CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

7.1 THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION

WHY WE NEED ENERGY :D
Anabolism, that is synthesisi of
macromolecules from simple substance

Synthesis substances such as enzyme,

hormone, antibody, and other proteins.

Anabolisme iaitu sintesis makromolekul

daripada molekul ringkas

Penghasilan enzim, hormon, antibodi dan

protein yang lain.

Transmission of nerve
impulses
Penghantaran impuls saraf

Energy is used for

Tenaga digunakan

Maintains our body

temperature
Mengekalkan suhu badan

Carry out active transport to transport

substance across the plasma membrane

Muscle contraction for locomotion and

movement

Pengangkutan aktif bahan merentasi

plasma membrane

Pengecutan otot untuk melakukan

pergerakan

TYPES OF RESPIRATION
The respiratory process is a series of biochemical reactios carried in living cells that result in the
release of energy from glucose.
Divide into two stages:
External respiration
Internal respiration
External respiration or breathing is process in which oxygen is transffered from the
surrounding into the body cells and carbon dioxide is transferred from the body cells to
the surrounding.
Internal respiration or cellular respiration is the biochemical process in which energy is
made available to all living cells by breakdown of organic molecules such as glucose.
Two types of cellular respiration:
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Definition//Definisi:

Oxidation// Pengoksidaan:

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DOAerobic
YOUR respiration
BEST, THErequires
GOD WILL
DOinTHE REST Glucose fully oxidised to energy

oxygen

order to generate energy (ATP).

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

Oxidation takes place

in //

AEROBIC RESPIRATION //

Mitochondria

Presence of intermediate
substance:

RESPIRASI AEROB

There is no
intermediate
substance form.

Amount of energy produced

C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) Hc -2880 kJ

More energy produced- 2880 kJ

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Oxygen debt-When the rate at which oxygen is used by the muscles exceeds the amount
of oxygen supplied by the blood. As a result, an oxygen debt builds up in the body.
Accumulation of lactic acid can cause muscle cramps and fatigue.
Reduce or pay oxygen: Lactic acid
- Oxidised to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water
- converted into glycogen and stored in muscl tissue.

Body pays back its debt incurred above after the exercise is over. Even after you are
done racing you will continue to breathe hard. At this point your body is still trying to

repay the oxygen debt that was created

Oxygen Deficit. While exercising intensely the body is sometimes unable to fulfill all of
its energy needs.

Definition// Definasi:
refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence
of oxygen to produce energy

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Oxidation// Pengoksidaan:
Incomplete oxidation of glucose
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

Oxidation takes place

in:

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION //
RESPIRASI ANAEROB

C ytoplasm

Animal cell
C6H12O6

2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP.

Lactic acid + oxygen

carbon dioxide + water + energy

Plant cell
C6H12O6

2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP

Amount of energy
Produced:
Less energy produced
150 200 J

Presence of intermediate substance

Kehadiran bahan perantara:
Animal cell: Lactic acid
Plant cell:Ethanol + carbon dioxide

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (in plant cells)

Anaerobic respiration in yeast
- produce ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy
Known as fermentation
Fermentation is a process of energy production in a cell under anaerobic conditions
C6H12O6

2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP

Yeast famously carries out fermentation in the production of ethanol in beers, wines and
other alcoholic drinks, along with the production of large quantities of carbon dioxide
Aerobic respiration

Similarities

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Anaerobic respiration

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration
Break down glucose
Release energy and stored in the ATP molecules
Catalysed by enzyme
Differences
present
Availability of oxygen
Absent
Complete oxidation
Oxidation of glucose
Incomplete oxidation
Carbon dioxide, water and
Product of respiration
Lactic acid (muscle), ethanol
energy
and carbon dioxide (plant),
energy
Experiment: Demonstrating the process of aerobic respiration

Soda lime is used to absorb the carbon dioxide released during respiration
The height of caloured liquid increase because
Oxygen used up for respiration by the seeds
Carbon dioxide released absorb by soda lime.
Pressure in conical flask A drop and the higher atmospheric pressure pushes the
coloured liquid up the capillary tube.
Experiment: Investigating anaerobic respiration in yeast
Paraffin oil is added to prevent air from dissolving in the glucose solution and boiled to
remove the dissolve oxygen.
At the end of the experiment the lime water turns cloudy because
Anaerobic respiration has taken place where the carbon dioxide produce turns the
lime water to cloudy.
Energy produces increase the temperature and detect by thermometer.
The smell of ethanol confirms that anaerobic respiration has taken place.

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

7.2 RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES AND BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMANS

AND ANIMALS
GASEOUS EXCHANGE ACROSS THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE AND TRANSPORT
OF GASES IN HUMAN
Exchange between lung and blood capillaries
- Concentration of oxygen / partial pressure of oxygen of alveoli is higher compare to
partial pressure of oxygen in blood capillaries.
- oxygen dissolves across the blood capillaries in the blood.
Exchange between blood capillaries and cells.

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
INHALATION

EXHALATION

External intercostaol muscle contract and

internal intercostal muscle relax
Rib cage move upwards and outwards
Diaphragm muscles contract (lower and
flattens)
Volume of the thoracic cavity increase
pressure decrease
Atmospheric pressure higher
forces the air into the lung

TRACHEAL SYSTEM IN INSECTS

Composes of air tubes called tracheae (rings of chitin- prevent from collapsing)
Air enter through opening- spiracles
Tracheoles- tracheae branches
Oxygen --spiracles---tracheae---tracheolesbody cells
Breathing mechanism
- Inhales: abdominal muscles relax and spiracles open
- Air pressure inside decrease, air is drawn in
- Exhale: abdominal muscle contract
- Air pressure increase, air force out

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

THE STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION OF GILL // STRUKTUR ADAPTASI INSANG

Countercurrent exchange
- Countercurrent flow maximises the oxygen
transfer- water move in one direction against
the blood flow

- Increase in flow of water over respiratory

surface by
- opening and closing operculum

ADAPTATION

Thin for gaseous exchange and dense blood

capillaries.

Large surface area of the filament and

lamellae

BREATHING MECHANISM

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

inhalation

exhalation

Buccal cavity lowers,

opercular cavity enlarges
and operculum closes

Lower the pressure, water

drawn into the mouth

Mouth close, buccal cavity

raises, water flow through
lamellae and exchange take
place
Opercular cavity become smaller,
buccal cavity pressure higher,
operculum open and water flow
out

STRUCTURE AND BREATHING MECHANISM OF AMPHIBIANS

The structural adaptation of the skin
-Thin, permeable and moist (mucus gland)
- beneath the skin is a network of blood capilaries
The structural adaptation of the lung
-Thin walled sac through opening glottis
Breathing mechanism
-Inhale- nostrils open, bucco-pharyngeal floor lower & glottis close
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
- Glottis open, nostrils close, bucco-pharyngeal floor rise, air into lungs
- Exhale lung muscle contract, air expelled

Characteristic
Respiratory
system
Respiratory
organ
Large surface
area to
volume ratio

Differences in the respiratory system between human and animals

Protozoa Insect
Fish
Amphibians
Humans
None
Tracheal
Gills
Skin and pulmonary
Human
system
system
respiratory
system
None
Tracheae
Gills
Skin and lungs
Lungs
One cell
and small
bodies

Numerous
tracheoles

Numerous filaments
and lamellae

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Lungs with
numerous inner
positions and
gaseous exchange

Numerous
alveoli

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
Respiratory
structure
Respiratory
opening
Network of
blood
capillaries
Air passages

Other
structure help
in external
respiration

Plasma
membran
e
None

tracheoles

filaments and
lamellae

Lungs and skin

alveoli

Spiracles

Nostrils

Nostrils

None

None

None

Spiracles
Tracheae
Tracheoles
Body cells

Mouth and
operculum
The filaments are
rich with blood
capillaries
Mouth
Opercular cavity
Gills
Lamellae
operculum

The skin and lungs

are rich with blood
capillaries
Nostrils
Bucco-pharyngealcavity
lungs

The alveoli are

rich with blood
capillaries
Nostrils
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
alveoli

None

Thorax,
abdomen

The strong
muscular walls of
the buccalpharngeal
floor.

Rib cage and

intercostals
ratio.

Operculum and
muscular walls of
the floor of the
buccal cavity

THE TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN HUMANS

Transport of oxygen
1. Dissolved oxygen in blood plasma
2. Haemoglobin + oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin
Transport carbon dioxide
1. Dissolved carbon dioxide in blood plasma (7%)
2. Haemoglobin + oxygen
Carbaminohaemoglobin (23%)
3. Carbonic acid // Bicarbonate ions (H-CO3)
From body cell into blood capillaries
Carbon dioxide + water ===== carbonic acid (H2CO3)
(carbonic anhydrase)
Dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) = bicarbonate ions (H-CO3)
H2CO3
H-CO3 + H+
From blood capillaries into alveolus
Formation of carbonic acid (diffuse from blood plasma into red blood cell)
H-CO3 + H+
H2CO3
Carbonic acid break down into carbon dioxide and water
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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
H2CO3

CO2 + H2O

7.4 REGULATION OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BODY

Drop in pH detect
chemoreceptor

Carbon dioxide
reacts with water
to form carbonic
acid
Drop in pH value
of blood

Central chemoreceptor
- Located in the medulla
oblongata
Peripheral chemoreceptor
- Aortic bodies (within
the aortic arch) and
carotid bodies (at
carotid artery)

Chemoreceptors send
nerve impulses to
respiratory centre

Diaphragm and the

intercostals muscle
contract and relax more

Detect changes in pH

Partial pressure of
carbon dioxide increase

During vigorous
exercise
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Breathing rate and

ventilation rate increase

Carbon dioxide eliminated

from the body, the pH
value of blood return to
normal

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In fear

Breathing rate and heartbeat rates increase to meet the demand of higher respiration rate
in the cells.
Needed to generate more energy to enable the person in distress or in fear to cope better.
Adrenal gland secretes the adrenaline hormone which increases the heartbeat and
breathing rates.

7.5 THE IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Cigarette smoke tar, nicotine , carbon monoxide, acetone, benzene and formaldehyde
(carcinogenic)
Effect of cigarette smoke on the lungs
- Its acidic substance
- Increase body temperature
-Tar cause lung cancer, deposit on bronchioles
- Nicotine stimulant (heat failure), addiction, restricts the movement of cilia
- carbon monoxide- formation of carboxyhaemoglobin
Every year hundreds of thousands of people around the world die from diseases caused
by smoking.
One in two lifetime smokers will die from their habit. Half of these deaths will occur in
middle age.
Tobacco smoke also contributes to a number of cancers.
Smoking causes around one in five deaths from heart disease.
In younger people, three out of four deaths from heart disease are due to smoking.
Lung cancer from smoking is caused by the tar in tobacco smoke. Men who smoke are
ten times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers.
Heart disease and strokes are also more common among smokers than non-smokers.

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

Why is it so dangerous to smoke during pregnancy?

Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, including truly nasty things like cyanide,
lead, and at least 60 cancer-causing compounds. When you smoke during pregnancy, that toxic
brew gets into your bloodstream, your baby's only source of oxygen and nutrients.
Brainfunction
Smoking during pregnancy can have lifelong effects on your baby's brain. Children of pregnant
smokers are especially likely to have learning disorders, behavioral problems, and relatively low
IQs.

The increase in temperature

indicates that heat is released during
smoking.
The colour of cotton wool changes
to yellowish/brownish because tar
condenses on the cotton.
The colour of universal indicator
changes from green to yellow the
oxides of nitrogen makes it acidic.

7.6 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

Stamata and lenticels

Exchange of gases take places through stomata and lenticels

Stomata are openings generally present on the lower surface of the leaves through which
the gases and water vapour diffuse in and out easily. The oxygen diffuses in through the

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
stomata and then enters the leaf cells. Similarly, the carbon dioxide produced by the leaf
cells diffuses out through the stomata.

In woody stems, the entire surface is covered by bark which is impervious to gases or
water. However, there are certain openings or pores in the layer of bark. These are called
the lenticels.

They are visible slightly more raised than the general surface of the stem. At the base of
the lenticels are loosely arranged cells which allow the diffused gases to pass through
them.

Lenticel

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stomata

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CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION

With the photosynthesis, the solar energy is cumulated by the

chloroplast as sugar molecules. With the respiration, made by
mitochondria, the energy is liberated and supplied to the cell for its
biochemical processes.
RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS

Net sugar production (rate of

photosynthesis > rate of
respiration
Net sugar loss (rate of respiration >
rate of photosynthesis
Compensation point

Light intensity

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