen et. al (2005 &
2006) ].
Reaction-diffusion (RD) systems arise frequently in the
study of chemical and biological phenomena and are
naturally modeled by partial differential equations.
Finding accurate and efficient methods for solving
nonlinear system of PDEs has long been an active
research undertaking. In this analysis, we study the
reaction-diffusion Brusselator model which models a
chemical reaction diffusion process by homotopy
perturbation method. Wazwaz (2000) used the
Adomian decomposition method to handle the
reaction-diffusion Brusselator model. In recent years,
much attention has been given to the study of the
Homotopy-perturbation method (HPM) for solving a
wide range of problems whose mathematical models
yield differential equation or system of differential
equations.
Mathematical Formulations of the Problem
The steady state Brusselator model is a reactiondiffusion system in fixed, bounded and one
dimensional medium. The reaction scheme of the
system is [Lin et. al (2008)]
A X
2 X Y 3 X
B X Y D
X E
The system is open, allowing the concentrations of the
reactants
and
to be kept at a constant level
throughout the reaction/diffusion medium. In the
event of all forward rate constants set to one and all
reverse rate constants set to zero, the steady-state
31
concentration profiles for X and Y are described are

by
DX
2 X
( B 1) X A X 2Y
z 2
(1)
2Y
X 2Y B X
z 2
(2)
DY
Where A , B , X and Y are real and denote the

concentrations of the corresponding chemical species,
DX and DY are the diffusion coefficients for X and
Y respectively. The spatial coordinates in the
reaction/diffusion medium is the independent
variable z 0, L . The corresponding boundary
conditions are
X (0) X ( L) A and Y (0) Y ( L) B / A
(3)
Solution of the Boundary Value Problem

Using the Homotopy Perturbation Method
Linear and non-linear phenomena are of fundamental
importance in various fields of science and
engineering. Most models of real life problems are
still very difficult to solve. Therefore, approximate
analytical solutions such as Homotopy perturbation
method (HPM) [Ghori et. al (2007), Ozis et. al(2007), Li
et. al(2007), Mousa et. al(2008), He (1999 and 2003),
Ariel (2010), Ananthaswamy et. al(2012) and Subha et.
al(2014) ] were introduced. This method is the most
effective and convenient ones for both linear and nonlinear equations. Perturbation method is based on
assuming a small parameter. The majority of nonlinear problems, especially those having strong nonlinearity, have no small parameters at all and the
approximate solutions obtained by the perturbation
methods, in most cases, are valid only for small values
of the small parameter. Generally, the perturbation
solutions are uniformly valid as long as a scientific
system parameter is small. However, we cannot rely
fully on the approximations, because there is no
criterion on which the small parameter should exist.
Thus, it is essential to check the validity of the
approximations numerically and/or experimentally.
To overcome these difficulties, HPM have been
proposed recently.
Recently, many authors have applied the Homotopy
perturbation method (HPM) to solve the nonlinear
boundary value problems in physics and engineering
sciences [Ghori et. al (2007), Ozis et. al(2007), Li et.
32
al(2007), Mousa et. al(2008)]. Recently this method is

also used to solve some of the non-linear problem in
physical sciences [He (1999 and 2003)]. This method is
a combination of Homotopy in topology and classic
perturbation techniques. Ji-Huan He used to solve the
Lighthill equation (1999), the Diffusion equation (2003)
and the Blasius equation [He (2003) and Ariel (2010)].
The HPM is unique in its applicability, accuracy and
efficiency. The HPM uses the imbedding parameter p
as a small parameter, and only a few iterations are
needed to search for an asymptotic solution.
Appendix A: Basic Concept of the
Homotopy Perturbation Method [He (1999
and 2003)]
To explain this method, let us consider the following
function:
Do (u) f (r ) 0,
(A.1)
with the boundary conditions of

Bo (u ,
u
) 0,
n
(A.2)
where Do is a general differential operator, Bo is a

boundary operator,
f (r ) is a known analytical
function and is the boundary of the domain . In

general, the operator Do can be divided into a linear
part L and a non-linear part N . The eqn.(A.1) can
therefore be written as
L(u) N (u) f (r ) 0
(A.3)
By the Homotopy technique, we construct

Homotopy v(r, p) : [0,1] that satisfies
H (v, p) (1 p)[ L(v) L(u0 )] p[ Do (v) f (r )] 0 (A.4)

H (v, p) L(v) L(u0 ) pL(u0 ) p[ N (v) f (r )] 0 (A.5)
where p [0, 1] is an embedding parameter, and u0 is
an initial approximation of the eqn.(A.1) that satisfies
the boundary conditions. From the eqns. (A.4) and
(A.5), we have
H (v,0) L(v) L(u0 ) 0
(A.6)
H (v,1) Do (v) f (r ) 0
(A.7)
When p=0, the eqns.(A.4) and (A.5) become linear

equations. When p =1, they become non-linear
equations. The process of changing p from zero to
unity is that of L(v) L(u0 ) 0 to Do (v) f (r ) 0 . We
first use the embedding parameter p as a small
parameter and assume that the solutions of the eqns.

(A.4) and (A.5) can be written as a power series in p :
v v0 pv1 p 2 v2 ...
(A.8)
Setting p 1 results in the approximate solution of

the eqn. (A.1):
u lim v v0 v1 v2 ...
(A.9)
p 1
This is the basic idea of the HPM.

Appendix B: Solution of the Non-linear Eqns.
(1)-(3) by Using the Homotopy
Perturbation Method
d 2 (Y0 pY1 p 2Y2 .....)
dz 2
1 p
d 2 (Y0 pY1 p 2Y2 .....)
2
dz
( X pX p 2 X ....) 2
0
1
2

(Y0 pY1 p 2Y2 .....)
p
0
2
B ( X 0 pX 1 p X 2 ....)

DY

(B.6)
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of p in the

eqns.(B.5) and (B.6) we get
In this Appendix, we indicate how the eqns. (4) and (5)

is derived in this paper. To find the solution of the
eqns.(1)-(3) ,we construct the Homotopy as follows:
d2X
1 p
( B 1) X
DX
dz
d 2 X ( B 1) X A X 2Y
p 2
DX
dZ
p0 :
d 2 X0
dz
( B 1) X 0
0
DX
p0 :
(B.1)
p1 :
d 2Y
d 2Y ( X 2Y BX )
2
0
2
DY
dz
dz
1 p
(B.2)
The analytical solution of the eqns. (B.1) and (B.2) are
d 2 X1
dz
d 2Y0
dz 2
(B.8)
( B 1) X 1 A X 02 Y0

DX
DX

p1 :
(B.7)
BX 0 X 02 Y0

DY
dz
d 2Y1
2
(B.10)
The initial approximations are as follows:
X X 0 pX1 p 2 X 2 ..........
(B.3)
X 0 0 X 0 ( L) A and Y0 0 Y0 ( L) B / A
Y Y0 pY1 p 2Y2 ..........
(B.4)
X i 0 X i ( L) 0 and
Substituting the eqns.(B.3) and (B.4)

eqns.(B.1) and (B.2) respectively we get
into the
Y0 0 Y0 ( L) B / A, i 1, 2,3.....
(B.11)
(B.12)
Solving the eqns.(B.7)-(B.10) and using the boundary

condition eqn.(B.11) and (B.12), we obtain the
following results:
d 2 ( X 0 pX 1 p 2 X 2 ....)
2
dz
1 p
( B 1)( X 0 pX 1 p 2 X 2 ....)
DX
d 2 ( X 0 pX 1 p 2 X 2 ...)
2
dz
( B 1)( X pX p 2 X ....) A
0
1
2

( X 0 pX 1 p 2 X 2 ....) 2
p
0
2
(Y0 pY1 p Y2 ...)
DX

(B.9)
A
k L
kz
kL
k z
X0
(1 e ) e (1 e ) e (B.13)
2sinh(kL)
Y0
(B.5)
B
A
(B.14)
k1
k L
kz
kL
k z
X1
(1 e ) e (1 e ) e 2
2sinh(
kL
)
k DX
(1 e k L ) 2 e 2 k z (1 ek L ) 2 e 2 k z
AB
kL
k L
6 (1 e ) (1 e )
2
2
12 k DX sinh (k L)
(B.15)
33
AB
Y1
2
DY k
kL 2
k L 2
A B (1 e ) (1 e )

16 DY k 2 sinh 2 (k L)

A B (1 e k L ) (1 e k L ) ( L z z 2 )

4 DY sinh 2 (k L)
k
L
k
z
k
L
k
A B (1 e ) e (1 e ) e z
2 DY sinh 2 (k L)
k
L
2
2
k
z
k
L
2
2
A B (1 e ) e (1 e ) e k z
16 k 2 DY sinh 2 (k L)
(B.16)
( B 1)
DX
(1 e k L ) 2 (1 ek L ) 2
AB
6 (1 ek L ) (1 e k L )
k1
12 k 2 DX sinh 2 (k L)
(6)
(7)
Results and Discussions
respectively.
Figure 1 and 2 shows the dimensionless concentration

X versus the dimensionless distance z. From the Fig.
1 (a)- (g), it is clear that, when the dimensionless
L
constant
increases,
the
corresponding
concentration X ( z ) decreases in some fixed values of
According to the HPM, we can conclude that
the dimensionless parameters DX , DY , A and B. From
where k and k1 are defined by the eqns. (6) and (7)
X lim X ( z) X 0 X1
(B.17)
Fig.2 (a)-(b), it is noted that when the diffusion

coefficient
increases,
the
corresponding
DX
Y lim Y ( z ) Y0 Y1
(B.18)
concentrations X ( z ) also increases in some fixed
p 1
p 1
After putting the eqns. (B.13) and (B.15) into an

eqn.(B.17), and (B.14) and (B.16) into an eqn. (B.18), we
obtain the solution in the text eqns.(4) and (5).
values of the dimensionless parameters and for

various ranges of the dimensionless constant L .
(a)
The approximate analytical solution of eqns.(1)-(3)

using the Homotopy perturbation method is given by
k A
k L
kz
kL
k z
X ( z) 1
(1 e ) e (1 e ) e
2sinh(
kL
)
A
2
k DX
(4)
(1 e k L ) 2 e2 k z (1 ek L ) 2 e2 k z
AB

6 (1 ek L ) (1 e k L )
2
2
12 k DX sinh (k L)
B AB
Y ( z )
A DY k 2
kL 2
k L 2
A B (1 e ) (1 e )

16 DY k 2 sinh 2 (k L)

A B (1 e k L ) (1 e k L ) ( L z z 2 )

4 DY sinh 2 (k L)
k
L
k
z
k
L
k
A B (1 e ) e (1 e ) e z
2 DY sinh 2 (k L)
k
L
2
2
k
z
k
L
2
2
A B (1 e ) e (1 e ) e k z
16 k 2 DY sinh 2 (k L)
where
34
(b)
(5)
(c)
(g)
(d)
FIGURE 1: DIMENSIONLESS CONCENTRATION X VERSUS
THE DIMENSIONLESS DISTANCE z . THE CONCENTRATION
X ( z ) WERE COMPUTED USING THE EQN. (4) IN SOME FIXED
VALUES OF THE DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
DX , DY , A and B , WHEN (A) L 0.05 , (B) L 0.10 , (C) L 0.15,
(D) L 0.20, (E) L 0.25, (F) L 0.30 AND (G) L 0.35 .
(a)
(e)
(b)
(f)

VALUES OF THE DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS DY , A and B
AND VARIOUS VALUES OF THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT DX
WHEN (A) L 0.10 AND (B) L 0.35 .
35
(a)
(b)
(e)
(f)
(c)
(g)
(d)
FIGURE 3: DIMENSIONLESS CONCENTRATION Y VERSUS

Y ( z ) WERE COMPUTED USING THE EQN. (4) IN SOME FIXED
VALUES OF THE DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS
DX , DY , A and B , WHEN (A) L 0.05 , (B) L 0.10 , (C) L 0.15,
(D) L 0.20, (E) L 0.25 , (F) L 0.30 AND (G) L 0.35 .
Figure 3 and 4 shows the dimensionless concentration

Y versus the dimensionless distance z. From the Fig. 2
(a)- (g), it is inferred that when the dimensionless
L
constant
increases,
the
corresponding
concentration Y ( z ) also increases in some fixed values
of the dimensionless parameters DX , DY , A and B.
From Fig.4 (a)-(b), it is observed that when the
36
diffusion coefficient DX increases, the corresponding

concentrations Y ( z ) also increases in some fixed
values of the dimensionless parameters and for
various ranges of the dimensionless constant L .
(a)
Homotopy-perturbation method is a promising tool

for linear and non-linear system of ordinary and
partial differential equations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are also thankful to Shri. S. Natanagopal,

the Secretary, The Madura College Board, Madurai,
Dr. R. Murali, The Principal, The Madura College
(Autonomous) and Mr. S. Muthukumar, Head of the
Department of Mathematics, The Madura College
(Autonomous), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India for their
constant encouragement.
Appendix C: Nomenclature
Symbo
l
(b)
Meaning
Dimensionless constant
Steady state concentration profile for
the chemical specie A
Steady state concentration profile for
the chemical specie B
Y
z
Dimensionless distance
Diffussion coefficient for the
concentration of the chemical specie A
Diffussion coefficient for the
concentration of the chemical specie B
DX
DY
REFERENCES
VALUES OF THE DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS DY , A and B
AND VARIOUS VALUES OF THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT DX
WHEN (A) L 0.10 AND (B) L 0.35 .
Conclusion
This investigation is carried out using the Homotopy
perturbation method (HPM) to approximate the
solutions of well-known steady state Brusselator
reaction-diffusion model. The HPM is very simple and
straightforward. HPM avoids the difficulties arising in
finding the Adomian polynomials and transformation
formulas.Very recently, the HPM has been widely
used to solve many problems in engineering and
sciences because of it's reliability and the reduction in
the size of computations. It is shown that the
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Author Introduction
Dr. Vembu Ananthaswamy received
his M.Sc. Mathematics degree from
The Madura College (Autonomous),
Madurai-625011, Tamil Nadu, India
during the year 2000. He has received
his M.Phil degree in Mathematics
from Madurai Kamaraj University,
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India during
the year 2002. He has received his
Ph.D., degree (Under the guidance of
Dr. L. Rajendran, Assistant Professor, Department of
Mathematics, The Madura College, Tamil Nadu, India) from
Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India,
during the year October 2013. He has more than 14 years
and 6 months of teaching experiences for Engineering
Colleges, Arts & Science Colleges and Deemed University.
He has 3 years of research experiences. At present he is
working as Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,
The Madura College (Autonomous), Madurai-625 011, Tamil
Nadu, India from 2008 onwards. His present research
interest includes: Mathematical modeling based on
differential equations and asymptotic approximations,
Analysis of system of non-linear reaction diffusion equations
in physical, chemical and biological sciences, Numerical
Analysis, Mathematical Biology, Mathematical and
Computational Modeling, Mathematical Modeling for
Ecological systems. He has participated more than 20 State
level/National/International seminars and workshops and
presented 7 research papers in National and International
Conferences.
He has published more than 30 research
articles in peer-reviewed National and International Journals
and communicated 5 research articles in reputed National
and
International
Journals.
Presently
he
is
Reviewer/Editorial Board Member/Advisory Board Member
in 67 reputed National and International Journals. He has
reviewed more than 17 research articles in reputed
International Journals. Currently he has been doing one
ongoing minor research project sanctioned by UGC in the
duration of 18 months.
Ms. Ponraj Jeyabarathi received her
M.Sc., in Mathematics from Lady
Doak
College
(Autonomous),
Madurai during the year 2011. She
has received her M.Phil., degree in
Mathematics
from The Madura
College (Autonomous), Maudrai,
Tamil Nadu, India during the year
2012. Her M.Phil., thesis title is
Analytical expression of a Steady
State Concentration of the Species Enzyme-Containing
Polymer Modified Electrode. She has more than 2 years
and 6 months of teaching experiences in Arts & Science and
Professional Colleges. Currently, she is working as Assistant

Professor in the Department of Mathematics, K.L.N.
Engineering College, Pottappalayam, Madurai, Tamil Nadu,
India from the year 2013 to till date. She is going to register
her Ph.D., degree under the guidance of
Dr. V.
Ananthaswamy, Assistant Professor, Department of
Mathematics, The Madura College (Autonomous), Madurai,

Tamil Nadu, India. Her current research area includes
Mathematical Modeling in Biological sciences, Asymptotic
methods, perturbation techniques. She has participated in
National and International Conferences.
39

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Advances in Chemical Science Volume 3 Issue 3, November 2014