Mathematics Primer Exercises

Calculus Problem Sheet

1. Consider two functions f (x) = 9x + 2 and g (x) =
are functions of one another.

x
9

2
9:

Show that they

2. Obtain the inverse of the function f (x) = x1=3 + 2:

3. Calculate the following limits:
x2 4
lim
x!2 x
2
h3 + 8
lim
h! 2 h + 2

x2 x
lim 2
x!1 2x + 5x
7
(1=t) 1
lim
t!1 t
1

x!

x+5
25 x
25

lim

(x + h)
h!0
h
lim

x2 + 3 (x

lim
p
x! 2

x3

4)

4. Using the denition of the derivative, show that for

y
f (x)
g (x)

2x + 1; y 0 = 2
1
; f 0 (x) =
=
x 2

= jx

1
2

(x 2)
5j ; no derivative exists at x = 5

5. Dierentiate the following functions y; to obtain

y = x2
y = cos (4

4x + 2
3x)

y=

1
(4x2

+ 6x

7)

y = x exp(x)

6. Calculate the following

Z
p
x x2 4x + 2 dx
Z 2 2
x
1
dx
x
1
3

Z4 5

j2x

y 4 + 3y
y=

p
p
(3 x + 1) ( x
3j dx

dy
where :
dx
4x3 = 5x + 1

y = ln

3x2 x + 2
4x2 + 5

2) dx

2s 7
ds
s3
Z 1
5x 12
dx
x (x 4)

7. By using suitable substitutions (change of variable), evaluate the following

Z
Z
Z p
4
x2 + x
( u + 3)
3
p
3 x4 x3 dx
dx
du
4
u
(4 3x2 2x3 )
Z
Z
Z
3
1
1
2
1+
du
x
exp
x
dx
sin x exp (cos x) dx
u
u2

q
3

(2x + 5)

8. If f (x; y) = (x

y) sin (3x + 2y) ; determine fx ; f y ; fxx ; fyy ; fxy ; fyx :

Now evaluate these expressions at (0; =3) :

9. Show that z = ln (x

a) + (y

b)

satises

@2z
@2z
+
=0
@x2
@y 2
except at (a; b) :
10. Obtain Taylor series expansions for the following functions about the given
point x0 : If no point is given, then expand about the point 0 (in which
case you can use standard Taylor series expansions)
f (x) = x2 sin x
1
f (x) =
1 4x

f (x) = cos x; x0 = =3
3
f (x) =
2x + 5

f (x) = exp x; x0 =
x2 + 1
f (x) =
x 1

11. If U (x; y; z) = 2x2 yz + xz 2 ; where x = 2 sin t; y = t2

3 exp ( t) ;
dU
at t = 0:
nd
dt
12. Given w = f (x; y) ; x = r cos ; y = r sin ; show that
@w
@r

1
r2

@w
@

@w
@x

@w
@y

t + 1; z =

Mathematics Primer Exercises

1

Calculus Problem Sheet

1. Consider two functions f (x) = 9x + 2 and g (x) = x9
are inverse functions of one another.
This simply requires showing f (g (x)) = g (f (x)) = x
x 2
+2=x
9 9
9x + 2 2
2
=x+
9
9
9

f (g (x))

= 9

g (f (x))

2
9:

Show that they

2+2=x
2
=x
9

2. Obtain the inverse of the function f (x) = x1=3 + 2:

y = x1=3 + 2 ! x1=3 = y
3
x = (y 2) = g (y)
)

2
3

(x) = g (x) = (x

2)

3. Calculate the following limits:

x2
x!2 x
lim

4
(x + 2) (x
= lim
x!2
2
x 2

2)

= lim (x + 2) ! 4
x!2

x2 x
x (x 1)
x
1
= lim
= lim
!
x!1 2x2 + 5x
x!1
x!1
7
(2x + 7) (x 1)
(2x + 7)
9
p
p
p
x+5
x+5
x+5
p
p
= lim p
= lim p
lim
x! 25 ( x
x! 25 x
25
5) ( x + 5) x! 25 ( x 5) ( x + 5)
lim

(x + h)
h!0
h
lim

x3

!1

: see primer lecture notes

lim

h!

(h + 2)
6h (h + 2)
h3 + 8
2
= lim
= lim (h + 2)
h! 2
h! 2
2 h+2
h+2
lim

t!1

lim
p

x! 2

(1=t) 1
(1 t) =t
= lim
= lim
t!1
t!1
t 1
t 1
x2 + 3 (x

4) = lim
p

x2 + 3

x! 2

(t
t

lim
p (x

x! 2

1) =t
1
lim
t!1
1
t
4) ! 5

6h ! 12
!
p

1
2

4. Using the denition of the derivative, show that for

2x + 1; y 0 = 2
[2 (x + h) + 1] (2x + 1)
2x + 2h + 1
y 0 = lim
= lim
h!0
h!0
h
h
1
1
0
; f (x) =
f (x) =
2
x 2
(x 2)
y

f 0 (x)

=
=

g (x)
0
g+
(x)

=
=

0
g+
(x)

1
x 2+h

lim

(x

h!0

1
2 + h) (x

5j ; no derivative exists at x = 5
g (x + h) g (x)
g (5 + h)
0
lim
! g+
(5) = lim
h
h
h!0+
h!0+
jhj
h
lim
= lim
=1
h!0+ h
h!0+ h
g (x + h) g (x)
g (5 + h)
lim
! g 0 (5) = lim
h
h
h!0
h!0
h
jhj
= lim
= 1
lim
h
h!0+ h
h!0
g 0 (x) ) the derivative does not exist at x = 5:

dy
5. Dierentiate the following functions y; to obtain
:
dx
We know the Chain Rule:
y = f (u) where u = F (x) then

y
dy
dx

x2

4x + 2

5u4 : (2x

dy
dx

4) = 5 x2

+ 6x

7)

6 4x2 + 6x
y 4 + 3y

4x + 2

= 4x2 + 6x
7

(4x + 3)

4x3 = 5x + 1

implicit dierentiation:
5 + 12x2
dy
=
dx
4y 3 + 3
2

dy
df du
=
dx
du dx

1
(4x2

= lim

1 (x 2) (x 2 + h)
1
= lim
h!0 h (x
h (x 2 + h) (x 2)
1
=
2
2)
(x 2)

= lim

h!0

h!0

1
x 2

h!0

= jx

=
g 0 (x)

lim

2x

(2x

4)
3

g (5)

2h
= lim 2 = 2
h!0
h

h
2 + h) (x

= lim

j5 + h

= lim

j5 + h

h!0+

g (5)

h!0

2)

5j

j0j

5j

j0j

dy
dx

q
2
3
2
2=3
(2x + 5) = ln (2x + 5)
= ln (2x + 5))
3
4
3 (2x + 5)

ln

y = cos (4

3x) :

dy
= 3 sin (4
dx

3x)

Now use the product rule:

y = x2 exp(x) :

dy
= xex (2 + x)
dx

Next problem requires the quotient role

y

y0

3x2 x + 2
4x2 + 5
4x2 + 5 (6x

8x 3x2

1)

+ 5)

6. Calculate the following

Z
Z
p
x x2 4x + 2 dx =

p
3 x+1

x5=2

2 dx =

5x1=2

2 dx =

3x

3 2
x
2

Z
=

(2s 7)
ds
s3

7
2
+ 3 ds =
s2
2s

x2
(x

+
1

7
2s2

2x
4

=
1

29
8

1
dx =
1)

(x + 1) dx =

j2x

10 3=2
x
3

2
s

4x3=2 + 2x1=2 dx
8 5=2 4 3=2
x + x +C
5
3

2 7=2
x
7

x+2

(4x2

3j dx =
=

=
3

3=2

(3

2x) dx +

3x
3

x2
+x
2

7
2

(2x

3) dx

3=2

x2

3
2

+ x2

3x

5
3
2

37
2

41
6

5x 12
dx
x (x 4)

5x 12
3
2
+
x (x 4)
x (x 4)
Z
Z
3
2
=
+
= 3 ln x + 2 ln (x
x
(x 4)
:

ln x3 (x

4) + C

4) + C

7. By using suitable substitutions (change of variable), evaluate the following

Z
3
3 x4 x3 dx
x4 so that

let z = 3

dz = 4x3 dx and the integral becomes

Z
1
1
4
3 x4 + c
z 3 dz =
4
16
Z

put z = 4

let z =

3x2

x2 + x
3x2

(4

2x3
so that dz = 6 x2 + x dx to give
Z
1
1
1
dz =
3 +c
4
6
z
18 (4 3x2 2x3 )
Z

u+3=
2

p
4
( u + 3)
p
du
u

so that
Z

1
u

dz =
Z

1
u2

1
u2 du

dz =
z

and we have

p
5
z5
2 ( u + 3)
+c=
+c
5
5

1+

so that

1
p
du
2 u

dz =

z 4 dz = 2
Z

let z = 1 + u

4 dx

2x3 )

1
2

du
and

1+

1
u

xex dx

let z = x2 so that dz = 2xdx; so

Z
1
1
1 2
ez dz = ez + c = ex + c
2
2
2
4

(sin x) ecos x dx

let z = cos x so that dz = (sin x) dx

Z
ez dz = ez + c =
8. If f (x; y) = (x

ecos x + c

y) sin (3x + 2y) ; determine fx ; f y ; fxx ; fyy ; fxy ; fyx :

Now evaluate these expressions at (0; =3) :

fy = 2 (x

y) cos (3x + 2y)

fx = sin (3x + 2y) + 3 (x

fxx = 6 cos (3x + 2y)
fyy =

fxy = fyx =

y) cos (3x + 2y)

9 (x

4 cos (3x + 2y)

sin (3x + 2y)

y) sin (3x + 2y)

4 (x

cos (3x + 2y)

y) sin (3x + 2y)

6 (x

y) sin (3x + 2y)

Now evaluate these expressions

at x = 0; y = =3.
p
We use sin (2 =3) = 3=2; cos (2 =3) = 1=2
p
p
3
3
=
+ ; fy 0;
=
fx 0;
3
2
2p
3
3
2
3
2
fxx 0;
=
3+3
; fyy 0;
=2+ p
3
2
3
3
p
1
+
fxy 0;
=
3
3
2
9. Show that z = ln z = ln (x

a) + (y

b)

satises

@2z
@2z
+
=0
@x2
@y 2
2

except at (a; b) : Write z = ln u; u = (x

@z
@x

@2z
@x2

@2z
@2z
+ 2
2
@x
@y

a) + (y

b)

2 (x a) @z
2 (y a)
;
=
u
@y
u
2u

2u
4 (x

4 (x
u2

a)

@2z
2u
=
@y 2

4 (x

a) + 2u
u2
2

a) + (y

4 (y
2

b)

b)

4 (y

b)

4 (x
u2

4 (y
u2

a)

b)

=0

10. Obtain Taylor series expansions for the following functions about the given
point x0 : If no point is given, then expand about the point 0 (in which
case you can use standard Taylor series expansions)
f (x)

x3
x5
+
3!
5!

= x2 sin x = x2 x
1
X

::::::::::::: + ( 1)

x2n+1
(2n + 1)!

x2n+3
(2n + 1)!

( 1)

n=0

f (x)

cos x; x0 = =3
1
X
f (n) (x0 )
f (x) =
(x
n!
n=0
p
3=2; f 00 ( =3) =
f ( =3) = 1=2; f 0 ( =3) =

x0 )

1=2; f 000 ( =3) =

3=2; f (4) ( =3) = 1=2

The Taylor series expansion about x = =3 is thus f (x) = cos x =

1
2

3
2

1
4

+ 123 x

1
+ 48
x

+:::::+ f

(n)

( =3)
n!

eu

exp x; x0 = 3 : put u = x + 3 and expand eu about u = 0

1
1 n
n
X
X
(x + 3)
u
! ex+3 =
=
n!
n!
n=0
n=0

ex

= e

f (x)

n
3

+::

1
n
X
(x + 3)

n!

n=0

f (x)

4x

=e

= (1

1 + (x + 3) +

4x)

1
2!

(x + 3) +

(x + 3) + ::::::::

1
1
X

1 + 4x + 16x2 + 64x2 + :::::: + 4n xn =

1
3!

4n xn

n=0

this is a convergent series with jxj < 1=4:

f (x)
2
1+ x
5
f (x)

3
= 3 (2x + 5)
2x + 5

3
5

2
5x
1
X

4 2
25 x
n

( 1)

3
8
125 x

2 n
5

xn :

n=0

f (x)

=
=

x2 + 1
=
x 1
1

x2 + 1 (1

=3

x)

2
1+ x
5
n

+ ::: + ( 1)

2
5x

xn

n=2

xn

< 1 () jxj < 5=2

x2 + 1

1
X

n=0
1
X

2 n
5

xn =

1
X

n=0

xn+2

1
X

n=0

xn

11. If U (x; y; z) = 2x2 yz + xz 2 ; where x = 2 sin t; y = t2

3 exp ( t) ;
dU
nd
at t = 0:
dt
dx
dt
@U
@x
dU
dt
dU
dt

t + 1; z =

dy
dz
= 2t 1;
= 3e t
dt
dt
@U
@U
4x + z 2 ;
= z;
= y + 2xz
@y
@z

2 cos t;

dx @U
dy @U
dz @U
+
+
= (2 cos t) 4x + z 2 + (2t 1) ( z) + 3e t ( y + 2xz)
dt @x
dt @y
dt @z
(2 cos t) 4 sin t + 9e 2t + (2t 1) 3e t + 3e t
t2 + t 1 + 12e t sin t

(2) (9) + ( 1) ( 3) + ( 3) ( 1) = 24

t=0

12. Given w = f (x; y) ; x = r cos ; y = r sin ; show that

2

@w
@r

1
r2

xr
yr

@w
@

@w
@x

@w
@y

= cos ; x = r cos
= sin ; y = r cos

Now use chain rule II

@w
@r

@w @x @w @y
@w
@w
+
= cos
+ sin
@x @r
@y @r
@x
@y

cos2

@w
@r

@w
@x

+ sin2

@w
@y

@w @x @w @y
+
=
@x @
@y @

r sin

sin2

@w
@x

1
r2

@w 2
@

+ sin 2

@w @w
@x @y

(1)

Similarly
@w
@
1
r2

@w
@

(1) + (2) gives

@w 2
@r

@w
@x

@w
@x

+ cos2

@w
@y

@w
@y

sin 2

@w @w
@x @y

sin2 + cos2
+

@w
@w
+ r cos
@x
@y

@w
@y

sin2 + cos2

(2)

Dierential Equations Problem Sheet

1. For arbitrary constants c1 ; c2 ; c3 ; c4 nd the dierential equations satised by y when:
a. y = c1 x +

2
c1
dy
dx

= c1 ) y =

b. y = (c1 + c2 x) e
dy
dx
d2 y
dx2

dy
dx x

2
dy=dx

! x (y 0 )

yy 0 + 2 = 0

(c1 + c2 x) e

dy
dx

c2 e

x
x

+ c2 e

dy
dx

=
2

ye
dy
dx

+ c2 e

) y 00 + 2 y 0 +

y=0

c. y = c1 sin x + c2 cos x + c3 sinh x + c4 cosh x

d4
sin x =
dx4
4
d
sinh x =
dx4
d4 y
=
dx4

d4
cos x = 4 cos x;
dx4
d4
4
sinh x; ;
cosh x = 4 cosh x
dx4
4

sin x;

2. Solve the following dierential equations/I.V.P.s

a.

dy
dx

= y2

dy
dx
Z x
ds
0

x
3

b.

y = 1; x = 0

= y 2=3 ! dx = y 2=3 dy
Z x
=
y 2=3 dy ! x = 3y 1=3
0

= y 1=3

1)y=

x+3
3

x
0

= 3y 1=3 (x)

3y 1=3 (0)

dy
1 + y2
=
y = 1; x = 0
dx
1 + x2
Z
Z
tan a + tan b
dy
dx
=
! arctan y = arctan x + c and use tan (a + b) =
1+y 2
1+x2
1 tan a tan b
x+C
1+x
y =
; I.C y (0) = 1 =) C = 1 ) y =
1 Cx
1 x

12

c.

1 + x2

dy
= xe
dx

y = 0; x = 0
Z
Z x
ey dy =

log 1 + x2

1
2

Ans: y =
p s
ds
1+s2

The right hand integral is done by substitution u = 1 + s2 ! du =

2sds
p
p
x
1 + s2 = 1 + x2 1
ey 1 =
0
p
1
y
e =
1 + x2 ! y = log 1 + x2
2
dy
+ 1 + x2 y = 0
dx
1 2
2y + c
Z

d. (1

(1 y)2
dy
y

1
y

+y

log y +

x3
=
3

Ans: x +

y)

2 dy

2y

y2
2

log y + 2y

1 + x2 dx
1 + x2 dx
+c

x3
3

which is an implicit solution.

dy
c
e. x
+ 3y = 8x5
Ans: y = x5 + 3
dx
x
dy
+ 3 y = 8x4
dx x
linear equation with IF: e3
x3

f.

dy
+ 3x2 y
dx
d
yx3
dx
yx3

1=xdx

8x7

8x

= x3

d yx

=8

I.F R(x) = e

x7 dx

= x8 + c ! y = x5 + c=x3 :

dy
2y tan x = x2 sec2 x when x = 0 and y = 0
dx
So comparing with standard form we have P =
R

tan xdx

=e

2 ln sec x

= eln(sec x)

2 tan x; so
2

= (sec x)

Note: apart from the few basic integrals, you need not worry about remembering others - always consult a list of integrals in a book. So the dierential
equation is multiplied by the I.F
(sec x)

(y 0

2y tan x)
y (sec x)

= x2 sec2 x (sec x)
Z
x3
=
x2 dx ! y =
sec2 x + c
3
13

x3
3

the initial condition gives c = 0; so the particular solution becomes y =

sec2 x
1. g. sin x

dy
+ 2y cos x = cos x
dx
dy
+ 2y cot x = cot x
dx

which is a linear equation with IF: e2

dy
+ 2 (sin x cos x) y
sin2 x dx
d
y sin2 x
dx
Z

d y sin2 x

cot x

= e2 log sin x = sin2 x

sin x cos x

sin x cos x
Z
=
sin x cos xdx

The right hand integral is solved by writing I =

solving by parts to give I = 21 sin2 x
y sin2 x =
y

1
2
1
2

sin x cos xdx and

sin2 x + c
+ c csc2 x

h. (x + 1) y 0 2y = 3 (x + 1)
Ans: y = (3x + c) (x + 1)
start by putting in standard form, divide through by (x + 1) to express as a linear equation
y0
so P (x) =

2
(x+1) ;

R (x) = exp

2
(x+1) y

= 3 (x + 1)

hence I.F
Z

2
(x+1) dx

= exp ln (x + 1)

multiply DE through by R (x)

1
y 0 (x+1)
2

d
y (x + 1)
dx
y (x + 1)

2
y
(x+1)3

=3

=
2

3
Z
= 3 dx + c
=
=

14

3x + c
2
(3x + c) (x + 1)

1
(x+1)2

3. Solve the 2nd order equations

a.

d2 y
= 2y 3 + 8y where y = 2; y 0 =
dx2
Put p = y 0 ! p0 = y 00
dp
dx

y 00 =

8 when x =

dy dp
dx dy

dp
= p dy

dp
p dy

2y 3 + 8y which is variable separable

1 2
2p

1
2

dy
dx

dy
dx

y4
2

+ 4y 2 + c

2; y 0 = 8 =) c = 8
q
p
2
=
y 4 + 8y 2 + 16 = (y 2 + 4) =

y2 + 4

we have taken the negative sign to satisfy the IC y 0 (2) =

Z
Z
dy
dx =
(y 2 +4)
x =

using the IC y

1
2

d2 y
+ 2x
dx2

dy
dx

arctan (y=2) + d

= 2 gives d = 3 =8; so the PS becomes

y = 2 tan

b.

3
4

2x

= 0 where y = 0; y 0 = 1 when x = 0:

the ODE becomes

dp
dx

p = y 0 ; p0 = y 00
R
2xp2 ! p 2 dp =

R
2 xdx

= x2 + c : y 0 = 1; x = 0 =) c = 1
Z
Z
1
dy
1
2
=x +1 !
= 2
! dy =
dy=dx
dx
x +1
1
p

dx
x2 +1

y = arctan x + d : y (0) = 0 =) d = 0
therefore the PS is y = arctan x
4. For each of the following constant coe cient dierential equations,
y 00 + by 0 + cy = g(x)
nd the complimentary function and state which function you would use
to try and nd a Particular Solution by the method of undetermined
coe cients.
15

a. b = 3; c = 2;
y = Ce5x :

g(x) = e5x

Ans:

C.F: y = Ae

2x

+ Be

PS

b. b = 1; c = 6; g(x) = 2e2x + sin 3x

Ans: C.F: y = Ae 3x +
2x
2x
Be
PS: y1 = Cxe ; because 2 is a root of the A.E y2 =
(D sin 3x + E cos 3x) :
c. b = 7; c = 0; g(x) = 4x2 + x + 2
Ans: C.F: y = A + Be
y = p2 x2 + p1 x + p0 x because 0 is a root of the A.E.
d. b = 1; c = 1; g(x) = 2e
y = Ce

Ans: C.F: y = e

x=2

A sin

3
2 x

7x

PS

+ B cos

e. b = 4; c = 4; g(x) = 3e 2x + 2e3x + sin x Ans: C.F: y =

e 2x (A + Bx) PS y1 = Cx2 e 2x because 2 is a two fold root
of the A.E, y2 = De3x ; y3 = (E sin x + F cos x) :
5. By converting the Euler equation
x2 y 00 (x)

2xy 0 (x) + 2y (x) = 4x3

to a constant coe cient problem show that the solution is given by

y (x) = Ax + Bx2 + 2x3 :
The change of variable is t = log x; with the derivatives represented as

The ODE becomes

dy
dx

1 dy
x dt

d2 y
dx2

1
x2

d2 y
dt2

d2 y
dt2

dy
dt

3t
3 dy
dt + 2y = 4e

A.E 2 3 + 2 = 0 ! yc = Aet + Be2t :

For the PI look for a solution of the form yp = Ce3t : substitute in ODE
(9C

9C + 2C) e3t = 4e3t =) C = 2

General Solution y (t) = Aet + Be2t + 2e3t !

y (x) = Aex + Be2x + 2x3

16

3
2 x

PS

Dierential Equations Problem Sheet

1. For arbitrary constants c1 ; c2 ; c3 ; c4
satised by y when:

a. y = c1 x +

2
c1

nd the dierential equations

Ans: x (y 0 )

b. y = (c1 + c2 x) e

yy 0 + 2 = 0

Ans: y 00 + 2 y 0 +

y=0
Ans: y (4) =

c. y = c1 sin x + c2 cos x + c3 sinh x + c4 cosh x

2. Solve the following dierential equations/I.V.P.s

3

dy
dx

= y2

y = 1; x = 0

Ans: y =

b.

dy
1 + y2
=
dx
1 + x2

y = 1; x = 0

Ans: y =

c.

a.

1 + x2

d. (1

y)

1 2
2y

e. x

f.

dy
= xe
dx

y = 0; x = 0

dy
+ 1 + x2 y = 0
dx

1+x
1 x

Ans: y =

Ans: x +

1
2

x3
=
3

log 1 + x2

log y + 2y

+c

dy
+ 3y = 8x5
dx

dy
dx

x+3
3

Ans: y = x5 +

c
x3

2y tan x = x2 sec2 x when x = 0 and y = 0

Ans: y =

x3
3

1
+ k cosec2 x
2
2
Ans: y = (3x + c) (x + 1)

dy
+ 2y cos x = cos x
dx
3
h. (x + 1) y 0 2y = 3 (x + 1)

Ans: y =

g. sin x

sec2 x

3. Solve the 2nd order equations

a.

d2 y
= 2y 3 + 8y
dx2
3
4

y = 2 tan
b.

d2 y
+ 2x
dx2

dy
dx

where y = 2;

y0 =

8 when x =

Ans:

2x
2

where y = 0; y 0 = 1 when x = 0 Ans:

= 0

y = arctan x:

4. For each of the following constant coe cient dierential equations,

y 00 + by 0 + cy = g(x)
nd the complimentary function and state which function you would use
to try and nd a Particular Solution by the method of undetermined
coe cients.
a. b = 3; c = 2;
y = Ce5x :

g(x) = e5x

Ans:

C.F: y = Ae

2x

+ Be

PS

b. b = 1; c = 6; g(x) = 2e2x + sin 3x

Ans: C.F: y = Ae 3x +
2x
2x
Be
PS: y1 = Cxe ; because 2 is a root of the A.E y2 =
(D sin 3x + E cos 3x) :
c. b = 7; c = 0; g(x) = 4x2 + x + 2
Ans: C.F: y = A + Be
y = p2 x2 + p1 x + p0 x because 0 is a root of the A.E.
d. b = 1; c = 1; g(x) = 2e
y = Ce

Ans: C.F: y = e

x=2

A sin

3
2 x

7x

PS

+ B cos

e. b = 4; c = 4; g(x) = 3e 2x + 2e3x + sin x Ans: C.F: y =

e 2x (A + Bx) PS y1 = Cx2 e 2x because 2 is a two fold root
of the A.E, y2 = De3x ; y3 = (E sin x + F cos x) :
5. By converting the Euler equation
x2 y 00 (x)

2xy 0 (x) + 2y (x) = 4x3

to a constant coe cient problem show that the solution is given by

y (x) = Ax + Bx2 + 2x3 :

3
2 x

PS