Professional Documents
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Sheet Piling
Arcelor Commercial RPS S. r.l.
66, rue de Luxembourg
L-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
Tel. +352 5313 3105
Fax +352 5313 3290
E-mail sheet-piling@arcelor.com
www.arcelor.com/sheetpiling
1-4-05-1-E
Introduction
An economical solution for anchoring
AZ piles
off-centre anchoring.
Research project
Until now no design regulations have addressed
the possibility of off-centre anchoring of Z-section
piles. In close collaboration with the Department of
Steel Construction of the RWTH in Aachen, Arcelor
therefore undertook a vast research project to
analyze the behaviour of sheet piles with off-centre
anchoring and to determine
the corresponding design rules.
This research project comprised the following steps:
experimental studies on Z piles subject to offcentre loading,
finite-element modelling based on the test results,
Experimental studies
The tests on Z piles where carried out at the RWTH
Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy.
Boundary conditions of a double AZ pile
antisymmetrical
Off-centre anchoring can also be used in the case of inclined tie rods; the design rules given here
concern only the horizontal component of anchor force, however.
Procedure:
Choose dimensions and check bearing plate
Determine eccentricity factors for each anchor point and check resistance to local forces
Determine reduction coefficients for each anchor point and check sheet piling at the anchor level and generally.
NB:
Width:
0.90 bc ba bc
Length:
ha 2.5 ba
wrong
40mm
t a = 2 t F
d / 3
A
Thickness:
where :
right
Tab. 1:
Nominal
diameter
dSW
dA
mm
mm
mm
1.5
41
60
51
1.75
48
70
59
54
80
67
2.25
60
85
73
2.5
68
95
81
2.75
74
105
89
81
110
96
3.25
88
120
104
3.5
94
130
112
right
ds
bs
NB:
The design rules given here also apply to inclined tie rods; however, they concern only the horizontal
component of anchor force.
In the case of inclined tie rods, detail appropriately to introduce the vertical component into the sheet
pile wall, and make the necessary additional checks.
If alignment brackets are required (when the angles of inclination are steep), their application must be
studied case by case.
Bearing plates must be checked in bending. There may be several different situations:
anchor without waling
bolted waling
B)
D)
with nut
with nut
with nut
FEd FRd , pl
&
2
f
4
t
= (ba ) X 1 + 3 a 1 y
3
M0
with nut:
X = ha d '
X = ha
If a single tie rod is to anchor several double piles, the off-centre bearing plate must be checked in accordance
with C or D. The bearing plates for waling bolts must be checked in accordance with A.
F(double pile)
F (double pile)
F (double pile)
F(waler)=(n-1)F(double pile)
bolt fixing
bolt fixing
Anchoring of several
double piles
Here: (n=3) with nut
Anchoring of several
double piles
Here: (n=3) with swivel plate
&
f
4
ta
n
= (ba )
X 1 + 3 1 y
3
2 n 1
M0
X
FEd FRd , pl
with nut:
X=
X=
ha + 2(n 1)s
2n 1
where: for
&
B:
for
&
D:
d ' = (d SW + )/ 2
Additional check:
where:
for
fr
&
&
fy
2
d SW
2
M0
2 2
(with nut):
FEd
FEd d s (bX )
fy
M0
NB:
The distance between the top anchor level and the top of the sheet piles must be at least 1.0 m.
L1
kS1
Level 1
hA 1
L1
Eccentricity factor:
hA2
where:
L2
kS2
Level 2
L2
for:
ex ,i =
1+
hA,i
Li
< 1.00
with:
for:
h ex, i
h A, i
C Ant
EI
k s, i
kS
MN/m3
Peat
Silt
10
NB:
compact, compact
Gravel
100
If the soil is stratified, a mean value for kS at the anchor level must be found.
7
C Ant
C Sym ,i = k s ,i Li 2
where:
1
C Sym,i
Li = 4 4
hA,i
Li
EI
k s ,i
1.00
Sheet
piles
Flange
width
Plate
width
Double Flange
thickpile
ness
width
Web
thickness
cm/m
Interlock
characteristic
where:
fy
3
tensile resistance
of web
Rtw, Rk = ha tW f y (1 + ex,i )
NB:
punching shear
resistance
of flange
(1 + ex ,i )
1
1 ex ,i
interlock
resistance
Grade
Yield strength
fy
Ultimate tensile
strength fu
[N/mm ]
[N/mm2]
S 240 GP
240
340
S 270 GP
270
410
S 320 GP
320
440
S 355 GP
355
480
S 390 GP
390
490
S 430 GP
430
510
NB:
For FEd, take the horizontal component of the anchor force introduced into the double pile (cf diagram
on page 7).
Note:
The expressions above, especially KL, are derived from equations (5.23), (5.24), and (5.25) in document [1].
where:
ex ,i = 1 (1 ex ,i )
FEd ,i
C Ex f y
= horizontal component of anchor force applied (per linear metre of sheet pile wall)
fy
CEx
If there is more than one level of anchors, i ex, i must be determined separately for each level.
Note:
In the case of retaining walls combining off-centre anchors and centred anchors or braces, take
at centred anchor or bracing points.
i ex =1.0
Check of bending moment and shear capacity of sheet piling at anchor point
Classes 1 and 2:
M Ed M c , Rd = ex ,i W pl , Net
fy
M0
Class 3:
fy
M0
VEd VRd = ex ,i
VEd
> 0.50:
VRd
AV f y
3 M0
where: = 2 Ed 1
V
Rd
AV2 f y
= ex ,i W pl , Net
4
t
sin
w'
M0
VEd
Wel, Wpl
AV
fy
rW
i ex, A, i
tw
= 2 tw / B [cm/m]
10
Class 3:
M Sd M c ,Rd = ex ,F Wel
and:
VSd VRd = ex ,F
AV
fy
M0
fy
M0
fy
3 M0
x
x<
LEx
LEx
ex,F =1.0
= 1,0
2 : ex , F
interpolation between
2 : i ex, i and i ex, = 1,0
ex,i
L Ex /2
L Ex /2
ex,F =1.0
b) Multiple anchored sheet pile walls, between 2 adjacent anchor layers A1 and A2
Zone of reduction in bending moment resistance in the case of several layers of off-centre anchors
where:
LA LEx
i ex,F = 1,0
B) Normal case:
LEx LA LEx / 2
2 LA
1)
LEx
L A < LEx / 2
2 LA
1)
LEx
12
Example of design
System and action effects
System
13
where:
M 0 = 1,0
d A = 2,25"
d '= 73 mm
= 60 mm
2
2
!
! f
!
!
4
(ba )X ! 1 + 3!!t a !! 1! y = 4 (140 60)147 ! 1 + 3!! 40 !! 1! 355 = 587 kN > 461 kN
3
!
! M 3
!
! 1000 1,0
!X !
!147 !
!
!
!
!
FEd FRd , pl =
FEd
Additional check:
355
= 1429 kN > 461 kN
(d SW2 2 ) f y = (852 602) 1000
1,0
2 2
2 2
M
n=2
s = 160 mm
d A = 3,0"
= 81 mm
FEd FRd , pl =
X =
2
2
!
! f
!
!
4
(ba ) n X ! 1 + 3!!t a !! 1! y = 4 (140 81) 2 180 ! 1 + 3!! 85 !! 1! 355 = 978 kN > 922 kN
3
2n 1 !
3
! M 3
!
! 1000 1,0
!180 !
!X !
!
!
!
!
Additional check:
FEd d s (ba )
fy
M
= 50 (140 81)
355
= 1047 kN > 922 kN
1000 1,0
14
AZ-Profil: AZ 36
C Ant = 153,15 MN / m 2
k s = 80 MN / m 3
Li = 4 4
hA = 3,0 m
hA
= 1,75 1,00
Li
EI
= 1,72 m
ks
CSym = k s Li 2 = 275MN / m 2
ex =
1+
1
= 0,36
CSym
C Ant
fy
3
1
410
1
= (220 + 2 140) 2,37
= 759 kN
1 ex
1000 1 0,36
(1 + ex ) = (220 + 140) 18
Rtw, Rk = ha tW f y (1 + ex ) = 220 14
FEd = 461 kN RRd ,Ex , AZ =
Note:
270
(1 + 0,36) = 1374 kN
1000 3
270
(1 + 0,36) = 1131 kN
1000
This check is valid for bearing plates for both bolts and anchors since their dimensions ba and ha are the same.
ex = 1 (1 ex )
FEd
366
= 1 (1 0,36)
= 0,96
C Ex f y
9,60 355
Wel = 3600 cm 3 / m
AV = 94,2 cm 2 / m
Although the sheet pile can be deemed to be class 1-2 under EN 1993-5, to be on the safe side the check is carried
out for the elastic moment resistance.
with:
= 81 mm
(it is assumed that the most critical condition is that corresponding to the greatest reduction in
the sectional area, at the level of the anchor).
Wel , Net = Wel , Gross rW ,el = 3600 (1.0 1,3 0,081) = 3221 cm 3 / m
fy
M0
= 0,96 3221
270
= 835 kNm / m > 129 kNm/m (
1000 1,0
AV f y
94,2 270
= 0,96
VEd
= 0,20 0,50 (
VRd
M c ,Rd = ex , A Wel
fy
M0
= 0,96 3600
270
= 933 kNm / m < M Ed = 965 kNm/m
1000 1,0
LEx = 6,0 m
M Ed M c ,Rd
Note:
LEx
ex ,F = 1,0
= 3,0 m
2
f
270
= ex , A Wel y = 1,0 3600
= 972 kNm / m > 965 kNm/m (
M0
1000 1,0
x>
With i ex, F = i ex, A and taking the plastic moment resistance, the check would also be met:
MEd <
_ M c, Rd = 1088 kNm / m > 965 kNm/m.
Moreover, assuming i ex, F = 1,0 the result is even MEd <
_ M c, Rd = 1133 kNm / m > 965 kNm/m.
Swivel plate:
160x160x50 / S355JR
Waling: 2 U 300
s=160
Tie rod:
Bearing plate:
140x220x85 / S355JR
Bolt:
System diagram
Bibliography
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Sheet Piling
Arcelor Commercial RPS S. r.l.
66, rue de Luxembourg
L-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
Tel. +352 5313 3105
Fax +352 5313 3290
E-mail sheet-piling@arcelor.com
www.arcelor.com/sheetpiling
1-4-05-1-E