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Transmission of nerve
impulses
Penghantaran impuls saraf
TYPES OF RESPIRATION
The respiratory process is a series of biochemical reactios carried in living cells that result in the
release of energy from glucose.
Divide into two stages:
External respiration
Internal respiration
External respiration or breathing is process in which oxygen is transffered from the
surrounding into the body cells and carbon dioxide is transferred from the body cells to
the surrounding.
Internal respiration or cellular respiration is the biochemical process in which energy is
made available to all living cells by breakdown of organic molecules such as glucose.
Two types of cellular respiration:
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Definition//Definisi:
Oxidation// Pengoksidaan:
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DOAerobic
YOUR respiration
BEST, THErequires
GOD WILL
DOinTHE REST Glucose fully oxidised to energy
oxygen
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION //
Mitochondria
Presence of intermediate
substance:
RESPIRASI AEROB
There is no
intermediate
substance form.
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Oxygen debt-When the rate at which oxygen is used by the muscles exceeds the amount
of oxygen supplied by the blood. As a result, an oxygen debt builds up in the body.
Accumulation of lactic acid can cause muscle cramps and fatigue.
Reduce or pay oxygen: Lactic acid
- Oxidised to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water
- converted into glycogen and stored in muscl tissue.
Body pays back its debt incurred above after the exercise is over. Even after you are
done racing you will continue to breathe hard. At this point your body is still trying to
Definition// Definasi:
refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence
of oxygen to produce energy
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Oxidation// Pengoksidaan:
Incomplete oxidation of glucose
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION //
RESPIRASI ANAEROB
C ytoplasm
Animal cell
C6H12O6
2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP.
Plant cell
C6H12O6
Amount of energy
Produced:
Less energy produced
150 200 J
Yeast famously carries out fermentation in the production of ethanol in beers, wines and
other alcoholic drinks, along with the production of large quantities of carbon dioxide
Aerobic respiration
Similarities
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Anaerobic respiration
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration
Break down glucose
Release energy and stored in the ATP molecules
Catalysed by enzyme
Differences
present
Availability of oxygen
Absent
Complete oxidation
Oxidation of glucose
Incomplete oxidation
Carbon dioxide, water and
Product of respiration
Lactic acid (muscle), ethanol
energy
and carbon dioxide (plant),
energy
Experiment: Demonstrating the process of aerobic respiration
Soda lime is used to absorb the carbon dioxide released during respiration
The height of caloured liquid increase because
Oxygen used up for respiration by the seeds
Carbon dioxide released absorb by soda lime.
Pressure in conical flask A drop and the higher atmospheric pressure pushes the
coloured liquid up the capillary tube.
Experiment: Investigating anaerobic respiration in yeast
Paraffin oil is added to prevent air from dissolving in the glucose solution and boiled to
remove the dissolve oxygen.
At the end of the experiment the lime water turns cloudy because
Anaerobic respiration has taken place where the carbon dioxide produce turns the
lime water to cloudy.
Energy produces increase the temperature and detect by thermometer.
The smell of ethanol confirms that anaerobic respiration has taken place.
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
INHALATION
EXHALATION
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
ADAPTATION
BREATHING MECHANISM
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
inhalation
exhalation
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
- Glottis open, nostrils close, bucco-pharyngeal floor rise, air into lungs
- Exhale lung muscle contract, air expelled
Characteristic
Respiratory
system
Respiratory
organ
Large surface
area to
volume ratio
Numerous
tracheoles
Numerous filaments
and lamellae
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Lungs with
numerous inner
positions and
gaseous exchange
Numerous
alveoli
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
Respiratory
structure
Respiratory
opening
Network of
blood
capillaries
Air passages
Other
structure help
in external
respiration
Plasma
membran
e
None
tracheoles
filaments and
lamellae
alveoli
Spiracles
Nostrils
Nostrils
None
None
None
Spiracles
Tracheae
Tracheoles
Body cells
Mouth and
operculum
The filaments are
rich with blood
capillaries
Mouth
Opercular cavity
Gills
Lamellae
operculum
None
Thorax,
abdomen
The strong
muscular walls of
the buccalpharngeal
floor.
Operculum and
muscular walls of
the floor of the
buccal cavity
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
H2CO3
CO2 + H2O
Carbon dioxide
reacts with water
to form carbonic
acid
Drop in pH value
of blood
Central chemoreceptor
- Located in the medulla
oblongata
Peripheral chemoreceptor
- Aortic bodies (within
the aortic arch) and
carotid bodies (at
carotid artery)
Chemoreceptors send
nerve impulses to
respiratory centre
Detect changes in pH
Partial pressure of
carbon dioxide increase
During vigorous
exercise
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
In fear
Breathing rate and heartbeat rates increase to meet the demand of higher respiration rate
in the cells.
Needed to generate more energy to enable the person in distress or in fear to cope better.
Adrenal gland secretes the adrenaline hormone which increases the heartbeat and
breathing rates.
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
Stomata are openings generally present on the lower surface of the leaves through which
the gases and water vapour diffuse in and out easily. The oxygen diffuses in through the
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
stomata and then enters the leaf cells. Similarly, the carbon dioxide produced by the leaf
cells diffuses out through the stomata.
In woody stems, the entire surface is covered by bark which is impervious to gases or
water. However, there are certain openings or pores in the layer of bark. These are called
the lenticels.
They are visible slightly more raised than the general surface of the stem. At the base of
the lenticels are loosely arranged cells which allow the diffused gases to pass through
them.
Lenticel
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stomata
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Light intensity
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