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Temp. (C)

Recommended heating curve (preheat, interpass temperature, postweld hydrogen bake-out,

PWHT) for the welding of material P91

c5

c4
c3
c2
c1
t1

t2 t3

t4

t5

t6 t7

t8

t9

t10

Time (hours)

t2 - t1 = welding implementation.
t4 t3 = postweld hydrogen bake-out (it is recommended to be 4 hours).
t5 = martensite finish point.
t7 = after this point the increase of temperature shall be done as specified in ASME B31.1, par. 132.5.
t9 t8 = holding time as specified in ASME B31.1, table 132.
t10 = up to this point the decrease of temperature shall be done as specified in ASME B31.1, par. 132.5.
(the time periods that are not specified above shall be at the manufacturers choice)
c1 = martensite finish temperature (temperature at which the transformation of austenite in martensite is
complete), for the material P91 is about 90 C.
c2 = preheat temperature, it shall be at least 200 C but not more than 300 C and thus also the maximum
interpass temperature shall be 300 C (the "maximum interpass" helps to prevent the possibility of hot
cracking due to the silicon and niobium content of the weld metal).
c3 = temperature of postweld hydrogen bake-out (hydrogen diffusion), it is recommended to be 300 C.
c4 = 315 C as specified in ASME B31.1, par. 132.5.
c5 = holding temperature, 700 - 760 C as specified in ASME B31.1, table 132.