2014 Annual Report Final

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014
ENERGETICS PhD PROGRAM

2014 ANNUAL REPORT
Editors: L. Savoldi and P. Asinari
1|Page
2|Page

This document contains a series of one-page reports from the students enrolled in the Energetics
PhD program at Politecnico di Torino, Italy, including the highlights of their research activity in
2014. The 2011, 2012 and 2013 editions of the Annual Report can be downloaded from
https://didattica.polito.it/pls/portal30/sviluppo.scudo_new.visual?p_id_cds=301&p_id_sez=10
3
The program is currently managed by a Board, which is composed of professors from Dipartimento
Energia as follows
Pietro Asinari
Marco Badami
Gianni Coppa
Vincenzo Corrado
Mario De Salve
Alessandro Ferrari
Pierluigi Leone
Federico Millo
Antonio Mittica
Marco Perino
Piero Ravetto
Massimo Rundo
Massimo Santarelli
Laura Savoldi
Ezio Spessa
Vittorio Verda
Roberto Zanino (coordinator)
For additional information please contact roberto.zanino@polito.it (+39 011 090 4490)
3|Page

OUR SPONSORS
4|Page

CONTENT
M. ANDREATA: "Study of new aftertreatment systems for diesel engines".................
Pag. 8
M. BOTTERO: "Real-time estimation and optimization of energy consumption of

motorway traffic flows"..................................................................................................
Pag. 9
T. BUSO: "Nearly Zero Energy Hotels - Energy and Economic Evaluations"..............
Pag. 10
S. CAMMARANO: "Daylighting design for energy saving in a building global energy

simulation context".......................................................................................................
Pag. 11
M. CARAMELLO: "Thermal-hydraulic of steam generators and of safety systems for

advanced nuclear reactors" ......................................
Pag. 12
A. CARDELLINI: "Heat and mass transport in nanoconfined fluids and

nanosuspensions"........................................................................................................
Pag. 13
S. CARLI: "Artificial Neural Network modeling of heat transfer problems at the

interface between different subsystems of a superconducting tokamak".......................
Pag. 14
D. CARON: "Multiphysics analysis of Generation IV reactors"....................................
Pag. 15
Y. CASCONE: "Responsive building components for nearly Zero Energy

Buildings".....................................................................................................................
Pag. 16
G. CERINO: "Local planning of biomass-to-energy systems"......................................
Pag. 17
S. COSENTINO: "Optimal design and operation of energy systems through reduced

order modelling"...........................................................................................................
Pag. 18
C. CUBITO: "Analysis of the impact of innovative powertrain technologies on CO2 and

pollutant emissions under real world driving conditions"..............................................
Pag. 19
D. DRAGO: "Design, development and testing of SOFC short-stacks with special heat
pipes plates integrated with H2 sources".......................................................................
Pag. 20
M. FASANO: "Heat and Mass Transfer of Water at Nanoscale Solid Interfaces"..
Pag. 21
D. FERRERO: "Design, development and testing of SOEC-based power-to-gas

systems for conversion and storage of RES into synthetic methane"...........................
Pag. 22
R. FUSO: "Development of innovative control strategies for hybrid powertrains"..
Pag. 23
M. GANDIGLIO: "Design, optimization and implementation of novel SOFC multigeneration power plants fed by various fuels with carbon capture sequestration or
utilization".............................................................
Pag. 24
E. GUELPA: "Modeling strategies toward multiple scenario applications and fast

simulations; application for fire safety and energy engineering"....................................
Pag. 25
5|Page

A. HADADIAN: "Energy harvesting based on magnetoelastic materials"......................
Pag. 26
S. HOH: "Development of methods for the determination of reactivity from flux

measurements"..............................................................................................................
Pag. 27
D. IEMMOLO: "Model-based control approaches for charging and combustion

processes in NG-NG/H2 powered engines"...................................................................
Pag. 28
M. JARRE: "Dynamic modeling of thermal energy consumption at medium/large

scale"..............................................................................................................................
Pag. 29
G. KAZAS: "Energy Supply and Demand Management through Energy Storage and
Demand Side Management"..........................................................................................
Pag. 30
H. KHESTINEJAD: "Active control of gaseous injection for CNG engines"...................
Pag. 31
M. MIRZAEIAN: "Numerical Simulation of the Cycle-to-Cycle Variation and Knocking

Phenomena in Spark Ignition Engines".........................................................................
Pag. 32
M. NERVO: "Transport methods in nuclear reactor kinetics".........................................
Pag. 33
M. NOUSSAN: "Simulation models for biomass-fired CHP plants"...............................
Pag. 34
V. NOVARESIO: "Design and modeling an innovative SOEC stack"............................
Pag. 35
F. PAOLICELLI: "Model-based control approaches for injection and combustion

processes in diesel engines" .........................................................................................
Pag. 36
P. PIZZO: "Development of innovative diagnostic tools for fuel injection systems (FIS)
and design of new measurement devices for hydraulic test benches"...........................
Pag. 37
M. RAFIGH: "Diesel engine modeling for efficient calibration".......................................
Pag. 38
L. RIETTO: "Energy systems integration: from building scale to urban scale"...............
Pag. 39
F. SABA: "Towards the development of a National Standard for Thermal Energy and
its application to smart heat meter calibration"...............................................................
Pag. 40
R. TAURINO: "Energy-efficient innovative seal for aircraft engines"..............................
Pag. 41
R. TESTONI: "Modelling of radionuclides transport phenomena in environmental

matrices for Safety Assessment"....................................................................................
Pag. 42
Y. TONG: "CO2 Reduction Technologies for ICEs"........................................................
Pag. 43
M. VENDITTI: "A comprehensive methodology for energy management of hybrid

electric vehicles".............................................................................................................
Pag. 44
L. VENTOLA: "Innovative surface coatings for high- efficiency heat

transfer" .........................................................................................
Pag. 45
E. VIGLIANI: "Energy efficiency in industrial plants: Organic Rankine Cycle application

for heat recovery from industrial processes"...................................................................
Pag. 46
L. VIGLIONE: "Analysis of injection, mixture formation and combustion processes for

innovative CNG Engines......................................................................
Pag. 47
6|Page

Y. YANG: Development of a complete diesel engine model for control-oriented
applications ...............................................................................................
Pag. 48
A. ZELEKE: Path ways to renewable natural gases: integrated system power to gas
(SNG) with biogas upgrade ......................................................................
Pag. 49
7|Page

First name: Maurizio
LAST NAME: ANDREATA
Topic: Study of new aftertreatment systems for diesel engines

Course year: 3rd
Tutor(s): F. Millo, F. Mallamo
Academic context
[1] Ye , Sh., Yap, Y. H., Kolaczkowski, S. T., Robinson, K. et al., Catalyst light-off experiments on a diesel
oxidation catalyst connected to a diesel engineMethodology and techniques, Chemical Engineering
Research and Design, Volume 90, Issue 6, June 2012, Pages 834-845, ISSN 0263-8762
[2] Andersson, J., Antonsson, M., Eurenius, L., Olsson, E., Skoglundh, M., Deactivation of diesel oxidation
catalysts: Vehicle- and synthetic aging correlations, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 72, Issues
12, 8 March 2007, Pages 71-81, ISSN 0926-3373.
[3] P. Recker e S. Pischinger, Thermal Shock Protection for Diesel Particulate Filters, n. 2011-01-2429,
2011.
External collaborations
FEV Italia S.r.l.

GM Powertrain Europe
BMW
Highlights of the research activity

The high Sulphur contents of diesel fuel in new markets (such as India and South America) leads to a
progressive poisoning of the aftertreatment components, thus enhancing the risk of exceeding the emission
limits. For this reason it is crucial to understand and mitigate not only the sulfur impact on catalyst efficiency,
but also the extent of catalyst efficiency recovery which can be achieved through de-sulfation processes, in
order to increase the robustness of the EU5 diesel aftertreatment
systems, that will be soon adopted in these countries. In the last
year of this research activity, the impact of high sulfur fuel on the
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
(DOC) performance was therefore experimentally assessed on
full size aftertreatment components, which were tested on the
DENERG dynamic engine test rig. A specific poisoning
procedure was adopted which resulted in different sulfur
poisoning levels. The impact of different space velocities on
degreened, poisoned and de-sulfated systems was then
analyzed. In addition, the ability of recovering the abatement
efficiency after regeneration through a proper de-sulfation
strategy was evaluated with respect to fresh, degreened, catalyst. Figure. Average CO abatement efficiency
Since de-sulfatation strategies require high temperatures and a
over the NEDC cycle at increasing
rich gas mixture at the engine exhaust, specific injection
Sulphur poisoning levels.
strategies, similar to those adopted during the DPF regeneration
process, have to be adopted. As well as for the DPF regeneration
process, which was analyzed during the first two years of the
research activity, the main drawbacks of these injection strategies are an increased fuel consumption and oil
dilution: for these reasons an integration of desulphation and DPF regeneration strategies is of crucial
importance to enable the diffusion of these aftertreatment technologies on new markets, minimizing the
impact of low quality fuels
8|Page

First name: Marco
LAST NAME: BOTTERO
Topic: Real-time estimation and optimization of energy consumption of motorway traffic

flows
Course year: 3rd
Tutors: E. Spessa, B. Dalla Chiara
Academic context
[1] PAPAGEORGIOU, Markos; BLOSSEVILLE, Jean-Marc; HADJ-SALEM, Habib. Macroscopic modelling of
traffic flow on the Boulevard Priphrique in Paris. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 1989,
23.1: 29-47.
[2] VAN DEN BERG, Monique, et al. Model predictive control for mixed urban and freeway networks. In:
Proceedings of the 83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. 2004
[3] ZEGEYE, S. K., et al. Integrated macroscopic traffic flow, emission, and fuel consumption model for
control purposes. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2013, 31: 158-171.
SWARCO MIZAR S.p.A. (Apprenticeship PhD)

Traffic flows optimization, including present migration towards differentiated motorization, can be considered
one of the main challenges that led to the creation of the ITS paradigm and a lot of effort has been spent
both in the academia and in the industry in the overall attempt to improve and optimize the capacity of the
road network, without building new roads or extending the geometry of the infrastructure. In order to reduce
the impact of congestion scenarios, two main tools have been used in the last decades: ramp metering and
dynamic speed limits.
In the light of these considerations, the purpose of this work is the formulation and validation of an analytic
macroscopic optimization model, based on vehicles kinematics and dynamics equations and on a dynamic
second order flow model, intended to find a sub-optimal reduction of the overall energy consumption and the
total time spent of a traffic flow moving in a motorway, by using a real-time algorithm for the identification and
coordination of the speed limits.
The model developed in this study is made up of three distinct building blocks, which deal respectively with
traffic flow, with energy estimation issues, and with control features intended to the identification of the
optimal suggested speed (see Error! Reference
source not found.). The traffic flow model
developed in this study is based on the classical
METANET
formulation.
Afterwards,
the
macroscopic model for energy consumption is
applied in order to estimate current and predicted
traffic and energy conditions in the considered
infrastructure. Eventually, the whole modelling
chain that has been executed for estimation is
used for the control part, by exploring a set of suboptimal solutions given by the control possibilities
of the VSL system.
The results of this study, applied by simulation to
Fig. 1. Modelling framework.
real data coming from SR91 motorway in California,
show an average reduction of the length of the
queue of 23% and an energy consumption reduction of 11%.
9|Page

First name: Tiziana
LAST NAME: BUSO
Topic: Nearly Zero Energy Hotels - Energy and Economic Evaluations

Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): S. P. Corgnati
Academic context
[1] Buso T., Corgnati S.P., Derjanecz A. , Kurnitski J. , Litiu A., The EU focus on nearly zero energy hotels,
REHVA Journal 1, January 2014, 7-11.
[2] Kurnitski J., Buso T., Corgnati S.P., Derjanecz A. , Litiu A., nZEB definitions in Europe, REHVA Journal 2,
March 2014, 6-9.
[3] Buso T., Corgnati S.P., Kurnitski J., An existing best practice of nearly Zero Energy Hotel, REHVA
Journal 3, May 2014, 61-65.
Istanbul Technical University (prof. Yilmaz Zerrin)

REHVA Taskforce nearly Zero Energy Buildings in Mediterranean Climate
UE project neZEH nearly Zero Energy Hotels

The research delves into the issue of how to define and study nearly Zero Energy Complex Buildings. In
these buildings the typical energy use - currently the only considered aspect for the definition of the nearly
Zero Energy level - must be intended as complementary to the energy uses related to the other services
offered, which may not be reduced to the nZE level. Specifically, the main focus is on the retrofit of hotels: in
this building type the link between energy consumption and economic advantages deriving from extra
services offered by the structure comes out clearly. The aim of this research is to develop a methodology to
define the energetic and economical impact that extra functions have on these buildings in order to draft
convincing strategies leading to very high and cost-optimal energy performances. A trade-off between costs
and benefits of the extra energy functions in terms of energy performances is the expected result, maybe
leading to the revision of the cost-optimal methodology in order to take into account externalities.
Given the issue, after a general review of the state of the art in terms of nearly zero energy buildings
definitions and existing high performing hotels, carried on during the first year, the main research steps
identified so far are:
1) the definition of specific indicators
for the typical and extra energy
uses of hotels;
2) the definition of a reference hotel to
which extra functions will be added
as superposition of effects;
3) energy and economic analysis of
the reference hotel;
4) definition and energy and economic
analysis of deep retrofit measures;
5) guidelines for nearly Zero Energy
Hotels based on the obtained
results.
Figure 1. Scheme of the energy system of a high performing
hotel analysed as case study. The scheme representation
follows REHVA guidelines for the definition of energy uses and
boundaries for energy calculations for nZEBs.
10 | P a g e

First name: Silvia
LAST NAME: CAMMARANO
Topic: Daylighting design for energy saving in a building global energy simulation context
Course year: 4th
Tutor(s): C. Aghemo, A. Pellegrino
Academic context
[1] Chan Y.C., & Tzempelikos A. (2013). Efficient venetian blind control strategies considering daylight
utilization and glare protection. Solar Energy, 98, 241-254. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2013.10.005
[2] Didon, E. l., & Pereira, F.O.R. (2011, November). Integrated computer simulation for considering
th
daylight when assessing energy efficiency in buildings. Paper presented at the 12 Conference of
International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney, Australia.
[3] IES Daylight Metrics Committee (2012). IES Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight
Exposure (ASE) (Report No. LM-83-12). Retrieved from IESNA website: http://www.ies.org
Bartenbach LichtLabor, Research&Development team, Aldrans/Tyrol, Innsbruck (AUT).
References: Wilfried Pohl (wilfried.pohl@bartenbach.com)
Robert Weitlaner (robert.weitlaner@bartembach.com)
David Geisler-Moroder (david.geisler-moroder@bartenbach.com)

A key factor to substantially reduce the energy consumption for electric lighting consists in a more
widespread exploitation of daylight, associated with the use of the most energy efficient lighting technologies,
including LEDs or electric lighting controls, in accordance with an increased and more conscious
implementation of the building automation principles. At the same time daylight harvesting in indoor spaces
can influence the global energy performance of a building also in terms of heating and cooling loads. In fact
the internal gains can be affected by both the solar radiation that enters through the openings, and the
electric lighting systems load. For this reason, its always necessary to account for the balance between
daylighting benefits and energy requirements. Furthermore the increasing awareness of the potential
benefits of daylight has resulted in an increased need for objective information and data on the impact that
different design solutions can have on the
daylighting condition within a space, in terms of
the architectural features. Within this frame the
research activity has been focusing on three main
aspects:
- Analyzing limits and potentials of the current
daylighting design practice and proposing
synthetic information and tools to be used by
the design team during the earliest design
stage to predict the daylight condition within a
space.
- Analyzing the effect of a proper daylighting
design on energy requirements for electric
lighting, associating with the use of efficient
Global primary energy demand and sDA results
lighting technologies and control systems.
- Assessing the influence of energy demand for electric lighting on the global energy performance.
The approach that was adopted relies on a parametric study. The global energy performance of several
rooms settings was analyzed by first estimating, through simulations, the indoor daylight availability (using
the new spatial Daylight Autonomy metric, sDA) and the related energy demand for electric lighting. Then
sDA values were compared with heating and cooling energy demand results in order to demonstrate the
influence of daylight harvesting on the global energy performance.
11 | P a g e

First name: MARCO
LAST NAME: CARAMELLO
Topic: Thermal-hydraulic of steam generators and of safety systems for advanced nuclear
reactors
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): M. De Salve, C. Bertani, B. Panella
Academic context
[1] Brent J. Webb, Design aspects of Once-through Helical coil steam generators, Proc. of the ASME
2011 Small Modular Reactors Symposium, September 28-30 2011, Washington DC, USA.
[2] IAEA-TECDOC-1569, Liquid metal cooled reactors: experience in Design and Operation, Vienna 2007
[3] L. Damiani, M. Montecucco, A. P. Prato, Conceptual design of a bayonet-tube steam generator for the
ALFRED lead-cooled reactor, Nucear engineering and design 265, 154-163.
Ansaldo Nucleare
SIET
POLIMI

During the first PhD year the following activities were performed.
Thermalhydraulic analysis of passive decay heat removal system for ALFRED. Preliminary study of the
concept, numerical analysis to demonstrate preliminary feasibility. Individuation of the most important
parameters of the system. Sensitivity analysis for the
quantification of the effects of the characteristic parameters.
Evaluation of parameters to be used for design optimization.
Consideration on the design of an experimental facility, choice
of the size of the facility, preliminary design of the components.
Literature survey on: modelization of helical coil steam
generators and bayonet steam generators, state of the art on
passive decay heat removal systems. Identification of qualified
tools and methods for numerical simulation.
Study on the fluid dynamic inside curved pipes. Analysis of
velocity profiles. Comparison of centrifugal force with respect
to inertial and gravitational forces.
Development of a thermal hydraulic code for helical coil steam
generators and heat exchangers on Matlab environment based
on conservation equations and semiempirical correlations
Figure. Relap5-3D model for ALFRED
Validation of the model against RELAP5/3.3.
bayonet steam generator
Acquisition of competencies in the use of commercial codes:
RELAP5-3D, STAR-CCM+, ANSYS.
Comparative analysis of nonconventional steam generators and heat exchangers (helical coil and
microchannel), and ultimate heat sinks (pools, air heat exchangers) for decay heat removal systems of
large integral water reactors. Numerical simulation of accidental sequences (System black out, System
2
black out+Pump shutdown) with reference to the American project I S.
12 | P a g e

First name: Annalisa
LAST NAME: CARDELLINI
Topic: Heat and mass transport in nanoconfined fluids and nanosuspensions

Course year: 1th
Tutor(s): P. Asinari, E. Chiavazzo
Academic context
[1] A. Moradi et al., Carbon-Nanohorn Based Nanofluids for a Direct Absortion Solar Collector for Civil
application, J. Nanosci Nanotechnol 15, 3488-3495 (2015)
[2] Gizzatov a. et al., Hierarchically Structured Magnetic Nanoconstructs with Enhanced Relaxivity and
Cooperative Tumor Accumulation, Adv Funct Mat 24, 4584 (2014)
[3] Chiavazzo E., Fasano M., Asinari P. and Decuzzi P., Scaling Behavior for the Water Transport in
Nanoconfined Geometries, Nature Communications 5, 4565 (2014)
Fernando Bresme, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London (UK)

Nanofluids, i.e. 1-100 nm particles suspensions in water or oil, have received great attention in the last
decays. Thanks to their excellent thermo-physical properties, nanofluids show promising potentiality for
energy [1] , mechanical, as well as biomedical [2] applications. The dynamics of solvent layer around
nanoparticles [3], the Brownian motion and clustering are the main phenomena occurring in nanofluids
and influencing their physical properties. However, the multi-scale nature of these kinds of mechanisms
represents the principal issue in defining a proper fluid model which accounts nano-scale phenomena.
Despite a wide range of experimental observations, the
modelling of nanofluids still presents some criticality and it
seems to be a challenging purpose in several research
b)
fields. The activity of the PhD aims to provide a multi-scale
method for describing such kind of engineered fluid.
The Coarse Grained (CG) method represents one possible
a)
bridge between the classical molecular dynamics
approach, which deals with the nano-scale phenomena,
and the continuous fluid model.
First, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of a single
2 nm
alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticle in water have been performed.
The dynamics of water molecules layer around the
particles has been investigated as a function of surface
hydrogenation, temperature and particle size. The results
show that the behaviour of liquid layer interacting at the
solid-water interface is strongly influenced by the OH
bonds functionalization and it is sensible to the
temperature changing. Conversely, particle size weakly
Fig. 1: a) 100 ml of Al2O3 nanofluid from
affects the water dynamics at the interface.
SMaLL laboratory. b) Molecular dynamics
simulation of Al2O3 suspension in water
In order to study the particle-particle potential, a second
block of molecular dynamics simulations has been
computed by means of the umbrella sampling algorithm. It consists in moving two alumina nanoparticles
along an interacting direction in order to evaluate the potential of mean forces. In addition, a comparison
between wet and dry cases could be investigated and particle-water interactions can be included in the
description of nanofluid force field. Finally, the coarse grained fluid could be simulated with Boltzmann or
implicit solvent. The resulting nanofluid dynamics will experience the surprising thermo-physical
properties considering all transport phenomena at the nano-scale.
13 | P a g e

First name: Stefano
LAST NAME: CARLI
Topic: Artificial Neural Network modeling of heat transfer problems at the interface
between different subsystems of a superconducting tokamak
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): L. Savoldi, F. Subba
Academic context
[1] L. Savoldi Richard, F. Casella, B. Fiori, R. Zanino, The 4C Code for the Cryogenic Circuit Conductor and
Coil modeling in ITER, Cryogenics, vol. 50, pp. 167-176, 2010.
[2] L. Savoldi Richard, R. Bonifetto, S. Carli, M. Grand Blanc, R. Zanino, Modeling of pulsed heat load in a
cryogenic SHe loop using Artificial Neural Networks, Cryogenics, vol. 57, pp. 173-180, 2013.
[3] L. Savoldi Richard, R. Bonifetto, S. Carli, A. Froio, A. Foussat, R. Zanino, Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
modeling of the pulsed heat load during ITER CS magnet operation, Cryogenics, vol. 63, pp. 231-240, 2014.
EUROFUSION
ITER

The modeling of superconducting (SC) cables cooled by
supercritical helium for tokamak fusion reactors is performed
with the state-of-the-art 4C code developed at PoliTo [1]. This
very detailed tool, based on physical laws, requires a high
computational effort to solve sets of linear and non-linear partial
differential equations. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have
been recently applied at PoliTo to the problem of the cooling of
the ITER SC magnets [2-3], obtaining a considerable gain in
computational effort with a small loss in accuracy with respect to
4C. In these models the whole cooling loop of the magnet is
hidden in an ANN black-box that predicts only the dynamic heat
load to the liquid He (LHe) bath, acting as thermal buffer
between circuit and cryoplant. However, their capability to deal
with control/regulation has not been proven, since the latter acts
on circuits components.
A new approach has been proposed to include
control/regulation of the circuit for the smoothing of the heat
loads to the cryoplant: only the dynamic response of the coil is
hidden in an ANN black-box, while the model of the cooling
circuit, on which control/regulation acts, is left untouched.
The feasibility of the approach is checked on a simple test
case: the HELIOS facility (CEA-Grenoble, France). An ANN
model is developed for the heated line of HELIOS, mimicking
the heat loads from the SC magnets. The ANN black-box of
Fig.1. ANN-based model of the HELIOS loop with
the heated line, trained using 4C simulations, is incorporated
the 4C circuit model and the ANN black-box
into the 4C model, see Fig 1, and successfully tested against
substituting the heated line.
4C and experimental data for different control scenarios.
Two ANN models, trained with 4C results, have been
developed for an ITER Toroidal Field (TF) coil and successfully tested against 4C. The first one predicts
the heat load to the LHe baths of the winding pack W and casing C of the TF coil. The second one, in
which only W and C are lumped into an ANN black-box, which is then incorporated in the 4C circuit
model, can predict the heat load to the LHe baths in controlled conditions, providing a suitable training
set.
14 | P a g e

First name: Dominic
LAST NAME: CARON
Topic: Multiphysics analysis of Generation IV reactors

Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): S. Dulla, L. Savoldi
Academic context
[1] Bonifetto, R., Dulla, S., Ravetto, P., Savoldi Richard, L., Zanino, R. A full-core coupled neutronic/thermalhydraulic code for the modeling of lead-cooled nuclear fast reactors. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 261,
85-94 (2013).
[2] Lawrence, R. D. Progress in nodal methods for the solution of the neutron diffusion and transport
equations. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 17, 271-301 (1986).
[3] Dulla, S., Mund, E. H., Ravetto, P. The quasi-static method revisited. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 50,
908-920 (2008).
ENEA Bologna
IAEA

Multiphysics analyses are important for the safety studies of innovative nuclear systems. Some of these
systems, cooled by liquid-metal, are under investigation in research programmes of the European Union.
The activity performed so far was oriented towards the development of the neutronics modelling capabilities
of the FRENETIC (Fast REactor NEutronics/thermal-hydrauliCs) code [1] and its application to advanced
nuclear fission systems, with a special focus on liquid-metal cooled fast reactors in hexagonal geometry [2].
In particular, the work accomplished has concerned the implementation of the quasi-static method [3],
together with the prerequisite adjoint capabilities, thereby rendering the transient analysis capabilities of the
code more tractable with respect to the previous solution methodology by direct inversion of the timedependent multigroup neutron diffusion equations. To this end, appropriate self-consistent expressions of the
nodal adjoint neutron diffusion equations and the associated perturbation theory expressions have been
formulated, a critical assessment of the different quasi-static algorithms has been performed and finally an
innovative adaptive time integration procedure to be used
with a quasi-static method has been developed. The
product of these efforts is a significant reduction of the
computational effort required to model a transient without
sacrificing the accuracy of the computed solution.
In preparation of the upcoming integral code validation in
the context of a coordinated research project of the
International Atomic Energy Agency, work has
commenced on the preparation of a library of
temperature-dependent, few group diffusion theory group
constants and kinetics parameters. This is accompanied
by the development and the implementation of models of
higher-order effects (e.g. decay heat, gamma heat and
thermal expansion) which are foreseen to be important not
Power evolution in a compensated transient assessed
only for this particular benchmark but also for the transient
with the predictor-corrector quasi-static method
analyses of advanced liquid-metal cooled fission systems
(PCQM).
in general.
15 | P a g e

First name: Ylenia
LAST NAME: CASCONE
Topic: Responsive building components for nearly Zero Energy Buildings

Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): M. Perino
Academic context
[1] Van der Aa A., Heiselberg P., Perino M., 2011. Designing with Responsive Building Elements. Report of
IEA-ECBCS Annex 44.
[2] Attia S., Hamdy M., OBrien W., Carlucci S., 2013. Assessing gaps and needs for integrating building
performance optimization tools in net zero energy buildings design. Energy and Buildings 60, 110-124.
[3] Deng S., Wang R.Z., Dai Y.J., 2014. How to evaluate performance of net zero energy building A
literature research. Energy 71, 1-16.
--

Data on thermal characterisation of building materials are necessary to properly simulate and design building
envelope components. Data on responsive building materials are especially difficult to retrieve, and even
when provided by the manufacturer they may not be appropriate for building energy simulation. Innovative
experimental and numerical analyses have been carried out to evaluate the thermo-physical properties of
phase change shape-stabilised materials, phase change slurries and thermotropic glazings.
Furthermore, to perform retrofit intervention in buildings, the characterisation of the existing building
envelope without the need for invasive measurements would be useful. Even though in-situ experimental
methods for evaluating the static performance of opaque envelope components are commonly available, the
characterisation of the dynamic performance can be obtained only from numerical calculation. A
methodology to characterise the dynamic performance of opaque envelope components on the basis of insitu experimental campaigns is currently ongoing.
Given the characterisation of building materials and components, future work will focus on the development
of models for the simulation of innovative and responsive building envelope components, and on the
optimisation analysis for the design and the application in new and existing buildings.
Preliminary optimisation analyses for testing the methodology were conducted on a reference building
characterised by an envelope with static features. A multi-objective search was performed with the aim of
minimising the energy need for heating, cooling and lighting of a building by varying number, position, shape
and type of windows and the thickness of the masonry walls. In addition, a preliminary analysis on the Pareto
front solutions (post-Pareto analysis) was performed to investigate the statistical variation of the values
assumed by the input variables in all the non-dominated solutions.
Fig. 1 - Box plot representation to investigate the statistical variation of the values assumed by
significant input variables in all the non-dominated solutions. Variables with a very low spread represent
those inputs for which there is a low degree of freedom in the selection of their value (e.g. Window-toWall Ratio (WWR)) 2D Pareto-front (cooling vs heating energy need).
16 | P a g e

First name: Giulio
LAST NAME: CERINO ABDIN
Topic: Local planning of biomass-to-energy systems

Course year: 3rd
Tutor(s): A. Poggio
Academic context
[1] R, Ursone, P.G. Terzuolo, M. Quirino (2009). Uso del legno per il riscaldamento domestico. Sherwood
n153 pag. 33-39
[2] G. V. Fracastoro, M. Serraino (2011). A methodology for assessing the energy performance of large scale
building stocks and possible applications. Energy and Buildings 43 (2011) pag. 844-852.
[3] A. Bosner, T. Porinsky, I. Stankic (2012). Forestry and Life Cycle Assessment, GlobalPerspectives on
Sustainable Forest Management, Dr. Dr. Clement A. Okia (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0569-5, InTech.
ENEA UTTS SALUGGIA

STFOLDFORSKNING
REGIONE PIEMONTE & IPLA

The use of biomass for energy production is becoming a key factor in order to reach the EU targets of 20%
of energy from renewable sources by 2020. The use of wood biomass in residential applications has a
significant share in some Italian regions, especially in rural areas. Nevertheless, an accurate estimation of
the amount of biomass used for these purposes is not always
available and it is not easy to undertake. On the basis of local
demand vs supply analysis already performed in the PhD activity
some criticality are highlighted in terms of sustainable exploitation of
the forest, in order to support the biomass-to-energy pathways.
In the framework of the performed PhD activity, a new methodology
to overcome this lack has been defined and applied. The
methodology developed in the last year has been integrated to
perform scenarios analysis and evaluation of measurement to
promote a more sustainable forest exploitation. Analyzing the results
has been possible to underline how actual pathways scheme could
be modified in order to reduce the lack between local sustainable
exploitation of the forest and the local biomass demand.
Pelletchip supply chain
Considering residential sector has been highlighted how currently the
Chipping
phase of coppice chestnut
trend in biomass exploitation shows a increasing dependence in
pellet uses, and substitution of existing wood-log fired appliances
with pellet fired technologies. Even though the increasing in pellet
consumption a local and national production could not be achieved, due to the absence of related timber
industries, so the fuel is mainly imported from European and extra-Europe countries (Canada).
Important results has been obtained thought the analysis of innovative productions of biomass fuels with low
moisture content and quite regular size (pelletchip) that could substitute pellet in dedicated boilers.
The evaluation of the local potential performed in two alpine areas shows the possibility to realize biomassto-energy pathways balancing the supply and demand of innovative fuels.
According to the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) methodology, the evaluation of the sustainability of the
pelletchip productions supply chain has been carried out. The comparison between pellet and innovative
biomass derived fuel has been performed too. The results show a positive balance in terms of environmental
impacts achievable in the substitution of imported pellet with local pelletchip production.
17 | P a g e

First name: Sara
LAST NAME: COSENTINO
Topic: Optimal design and operation of energy systems through reduced order modelling
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): V. Verda, A. Sciacovelli
Academic context
[1] Lassila T., Manzoni A., Quarteroni A., Rozza, G. Model order reduction in fluid dynamics: challenges and
perspectives, http://mox.polimi.it/it/progetti/pubblicazioni/quaderni/29-2013.pdf, Politecnico di Milano.
[2] Bejan, A. Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.
[3] Xu J., Wang R. Z., Li Y., A review of available technologies for seasonal thermal energy storage, Solar
Energy 103 (2014), 610638.
GEOenergia S.r.l.
J V V A FIRE & RISK-

Complexity of current energy systems is increasing to face constraints due to performances, costs,
environmental issues and operation conditions. Design may involve multiple configurations and design
variables, complex topology and time-dependent operating conditions. Innovative tools are necessary in
order to make the analysis and optimization of these systems possible in a reasonable time. My research
work is focused on the development and application of fast model techniques to the optimization of complex
energy systems, with the goal of reducing the computational costs. A literature review on optimization
methods and model order reduction techniques (MOR) has been developed in the first part of this year. Only
few applications of MOR to the optimization of energy systems are available in the literature. Two types of
systems have been considered as possible applications: tunnel ventilation and ground heat exchangers.
A Fuzzy Logic strategy for the optimal control of ventilation in a tunnel has been developed. A network model
of the tunnel has been created. A multi-scale approach (network+3D) will be considered and reduced as the
next step.
As a second application, ground heat exchangers (GHE)
with vertical boreholes have been considered. The optimal
design and operation of these systems has been performed
using entropy generation minimization (EGM). Operating
conditions with or without anomalies have been examined.
An interesting optimization problem for GHEs consists in
the ground thermal storage, combined with solar systems
or district heating network. Such application may involve a
large number of boreholes, which operate in different and
variable conditions.
A preliminary optimization analysis has been performed to
investigate the best system design to minimize the charging
time. The reduced model of a single vertical borehole has
Figure 1: Simulation of the average daily Thermal
been obtained through proper orthogonal decomposition
Power produced by a vertical borehole.
(POD). In the figure, a comparison between the thermal
power exchanges by a single borehole calculated using the
reduced model and the full model is shown. Results of the
POD model are very close to that of full model, but a reduction in the CPU-time of about 99.5% is obtained.
These features make the reduced model suitable for the real time simulation and optimal control of ground
thermal storage plants.
18 | P a g e

First name: Claudio
LAST NAME: CUBITO
Topic: Analysis of the impact of innovative powertrain technologies on CO2 and pollutant
emissions under real world driving conditions
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): F. Millo
Academic context
[1] Millo F., Rolando L., Andreata M., Numerical Analysis - Theory and Application, Awrejcewicz J., InTech
(HRV), pp. 22, 2011
[2] Fontanaras, G., Dilara, P., The evolution of European passenger car characteristics 20002010 and its
effects on real-world CO2 emissions and CO2 reduction policy, Energy Policy, Volume 49, pp. 719730,
2012
[3] Millo, F., Rolando, L., Fuso, R., Mallamo, F., Real CO2 emissions benefits and end user's operating costs
of a plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle, APPLIED ENERGY, vol. 114, pp. 563-571, 2014
JRC (Joint Research Center) European Commission Ispra

Pollutants emissions and fuel economy tests for new vehicles differ from region to region through the world.
This is appropriate to the extent that typical driving conditions differ by region in a number of characteristics
that affect production of pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. Moreover, all tests generally
underestimate the real-life pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles, since they are unable to
properly reproduce real driving conditions. The World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations of the
United Nation Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE/WP29) has brought governments and automobile
manufacturers together to work on a new harmonized test procedure to be adopted around the world, called
WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Test Procedure), which should be enforced starting from 2017.
Within this context, the research project, which is being carried out
in close cooperation with the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the
European Commission, is focused on the development of a
methodology capable to assess, through numerical simulation, the
impact of this new test procedure on pollutant emissions and fuel
consumption of passenger cars, with a special attention for
innovative powertrain technologies, and to establish a correlation
with the values which are currently being obtained though the
NEDC based procedure.
A preliminary analysis has been carried out on a B-segment car,
equipped with a naturally aspirated gasoline engine and a manual
transmission, evaluating the impact of the warm up phase, of the
stop and start technology, of the effect of mass and coast down
coefficients variation as prescribed by the new procedure. Further
investigations will be carried out to evaluate the effect of engine
downsizing, the usage of different hybrid architectures and of the
Figure CO2 Emissions comparison
new stop and motions technologies, such as sailing and cruising.
between NEDC and WLTC cycle
19 | P a g e

First name: Davide
LAST NAME: DRAGO
Topic: Design, development and testing of SOFC short-stacks with special heat pipes
plates integrated with H2 sources
Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): M. Santarelli
Academic context
[1] Firat E., Bandlamudi G., Beckhaus P., Heinzel A., Heat Pipe Assisted Thermal Management of a HT
PEMFC Stack, Proceedings of the 2012 COMSOL Conference in Milan.
[2] Smeacetto F., Salvo M., Ferraris M., Cho J., Boccaccini A.R., Glass-ceramic seal to join Crofer 22 APU
alloy to YSZ ceramic in planar SOFCs, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 28 (2008), 61 68.
[3] Ene.field residential fuel cell micro-CHP trial begins in Europe, Fuel Cells Bulletin, Volume 2012 (2012),
page 4.
FN Spa
CNRS - CRETA
DATE SA

The activity was mainly focused on the study of the thermal integration between the SOFC stack and the heat
pipes plate. In particular, two main aspects have been evaluated, that are the number of heat pipes contained
in a single plate and the displacement along it. Two configurations have been studied: a plate containing three
or four heat pipes. Thermal simulations performed with the COMSOL software revealed that the best
configuration, in terms of temperature profile of the entire block and of the amount of heat adsorbed by each
heat pipe, is the configuration shown in the Figure below (right side). This activity has given a feedback to
DATE SA that is the company in charge for the production of the heat pipes plates (Figure below, left side).
In view of the experimental tests, the choice of the best performing sealant is a key aspect. The sealant is
important because it avoids leaks of gas from a side to the other of the fuel cell. Two option are under
investigation, that is to add the sealant with a pre-treatment in a different moment with respect to the
experimental test or directly during the setting of it.
Figure. At the left it is shown a view of the entire system ENERGY-BOX; at the right a thermal model of a
possible configuration of the SOFC stack integrated with a heat pipes plate.
Concerning the system analysis of microCHP FC-based systems (performed in the framework of the EU
project Ene.field), the efforts have been concentrated on the study of the existing method, established by the
European Union, for the calculation of the seasonal space heating energy efficiency for heating devices.
This parameter is fundamental because it determines the label that will characterize each heating device at
the market level. The main issue raised by the manufacturers of microCHP devices is that this methodology
highly penalizes these devices in comparison to other heating devices such as heat pumps. A report on the
analysis of this methodology has been produced for Ene.field and its Coordinator (COGEN EU).
20 | P a g e

First name: Matteo
LAST NAME: FASANO
Topic: Heat and Mass Transfer of Water at Nanoscale Solid Interfaces

Course year: 3rd
Tutor(s): P. Asinari, E. Chiavazzo
Academic context
[1] E. Chiavazzo, M. Fasano et al., Nature Commun. 5, 3565 (2014)
[2] M. Fasano, M.B. Bigdeli et al., Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 41, 1028 (2015)
[3] T. Humplik, R.Raj et al., Langmuir 30, 6446 (2014)
Paolo Decuzzi, Department of Translational Imaging, HMRI, Houston (TX, USA)

Fernando Bresme, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London (UK)
Evelyn Wang, Mechanical Engineering Department, MIT, Cambridge (MA, USA)

A better physical understanding of heat and mass transfer of water at nanoscale solid interfaces is
essential for the rational design of novel nanoconstructs for energy as well as for biomedical applications.
Both nanoscale transfer phenomena are strongly influenced by solid-liquid nonbonded interactions occurring
at the interface.
First, classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) is used for
investigating water transport in the proximity of several
biological and inorganic solid surfaces, according to different
surface functionalizations (i.e. hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and
physical conditions. Results show that the self-diffusion
coefficient D of water in nanoconfined geometries is reduced
respect to bulk conditions (Fig. 1). In fact, D scales with the
dimensionless parameter , i.e. the ratio between the volume of
confined water, which is defined by the solvent accessible
surface and a characteristic length of confinement depending
on surface chemistry, and the total one. The D() relationship is
Figure 2: Scaling law D() for the self-diffusivity
then interpreted within the thermodynamics of supercooled
of water under a broad variety of nanoconfined
water.
conditions. In the inset, one of the coated
Second, water diffusion in nanoconstructs also plays a
nanoparticles considered for evaluating solidfundamental role in nanoscale heat transfer phenomena. Nonliquid thermal boundary resistance is shown.
equilibrium MD simulations are used to investigate the
characteristic solid-liquid thermal boundary resistance of solvated nanoparticles with different degrees of
hydrophobicity or surface pegylation (Fig. 1, inset). Results show that solid-liquid thermal boundary
transmittance is proportional to surface hydrophilicity.
Once a theoretical framework for the transport properties of nanoconfined water is established, the
obtained scaling laws are applied to biomedical and engineering applications.
D has a strong influence on the performances of contrast agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Here, MD simulations and the D() relationship are shown to accurately predict the relaxometric responses
of Gd(DOTA) and SPIOn MRI contrast agents confined within hydrated nanopores, proving that the D()
scaling law can help in tailoring nanostructures with precise modulation of water mobility.
Finally, atomistic simulations are used for investigating the critical limitations of zeolite-based materials for
filtering or thermal storage purposes. Firstly, infiltration isotherms of water in defective Silicalite-I membranes
are evaluated by MD simulations, and the water transport within the nanopores is interpreted in terms of
solvent-structure and solvent-solvent nonbonded interaction energies. Large networks of carbon nanofillers,
instead, may be introduced for enhancing the thermal transmittance of zeolite-based materials: Nonequilibrium MD simulations show that CNTs with short overlap length and a few bonded interlinks already
present a remarkable enhancement in the overall transmittance of the nanoconstructs.
21 | P a g e
First name: Domenico
LAST NAME: FERRERO
Topic: Design, development and testing of SOEC-based power-to-gas systems for

conversion and storage of RES into synthetic methane
Course year: 2nd
Academic context
[1] C. Graves et al., Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO 2 and H2O with renewable or nuclear
energy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 15 (1), 2011, pp. 123.
[2] H. Zhu et al., Modeling Elementary Heterogeneous Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Solid-Oxide Fuel
Cells, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Volume 152 (12), 2005, pp. A2427-A2440.
[3] Q. Cai et al., Optimal control strategies for hydrogen production when coupling solid oxide electrolysers
with intermittent renewable energies, Journal of Power Sources, 2014, Volume 268, pp. 212-224.
Delft University of Technology

Sofcpower

In the first year, an integrated 2D-1D thermo-electrochemical model of an SOC cell was developed and
validated by performing experimental investigations (polarization and EIS measurements) on unsealed
commercial cells made with different air electrode materials tested in SOFC-SOEC dual mode. The research
activity of the second year has been focused on extending the numerical modeling to a SOC Stack
Repeating Unit (SRU) and on the development of a sealed cell test fixture for model validation.
Test fixture development: The design of a sealed metallic housing for square cells testing has been
performed with the support of numerical simulations for the selection of the most suitable flow field
configuration. The test fixture has been realized and the tuning of test-rig procedures for the use of a
commercial glass-ceramic sealing tape
designed for stack applications is
currently ongoing. The test fixture
allows to acquire current-voltage
characteristics and impedance spectra
of sealed cells and to perform gas
analysis on the spent fuel. The data
acquired (temperature, current-voltage
profile and spent fuel composition) will
be used for the SRU model validation.
Numerical modeling: A 3-D thermo-fluid,
electrochemical and chemical model
with a
capable of simulating the stationary and Simulated temperature distribution in SOFC stack repeating unit
2
cross-flow
gas
distribution
design
(step
current
0.4
A/cm
)
dynamic response of a stack repeating
unit in both SOFC and SOEC modes
has been developed. The model includes gas channels, current collectors and interconnects, in addition to
the cell.
The reaction kinetics of CH4 steam reforming, direct and reverse water gas shift and CO methanation have
been implemented in the model and the combined effects of chemical and electrochemical reactions have
been assessed. The model has been applied to simulate the dynamic operation of an SOC stack with a
cross-flow gas distribution design. Different time-dependent load profiles with variable current gradients have
been simulated and the results show that detrimental temperature gradients within the repeating unit can
arise in fuel cell mode. The simulation allows to identify the limiting current ramps in SOFC, while the SOEC
operation ensures sensibly lower gradients due to the endothermicity of the reactions.
22 | P a g e

First name: Rocco
LAST NAME: FUSO
Topic: Development of innovative control strategies for hybrid powertrains

Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): F. Millo, M. Cisternino
Academic context
[1] Mueller, Norbert, et al. "Next Generation Engine Start/Stop Systems:FreeWheeling." SAE International
Journal of Engines 4.1 (2011): 874-887.
[2] Al Dunn, Ashley L., et al. "Vehicle Coast Analysis: Typical SUV Characteristics." SAE International
Journal of Passenger Cars-Mechanical Systems 1.1 (2009): 526-535.
[3] Heinzmann, Bernd, et al. "Start/Stop Strategies for Two-Wheelers in the Emerging Markets." SAE
International Journal of Passenger Cars-Mechanical Systems 6.3 (2013): 1595-1604.
General Motors-Powertrain Europe

The Sailing Feature allows the best
exploitation of the kinetic energy of the car
[1], providing a new driving experience
efficient and environmentally friendly. By
enabling such a feature the clutch is
automatically disengaged, so the car can
move forward by inertia, decreasing fuel
consumption due to the engine switch-off.
The advantage in terms of fuel
consumption comes from the use of the
kinetic energy of the car in order to
overcome the rolling and aerodynamic
Figure 1. Evolution of Start & Stop technology
resistances [2]. The Sailing Feature can
be considered a concept similar to
Start&Stop(S&S) [3] but applied at higher vehicle speeds. For this reason it can be applied on car equipped
with S&S just with a minimum upgrade. Moreover the change in the homologation procedures transitioning
from NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) to WLTP (Worldwide harmonized Light duty vehicles Test
Procedures) will impact significantly the fuel economy potential of todays S&S, losing half of its benefit.
Introducing sailing, fuel savings due S&S could be maintained and even improved both during homologation
and daily vehicle usage. In these two years of PhD an innovative system controller has been developed with
the aim of extend as much as possible the sailing events on the WLTP. In order to prevent the lack of
perceived safety by the driver, this new controller monitors key aspects of the driver actions, such as the rate
of variation of the pressure on the pedals, the actions on the gear lever and others, so as to rapidly detect
any change of mind of the driver actuating the exit procedure and quit the sailing maneuver. After a first
numerical assessment of the control logic, the project has been moving to the testing facilities where the
sailing is currently under assessment: a mid-size passenger car with a diesel engine 1.6L and a Manual
Transmission was selected and updated to assess the benefits of the sailing technology. The Engine Control
Unit has been integrated with the sailing feature and used for a first evaluation of the Sailing performance in
terms of fuel savings and impact on the pollutant emissions. Preliminary experimental tests proved that the
sailing logic does not deteriorate diesel engine emissions. Furthermore, fuel savings of about 3% on WLTC
cycle and 8% for real life applications seems to be within the capability range of this new technology.
23 | P a g e

First name: Marta
LAST NAME: GANDIGLIO
Topic: Design, optimization and implementation of novel SOFC multi-generation power

plants fed by various fuels with carbon capture sequestration or utilization
Course year: 1st
Academic context
[1] A. Trendewicz, R.J. Braun, Techno-economic analysis of solid oxide fuel cell-based combined heat and
power systems for biogas utilization at wastewater treatment facilities, 2013, Journal of Power Sources 233.
[2] P. Margalef, T. Brown, J. Brouwer, S. Samuelsen, Conceptual design and configuration performance
analyses of polygenerating high temperature fuel cells, 2011, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36.
[3] M. Gandiglio, A. Lanzini, M. Santarelli, P. Leone, Design and Balance-of-Plant of a Demonstration Plant
With a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fed by Biogas From Waste-Water and Exhaust Carbon Recycling for Algae
Growth, 2014, J. Fuel Cell Sci. Technol.
Jan Van Herle and Franois Marchal - EPFL, cole polytechnique fdrale de Lausanne
Jack Brouwer - Advanced Power and Energy Program (APEP) at the University of California, Irvine.
Joaquim Torres - MATGAS 2000, AIE, Barcelona, Spain.

Clean and high efficiency prime generators for electricity and heat production are nowadays a fundamental
requirement for the power generation market, mainly because of restrictive laws on emissions and high fuel
prices. Fuel cells, especially SOFCs, can satisfy this
need thanks to their near zero emissions, electrical
efficiency higher than 50% and low maintenance costs.
Moreover, in the last years, the concept of polygeneration plant has growing: a system can thus be
able to produce not only heat and power (CHP) but also
chemicals (hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ethanol as
examples) able to satisfy the on-site requirement like
specific manufacturing processes or transport.
The PhD research work has been developed in the
framework of the SOFCOM Project (www.sofcom.eu)
and has been focused, during the first year, on two main
topics related to the analysis of poly-generation plants:
System modeling and techno-economic evaluations.
Tri-generation plant installed in 2014 in
Different plant models have been evaluated and
the framework of the SOFCOM EU
analyzed, taking into account pressurized plants,
carbon capture and sequestration or on-site use.
Project.
Different use of CO2 have been studied and will be modeled during next years together with chemicals
production.
Design and operation of a 2 kW e proof-of-concept. A real four-generation plant (power, heat, biomass in
form of algae and waste water cleaning) has been designed for the project. The PhD has dealt with the
blueprint definition of the complex system, the installation and control of the different units and now with
the constant operation and managing of the demo, with tests and experiments still running.
Experimental results from the 6 months demonstration will be then deeply analyzed during next year.
24 | P a g e

First name: Elisa
LAST NAME: GUELPA
Topic: Modeling strategies toward multiple scenario applications and fast simulations;
application for fire safety and energy engineering
Course year: 2st
Tutor(s): V. Verda, R. Borchiellini, A. Sciacovelli
Academic context
[1] Biaecki RA., Kassab AJ, Fic A. (2005). Proper orthogonal decomposition and modal analysis for
acceleration of transient FEM thermal analysis. International journal for numerical methods in engineering
62,774797
[2] Sullivan A L (2009) Wildland surface fire spread modelling, 19902007.1 Physical and quasi-physical
models. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18(4) 349368
[3] Balbi J, Santoni P, Dupuy J (1999). Dynamic modelling of fire spread across a fuel bed. International
Journal of Wildland Fire 9(4), 275284.
Universit degli Studi di Torino

Iren Energia
Universit di Roma La Sapienza

Fast or real-time simulation is an important topic in various engineering fields. When systems involve large
domain and long time, model reduction allows one to reduce simulation time and computational resources.
My PhD research activity is focused on the model reduction of complex energy conversion systems, such as
wildland fire propagation and district heating network, with the goal of obtaining fast simulation models.
During this year, a one-dimensional physical model for wildfire prediction has been built. Model coefficients
have been obtained using real data provided by the University of Torino and a single simulation performed
using WildFire Dynamic Simulator (WFDS), the most widely used physical-based software. Model reduction
has been performed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). POD has been applied using a novel
approach, considering the eigenfunctions only for the
portion of domain affected by the fire front. Both the full and
reduced models have been compared with experimental
data provided by the research group at University of Torino.
Results show that the POD model is able to predict the
average rate of spread with an error of about 3% with
respect to the full model but reducing the computational
time of about 90%. In addition, it has been shown that the
basis obtained in a particular condition (e.g. without wind or
variation in the fuel) can be used to simulate different
conditions.
The POD modeling approach has been also applied to the
simulation of the of the fluid flow of the Turin district heating
network. An optimization model has been carried out to find
the optimal strategy for controlling the various pumps along
Figure 1: Comparison of Full, POD model and
the network. POD has been used to obtain a reduced
experimental data
optimization model that provides good results with much
lower computational time. This model can be applied to the
optimal management of the pumping system during the operation. A sensitivity analysis has been performed
in order to examine possible strategies that can be operated with reduced number of pumps, which can be
very helpful also in the case of possible malfunctions.
25 | P a g e

First name: Arash
LAST NAME: HADADIAN
Topic: Energy harvesting based on magnetoelastic materials

Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): M. Chiampi, M. Zucca
Academic context
[1] Zucca, M. and Bottauscio, O., Hysteretic Modeling of Electrical Micro-Power Generators Based on Villari
Effect IEEE Trans. Magn., 48, no 11, 2012, 3092-3095.

[2] Zucca, M. Bottauscio, O., Beatrice C., and Fiorillo, F,. Modeling Amorphous Ribbons in Energy
Harvesting Applications IEEE Transactions On Magnetics, VOL. 47, NO. 10, Oct. 2011
[3] Zucca, M. Callegaro, L A setup for the performance characterization and traceable efficiency
measurement of magnetostrictive harvesters. In press on IEEE Trans. on Instr. and Meas., DOI:
10.1109/TIM.2014.2375711
INRIM, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Electromagnetism Division.

The research addresses the Energy Harvesting using functional magnetic materials. Harvester devices
transform into electrical energy a mechanical input, this latter arising from vibration of machine tools and
contrivances. One first setup was designed during my first PhD year, based on bulk material (Terfenol-D).
2
This setup is suitable for high energy vibrations, being the forces exerted in the 10 N range and the output
1
power in the range of 10 mW. Measurements and relevant simulations have been carried on in the present
year and the results were presented at the EMSA
conference in Vienna, Austria, last July, whereas the
correspondent paper is now in press. In addition, a
second setup was tuned and analyzed, based on
amorphous materials, one of the most advantageous
material due to its long life cycle and low cost. This
setup is suitable for low energy vibrations, being the
-1
forces exerted in the 10 N range and the produced
-2
power in the order of 10 mW. The results of the
second setup were presented at the Intermag
conferences (May 2014, Dresden Germany) and the
paper was recently published. In both cases, despite
the difference of three order of magnitude between
both the forces exerted by the vibration and the
obtained output powers, the study shows that the
Fig. 1 - Vibration induced hysteresis cycles as a
generated electrical current and power have a
function of the remanence of the permanent magnet.
complex but similar dependence on several quantities.
Applied preload 1.7 MPa, peak stress amplitude 1
Five correlated quantities must be taken into account:
MPa, electrical load 50 .
the magnetic and mechanical bias, the force
amplitude, the electric load and the frequency. One of
the most significant results, achieved with my contribution, shows how the maximum output power is
obtained when the peak value of force excitation is close to preload. Another important result is the careful
and thorough analysis of the magnetic bias effect on the device behavior. The shape of the vibration induced
hysteresis cycles as a function of the magnetic bias has been deepened (see Fig. 1) and its effect on the
output electrical current has been investigated. Many activities are now in progress, as a preliminary study of
cantilever harvesters and the realization of a new test bench for traceable material characterization.
26 | P a g e

First name: Siew Sin
LAST NAME: HOH
Topic: Development of methods for the determination of reactivity from flux measurements
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): S. Dulla, P. Ravetto
Academic context
[1] S. DULLA, M. NERVO, and P. RAVETTO, A method for on-line reactivity monitoring in nuclear reactors,
Annals of Nuclear Energy, 65, 433 440 (2014).
[2] S. DULLA, M. NERVO, and P. RAVETTO, A method for reactivity monitoring in subcritical source-driven
systems, Proceedings of the International Conference PHYSOR 2014, Kyoto, Japan (2014).
[3] D. CARON, S. DULLA, M. NERVO, P. RAVETTO, and M. CARTA, Assessment of an on-line reactivity
monitoring technique, Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, 111, 1185-1187, Anaheim, CA (2014).
IAEA
KUCA

The reactivity monitoring is an important issue in the operation and in the safety assessment of multiplying
nuclear systems. The inverse point kinetic model is usually employed to infer reactivity evaluations from flux
measurements. The inverse interpretation method uses data from local flux measurements, which may lead
to inaccurate reactivity predictions affected by relevant spatial and spectral phenomena.
The present work proposes to reduce the space-energy effects by a combination of local flux signals from
different detectors using as weights the adjoint flux before applying the reactivity reconstruction algorithm.
The assessment of the method is performed by interpreting transient histories following localized
perturbations introduced into a steady-state reactor simulated by a numerical code, solving the timedependent multigroup diffusion equations. Multiple detectors are introduced into the system and supposed to
provide flux signals at several fixed points in
phase space to evaluate spatial effect affecting
the reconstructing reactivity. Therefore, rather
than correcting the reactivity result by spatial
correction factors, this approach is alternatively
based on blending different signals to construct
a neutron amplitude that can retain a more
comprehensive information on the physical
features of the system, and, thus, may improve
the prediction of the reactivity.
For validation purposes, the proposed method
will be implemented to analyze the experimental
data obtained from the accelerator-driven
Reactivity reconstruction in a simulated transient
system KUCA at the Kyoto University Critical
Assembly.
27 | P a g e

First name: Daniele
LAST NAME: IEMMOLO
Topic: Model-based control approaches for charging and combustion processes in NGNG/H2 powered engines
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): E. Spessa, D. Misul
Academic context
[1] Chapman K.S., Patil A., Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions Characterization of Reciprocating
Internal Combustion Engines Fuelled with Hydrogen/Natural Gas Blends, Final Technical Report, March,
2008, DOE Award DE-FC26-04NT42234
[2] Boulouchos K., Dimopoulos P., Hotz R., Rechsteiner C., Soltic P., Combustion Characteristics of
Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixtures in Passenger Car Engines, SAE paper 2007-24-0065
[3] Baratta M., D'Ambrosio S., Misul D., Spessa E. (2014) Effects of H2 addition to compressed natural gas
blends on cycle-to-cycle and cylinder-to-cylinder combustion variation in a spark-ignition engine, Journal of
Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, vol. 136, 051502-1-051502-12. - ISSN 0742-4795
BioMethAir Project (Centro Ricerche Fiat)

Hydrogen content in HCNG strongly influences the engine performance, combustion process and pollutant
formation. In addition, if HCNG is produced starting from biomass, the final gas composition is not known a
priori with sufficient precision. For the engine control unit (ECU) it is crucial to identify the actual composition
of the fuel injected in order to implement correct control strategies and in particular injection duration.
Experimental tests were carried out using a SI 1.4 LT turbocharged engine, with a modified injection system
in order to be able to use gaseous fuels. Three different kind of fuels were tested: G20 (i.e. CNG), G25 (i.e. a
mixture of 86%vol CH4 and 14%vol N2) and HCNG30 (i.e. HCNG with 30%vol of hydrogen). The absolute
injection pressure was 0.9 MPa using a port fuel injection system.
A model has been developed in order to compute injection durations for a certain fuel composition and the
values obtained were compared and validated with experimental data from the ECU using the same mixtures
(Figure 3).
The fuel injected mass per cycle and cylinder can be computed
starting from the measurement of the air mass flow-rate under
stoichiometric conditions. From the theory of the gas nozzles the
average fuel mass-flow rate during an injection event is calculated
and it depends on an effective area of passage of the fluid in the
nozzle. The procedure resulted to be iterative because the
effective area is function of the injection time to be evaluated.
Therefore initial values of the effective area are extrapolated from
experimental results. Thus the injection duration is evaluated as
the ratio between the injected fuel mass and the average fuel
mass-flow rate. The process is than iterated till convergence is
reached.
The model can be adopted to calculate the injection duration of
different possible fuel mixtures and by comparison with the actual
injection duration implemented by the engine ECU, it should be
possible to recognize the correct fuel composition.
Injection duration calculated [ms]

Injection duration experimental [ms]
6
RMSE=91 s
RMSE=62 s
RMSE=100 s
4
2
0
G20
G25
HCNG30
Figure 3 Comparison between

calculated and experimental values
of injection duration for tested fuels.
28 | P a g e

First name: Matteo
LAST NAME: JARRE
Topic: Dynamic modeling of thermal energy consumption at medium/large scale

Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): M. C. Masoero
Academic context
[1] M. Lauster, J. Teichmann, M- Fuchs, R. Streblow, D. Muller, Low order thermal network models for
dynamic simulations of buildings on city district scale, Building and Environment 73 (2014) 223-231
[2] W. Kleiminger, S. Santini, F. Mattern, Simulating the energy savings potential in domestic heating
scenarios in Switzerland, Tech. rep, ETH Zurich, Dep. of Computer Science, July 2014
[3] B. Bueno, L. Norford, G. Pigeon, R. Britter, A Resistance-Capacitance network model for the analysis of
the interactions between the energy performance of buildings and the urban climate Building and
Environment 54 (2012) 116-125
Summer School "EEBC - Energy-Efficient Buildings and Communities", DTU, Lyngby

The research activity has started from the study of the state of the art and the existing bibliography regarding
the knowledge of thermal energy consumptions within buildings; in particular, building communities as a
whole were investigated. In fact, one of the key lacks within the scenario of energy planning is the capability
to describe the thermal energy consumption not only at the very specific and detailed level of the single
building but considering larger areas: urban level, regional level and even national level.
The analyzed literature highlights that traditional steady-state models are suitable for large scale analysis
and do not require large amount of data. On the other hand, the problem of load shaping and peak managing
on the generation side is well addressed; this problem is in many ways caused by, the behavior of the
energy user. This states the need for dynamic tools that would be able to analyze large scale scenarios; the
union of these key features (dynamic tools applied at large scale) has been the focus of the further activity.
In particular, existing models were studied and their features were compared to individuate the one that
would have suited most to the given boundary conditions, among which the main are (1) the capability of
running on a small amount of input data; (2)
the possibility to analyze the significance of
every model component in terms of energy
consumption; (3) the possibility to modify the
existing model according to specific needs or
studied areas. The Resistance-Capacitance
(RC) circuits were then individuated as the
most suitable models. In particular, the UNI
EN 13790 RC circuit has been strongly
modified through: (1) the implementation of
two additional RC dipoles to better simulate
the interaction between building, ground and
heating terminals; (2) the shift of the provided
heating term in order to simulate the different
heating systems and (3) the implementation
of the different heating logics and regulation
that could be used within the simulated area.
Figure 4. The proposed model as derived from the origin (UNI EN 13790)
29 | P a g e

First name: Georgios
LAST NAME: KAZAS
Topic: Energy Supply and Demand Management through Energy Storage and Demand
Side Management
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): M. Perino
Academic context
[1] Swan, L.G. & Ugursal, V.I., 2009. Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A
review of modeling techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(8), pp.18191835
[2] Kavgic, M. et al., 2010. A review of bottom-up building stock models for energy consumption in the
residential sector. Building and Environment, 45(7), pp.16831697
[3] Ren, Z., Paevere, P. & McNamara, C., 2012. A local-community-level, physically-based model of end-use
energy consumption by Australian housing stock. Energy Policy, 49, pp.586596
CINERGY Marie Curie FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN

NUID University College of Dublin (Co-supervisor Dr. D. Finn)
SIEMENS

The project is going to investigate the demand management and the energy supply at district scale using
Thermal Energy Storage technologies (TES) and Demand Side Management techniques (DSM). The
methodology consists of a preliminary activity and the main research activity. The preliminary activity is the
development of a methodology in order to generate Energy Demand Profiles (hourly) at district scale. The
research activity for 2014 is a part of the preliminary activity. More specifically, a literature review was carried
out and focused on the various district scale and housing stock modelling approaches in order to choose the
appropriate approach for the activity. During the first year, the methodology was designed. A block of
buildings (insula) in via Barrilli has been selected for the study. One archetype is chosen to be developed.
This model is a very detailed white box model. The archetype was simulated using the real weather file for
the year of 2012. After the simulation, the model was calibrated in order to evaluate its reliability. In order to
carry out a parametric analysis of the archetype using EnergyPlus, it is necessary to create the parametric
model. The parameters were defined as: various shading profiles and for each shading profile, we
investigate the following variables: occupancy profiles, heating set-points, infiltration rates.
The next steps include the profiles generation for the rest of the buildings of the block, applying a random
selection between the profiles of the archetypes parametric analysis. They also include a statistical method
in order to carry out a sensitivity analysis of the model and evaluate the uncertainty of the outputs in relation
with the inputs. With this statistical interpretation, an overall heating demand profile is generated for the
entire block of buildings. Results of the preliminary activity are expected until the summer of 2015 (IBPC
2015).
For each archetype,

demand profiles are
generated
Profiles for the remaining

buildings are defined
through a random selection
between the various base
case demand profiles
These profiles are summed

in order to have the overall
demand profiles
Statistical analysis of the

generated energy demand
profiles in order to take one
reliable profile for the
entire block
Chart: A schematic presentation of the preliminary activity.
30 | P a g e

First name: Hamed
LAST NAME: KHESHTINEJAD
Topic: Active control of gaseous injection for CNG engines

Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): D. Misul, M. Baratta
Academic context
[1] Misul.D , Baratta.M, Kheshtinejad.H; Fluid-dynamic Modeling and Advanced Control Strategies for a
Gaseous-Fuel Injection System, SAE 2014 World Congress and Exhibition; Detroit, MI; United States; 8
April 2014 through 10 April 2014; Code 104424.
[2] Baratta, M., Gazzilli, G., Gerini, A., Misul, D., Spessa, E., Fluid-Dynamic Characterization of a CNG
Injection System, Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical
Conference ICES2012, May 6-9, 2012, Torino, Piemonte, Italy
[3] Middleton, A., Neumann, B., Khatri, D.S., Development of Dedicated CNG Engine with Multipoint Gas
Injection System, SAE Paper No. 2008-28-0014, 2008
BioMethAir Project (Centro Ricerche Fiat, Metatron)

-
The research activity includes the numerical

Figure 1: Pressure regulator model
investigation into the fluid dynamic behavior of a
commercial CNG injection system by means of a
(3rd release) for CNG injection system
0D-1D code. The CNG injection system has been
modeled at ICEAL (Internal Combustion Engines
Advanced Laboratories) of Politecnico di Torino
within the AMESim environment according to the
geometry marked by the technical drawings from
the injection system supplier.
A thorough fluid-dynamic characterization of the
pressure regulator as well as a sound validation of
its matching to the injection system has been
done by means of the experimentally acquired
data. The steady state point simulations,
reproducing the functioning of the injection system
at a given engine speed and load, and the single
shot runs have been investigated during the
validation step.
The pressure regulator has been modeled and
built up by using the lumped-parameter AMESim
library and its parameters have been set with
reference to the actual valve geometry. Three
different mechanical pressure regulator releases
have been built to accurately model the friction effect and leakages of the actual pressure regulator.
The third regulator release (Figure.1) has proved to better reproduce the valve behavior.
The model has hence been applied to the prediction of the pressure waves produced by the injection
event and of their effect on the actually injected fuel mass. The dynamic simulations (speed/load
transient and driving cycle simulations) have hence been carried out by using the model embedding
the third regulator release in order to reproduce a change in either the engine speed or load.
31 | P a g e

First name: Mohsen
LAST NAME: MIRZAEIAN
Topic: Numerical Simulation of the Cycle-to-Cycle Variation and Knocking Phenomena in

Spark Ignition Engines
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): F. Millo
Academic context
[1] Millo, F., Rolando, L., Pautasso, E., Servetto, E.: A Methodology to Mimic Cycle to Cycle Variations and
to Predict Knock Occurrence through Numerical Simulation, SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-0070, 2014
[2] Fontanesi S., D'Adamo A., Paltrinieri S., Cantore G., Rutland C., Assessment of the Potential of Proper
Orthogonal Decomposition for the Analysis of Combustion CCV and Knock Tendency in a High Performance
Engine, SAE Technical Paper 2013-24-0031, 2013
Gamma Technologies Inc.,
http://www.gtisoft.com/, dr. Syed Wahiduzzaman,
syed@gtisoft.com
Powertech Engineering, www.powertech-eng.com, ing. Enrico Pautasso,
enrico.pautasso@powertech-eng.com
Pressure
[bar]
Spark ignition engine downsizing, exploited in conjunction with turbocharging, is currently considered an
efficient method for reducing CO2 emissions and fuel consumption: however, the search for increasing boost
levels has led to a dramatic increase of the knock likelihood, often requiring spark timing retards, mixture
enrichment and/or compression ratio reductions which can jeopardize the expected CO2 emissions benefits.
Robust and reliable knock models are therefore needed to
support the design and calibration of modern downsized and
turbocharged SI engines.
However, 1D fluid-dynamics simulation codes are typically not
capable to catch Cycle-to-Cycle Variations (CCV) in combustion,
but try to replicate the average cycle only. Hence, an innovative
approach to CCV modeling in 1D simulation, capable to
reproduce the variability in combustion which is responsible for
knock occurrence is the target of this research.
The first step was focused on the calibration of a combustion
model in order to predict the burn rate and the in cylinder
pressure for the average cycle. Afterwards, the main causes of
CCV were investigated, and the flame kernel development phase
Crank Angle [bar]
was identified to be the most important. In order to consider the
variations of this phase from cycle to cycle, combustion model
Fig. 1. Cycle to cycle variation of inparameters were then randomly varied so to reproduce the same
cylinder pressure
level of CCV of experimental tests.
Future work will be devoted to further improve the CCV model, in order to allow it to predict, and not only to
mimic, the effects on the burn rate of different engine operating parameters such as exhaust gas residuals
concentration, turbulence intensity (especially as far as Miller cycle is concerned).
To this aim, 3D CFD simulations will be carried out, using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) since Reynolds
Average Navier Stokes (RANS) approaches are not capable of reproducing CCV. Due to the high
computational effort which will be required, a possible collaboration with the supercomputing center of
Argonne National Labs (ANL) is currently under discussion
The innovative contribution of this research is expected to be the development of suitable combustion
models capable of predicting CCV and knocking phenomena as a function of main engine operating
variables through phenomenological relationships.
32 | P a g e
First name: Marta
LAST NAME: NERVO
Topic: Transport methods in nuclear reactor kinetics

Course year: 3rd
Tutor(s): S. Dulla, P. Ravetto
Academic context
[1] Ansari, S., Development of on-line reactivity meter for nuclear reactors. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear
Science 85, 1221 (1987).
[2] Carta, M., DAngelo, A., Subcriticality-level evaluation in accelerator-driven systems by harmonic
modulation of the external source, Nuclear Science and Engineering, 133, 282292 (1999).
[3] Bcares V. et al., Validation of ADS reactivity monitoring techniques in the Yalina-booster subcritical
assembly, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 53: pp. 331341 (2013).
ENEA Casaccia
IAEA
INFN

A novel on-line reactivity monitoring method based on the point kinetic equations has been developed for
nuclear reactors. The validation and the assessment has been carried out for both critical reactors and
subcritical source-driven systems. Further investigations have addressed other important aspects, e.g. the
sensitivity of the method to uncertainties in the integral parameters. In order to prove the potentialities of the
method for application to real nuclear reactor configurations, the study of the statistical uncertainty affecting
the detector signals has been investigated. The accurate noise treatment is important to preserve the
physical evolution estimation of the system, namely to guarantee an accurate detection of reactivity changes.
For these reasons and to be more confident with the robustness of the method, the study of this aspect has
been performed considering various alternative filtering
techniques. Advantages and drawbacks have been evaluated
and discussed. Taking into account the experience acquired
through several tests performed against simulated
experiments in critical and subcritical systems,
the method has been applied to various facilities and
experiments:
Pulsed Neutron Source in VENUS-F,
FREYA project (ENEA,INFN);
Beam Trips in VENUS-F, FREYA project;

Control Rod Movements in VENUS-F, FREYA project;
Pulsed Neutron Source in KUCA core (IAEA project);
Turbine Trip in the Peach Bottom 2 reactor
(OECD/NRC Benchmark).
The promising results obtained by the application of the
method
to this wide set of different nuclear reactor systems can give
the
confidence of its real applicability to the monitoring of nuclear
reactors in order to guarantee safety during the normal
operation of the system.
Detector signal for PNS in VENUS-F and

reactivity interpretation.
33 | P a g e

First name: Michel
LAST NAME: NOUSSAN
Topic: Simulation models for biomass-fired CHP plants

Course year: 3rd
Tutor(s): A. Poggio
Academic context
[1] S.Quoilin, M. Van Den Broek, S. Declaye, P. Dewallef, V. Lemort, Techno-economic survey of Organic
Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2013), vol. 50, pp. 168-186
[2] G. Genon, M. Torchio, A. Poggio, M. Poggio. Energy and environmental assessment of small district
heating systems: Global and local effects in two case-studies. Energy Conversion and Management
(2009), vol. 50, pp. 522-529
[3] I. Vallios, T. Tsoutsos, G. Papadakis. Design of biomass district heating systems. Biomass & Bioenergy
(2009), vol. 33, pp. 659-678
ENEA UTTS Saluggia

The research work is focused on the simulation of the performance of the components of a biomass-fired
CHP system. The overall efficiency of the system is strictly related with the behavior of each single
component, and the annual operation conditions are often different from nominal values, due to the variation
of several parameters (e.g. external temperature, biomass quality, user profiles, etc.). The purpose of the
work is the development of a simulation model capable of predicting the operational performance of the
energy conversion system, in order to evaluate the effect of multiple parameters.
Wood biomass CHP systems are often coupled to district heating networks, as their typical power output is
too high for a single non-industrial user. The heat profile of the DH network, resulting from the aggregation of
different users, has been studied in detail using real operation data of different DH systems. The availability
of heat consumption data with a narrow time step (up to 6 minutes over several heating seasons) lead to the
possibility of evaluating multiple heat profiles depending on the season, the external temperatures and the
total volume of the buildings connected to the grid. These profiles have been used for the definition of typical
specific heat consumption for a district heating system.
Considering the supply-side, both CHP unit and
backup and integration boiler have been
analyzed by taking into account the efficiency
variations in off-design conditions. The real
operation conditions of two different ORC have
been analyzed with hourly time steps. The
presence of heat storage systems has been
considered as well, in order to optimize the
performance of the generators. The simulation
model has been applied in order to evaluate the
effect on energy and economics of different
design choices and operational logics. The
possible integration of a solar thermal energy
system has been investigated, in order to
assess the benefits that could provide for
energy production and/or for the drying of the
wood biomass used in the plant.
Experimental data of ORC output gross power

over water inlet temperature in the evaporator
34 | P a g e

First name: Valerio
LAST NAME: NOVARESIO
Topic: Design and modeling an innovative SOEC stack

Course year: 3nd
Academic context
[1] Christopher Graves, Sune D. Ebbesen, Mogens Mogensen, Klaus S. Lackner, Sustainable hydrocarbon
fuels by recycling CO2 and H2O with renewable or nuclear energy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 1-23, ISSN 1364-0321, 10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014.
[2] E. D. Blandford, P. F. Peterson Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook, CRC Handbook, R. Hino and
X. L. Yan, eds., CRC Press, Inc., Taylor Francis Group.
[3] G. L. Hawkes, J.E. OBrien, C.M. Stoots, J.S. Herring, CFD model of a planar solid oxide electrolysis cell
for hydrogen production from Nuclear energy, The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor
Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), Avignon, France, 2 6 October 2005
DTU Ris Campus research center (Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, DK).
Acacia Cleantech S.r.l. (Corso Castelfidardo 30/A, 10129 Torino, IT)

The PhD activity is devoted to develop a new modeling technique both for fuel cell and electrolysis operation
condition and to design an innovative SOEC stack. Firsts two years are focused on the development of the
new model algorithm (code development/validation and simulations) while the last year is more dedicated to
the stack design.
Solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOEC) stack is one of the typical field where different time and space scales are
involved. Usually in literature one can found cell level detailed analysis finalized to improve materials design
and electrochemical performances or to study degradation phenomena; on the other hand many CFD macro
model are developed to study temperature and species distribution. CFD macro models usually neglect
detailed geometry informations in order to reduce the computational efforts. This approach makes possible
to obtain good results for global or integral variables, but fails
when details have to be considered. During PhD activity
segregated approach was used in order to emphasizing the
relevant phenomena minimizing the errors (and identifying them
knowingly) due to the neglected aspects.
The third year of the activity has been devoted to the design of a
SOEC single repeating unit (SRU) replicable in a stack
configuration. The design was performed using 3D cad
commercial code and simulations useful for optimizing the
geometry are made both using commercial code (Nastran) and in
house code developed during the PhD (a code based on the
open source framework OpenFOAM, that can perform transient
solid oxide cells simulations). With this instruments a new stack
architecture was proposed that minimizing the thermo
mechanical stresses due to reactions and losses. Maintainability
aspects, cost issues and MTBF considerations are taken into
account in order to obtain a comprehensive stack design.
Stress field around the junction cell/sealing/steel
35 | P a g e

First name: Federica
LAST NAME: PAOLICELLI
Topic: Model-based control approaches for injection and combustion processes in diesel
engines.
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): E. Spessa, A. Ferrari
Academic context
[1] Hermann, O., Nagakawa, M., Kenhard, M., Schwab, H., Miyaki, M., Shinohara, Y., Takeuchi, K.,
Uchiyama, K., Ultra High Pressure and Enhanced Multiple Injection: Potentials for the Diesel Engine and
Challenge for the Fuel Injection System, Fuel Injection Systems for IC engines, IMECHE, 2012.
[2] Matsumoto, S., Yamada, K., Date, K., Concepts and Evolution of Injector for CR System, SAE Technical
Paper 2012-01-1753, 2012.
[3] Catania, A.E., Ferrari, A., Spessa, E., Numerical-Experimental Study and Solutions to Reduce Dwell
Time Threshold for Fusion Free Consecutive Injections in a Multijet Solenoid-Type C.R. System, ASME
Transactions, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2009; 131(3), p.022804-1.
General Motors Powertrain Europe

FEV Italia
ln / lref [-]
xpv / xref [-]
The injectors with the pressure balanced pilot-valves are characterized by a fast dynamic response of the
needle valve and by reduced leakages. These features allow a precise control of the small quantities to be
achieved and closely-coupled multiple injections, including
injection fusion phenomena, to be performed. The presence of
14
1.4
Solid line
Pressure balanced pilot-valve
fusion phenomena in pilot-main injections can be exploited to
Dashed
line
Standard
pilot-valve
12
1.2
perform boot-like injection strategies with solenoid injectors, in
Needle
lift
10
1.0
order to reduce combustion noise and NO x emissions. A 1D
Needle lift
Pilot-valve lift
model of the injection system equipped with pressure-balanced
0.8
Pilot-valve lift 8
pilot-valve solenoid injectors, has been developed and used to
6
0.6
carry out parametric studies concerning the optimization of some
4
0.4
key-geometrical features of the system, such as pump-integrated
0.2
2
orifice diameters, injector internal volumes and aspect-ratio of the
injector feeding pipes. Numerical simulation results, together with
0.0
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
data measured during tests led at the hydraulic test bench, have
t-t [ms]
highlighted that hydraulic transient phenomena and pressure
Figure 2. Injector needle and pilotwave dynamics should be taken into account for a proper design
valve lift: comparison of standard and
of the injection apparatus and an efficient engine mapping. Modal
pressure-balanced pilot-valve.
analysis of a Common Rail (CR) system equipped with solenoid
injectors, which feature pressure-balanced pilot-valves, have
been carried out. A zero-dimensional (0-D) model of the injection
apparatus has been developed and an integrated numerical-experimental approach has been carried out in
order to validate the model and deepen the cause-and-effect-relationships between the modal parameters of
the hydraulic system and its geometrical features. In particular, the eigenvalues of the 0-D model have been
compared with the main harmonic terms of the experimental pressure traces and 3 natural frequencies of the
CR system have been correctly reproduced. Furthermore, the modal shapes have been visualized by means
of the eigenvectors. The analysis of the vibrating modes of the system allows the most critical elements of
the hydraulic circuit and the causes of hydraulic resonance phenomena to be identified.
0
36 | P a g e

First name: Pietro
LAST NAME: PIZZO
Topic: Development of innovative diagnostic tools for fuel injection systems (FIS) and design of new
measurement devices for hydraulic test benches
Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): A. Mittica, A. Ferrari
Academic context
[1] Catania A.E., Ferrari A. Development and assessment of a new operating principle for the measurement
of unsteady flow rates in high-pressure pipelines. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, Volume 20, Issue
6, December 2009, Pages 230-240.
[2] Kagawa, T., Lee,I.Y., Kitagawa, A., and Taakenaka, T., 1983, High speed and accurate computing
method of frequency-dependent friction in laminar pipe flo for characteristics methods, Trans. Jpn. Soc.
Mech. Eng., Ser. B 49(447), 2638-2644.
[3] Catania, A.E., Ferrari, A., 2011, Experimental Analysis, Modeling and Control of Volumetric Radial-Piston
Pumps, ASME Trans., Journal of Fluids Engineering, August 2011, Vol. 133, 1-11.
Rabotti s.r.l.
Kistler Italia s.r.l.
National Instrument Italy s.r.l.

nd
The research activity carried out by Dr. Pizzo during the 2 year of his PhD course has been
focused on the development of the instantaneous
flowmeter for fluids in high-pressure pipelines named
FLOTEC. A first simplified numerical model for the
st
instrument had been developed during the 1 year of his
PhD course. That model had been used to evaluate the
flow-rate in a rail-to-injector pipeline on the basis of a
series of experimental tests carried out at the hydraulic
test-bench of the Energy department laboratory. The
flowmeter results have been compared to the numerical
flow-rate, which was evaluated by means of a developed
nd
1-D model of the injection system. During the 2 year,
the FLOTEC algorithm has been further enhanced by
introducing all the terms of the momentum equation (e.g.
steady-state and frequency-dependent friction). The
flowmeter has been installed at the delivery of a CR
pump in order to investigate the flow-rate ripple, the
effect of the fluid compressibility and the effect that the
pressure waves travelling in the pump-to-rail pipe have
on the delivered flow-rate. A first prototype of the
instrument has been manufactured by Rabotti s.r.l. and
has been presented at the AutoMechanika exhibition in
Frankfurt on September 2014. As further steps, a special
calibration of the pressure sensors will be performed in
order to improve the flowmeter accuracy and a Labview software tool will be developed to manage the data
acquisition and the flow-rate algorithm.
37 | P a g e

First name: Mahsa
LAST NAME: RAFIGH
Topic: Diesel engine modeling for efficient calibration

Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): F. Millo
Academic context
[1] Mallamo, F., Millo, F., Rolando, L.: Model-based development and calibration of last generation diesel
powertrains for passenger cars, Int. J. Powertrains, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2014
[2] Casadei A.F., Huang, H.H., Brandao, F., Kasab, J.J., Thelen W.A., Brusstar M., Cherry, J., Chiu, A., Ellies,
B.D. and McDonald, J.: Complex systems method applied to identify carbon dioxide emission reductions for
light-duty vehicles for the 20202025 timeframe, SAE paper 2012-01-0360, 2012
[3] Rainer, G.: Powertrain development: simulation goes testing, SAE paper 2011-26-0072, 2012.
General Motors Powertrain Europe, dr. Francesco Pesce, francesco_concetto.pesce@gm.com

Gamma Technologies Inc., http://www.gtisoft.com/, dr. Syed Wahiduzzaman, syed@gtisoft.com
Powertech Engineering, www.powertech-eng.com, ing. Enrico Pautasso,

enrico.pautasso@powertech-eng.com

Although automotive diesel engines have continued to enlarge their market share during the last decade
(especially in Europe and Asia), the need to comply with tighter emission regulations (which are going
towards fuel-neutral requirements) has significantly increased the system complexity, requiring the
combination of new aftertreatment devices, such as Lean NOx Traps (LNTs) and/or Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR) for controlling NOx emissions with Diesel
particulate filters (DPFs) for controlling PM emissions. The
optimization of such complex systems cannot be performed
purely relaying on experimental approaches, but has to be
supported by relaible and computationally efficient simulation
models. In this context, a detailed automotive diesel engine
model was firstly calibrated by the means of a commercially
available 1D CFD software, GT-Power. Afterwards, the detailed
engine model was reduced and re-calibrated to the so-called
Fast Running Model in order to be able to predict the combustion
close to real time with much lower computational cost, thus
allowing the usage of the model as a virtual test rig to achieve a
Figure 5- Lean NOx Trap model calibration
system optimization with reduced experimental efforts and costs. procedure: from sample to model through lab scale
Finally, a diesel aftertreatment model was built, starting from the experimental tests.
LNT. The model was then calibrated and validated with
experimental data which were gathered on a lab scale sample, in collaboration with the DISAT Dept. NO
oxidation, NOx adsorption and desorption reactions which mainly govern the LNT operation were analyzed in
detail and optimized reaction parameters were found. SCR coated on a Diesel Particulat Filter (SCRf) which
is a pioneering technology for reduction of soot and NOx at the same time, will then be investigated in the
next year, and finally the complete aftertreatment model will be coupled with the engine model. The
innovative contribution expected from this research will be the assessment, through a new comprehensive
numerical model of the whole powertrain system, including the aftertreatment, of the more promising
technology mix to reach the future challenging emissions and fuel economy targets for diesel powertrain for
passenger car applications.
38 | P a g e

First name: Laura
LAST NAME: RIETTO
Topic: Energy systems integration: from building scale to urban scale

Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): G.V. Fracastoro, V. Verda
Academic context
[1] Rieder A., Christidis A., Tsatsaronis G., Multi criteria dynamic design optimization of a small scale
distributed energy system, Energy, Volume 74, 1 September 2014, Pages 230239.
[2] Usn S., Valero A., Agudelo A., Thermoeconomics and Industrial Symbiosis. Effect of by-product
integration in cost assessment, Energy, Volume 45, Issue 1, September 2012, Pages 4351.
[3]( Manfren M., Sistemi ad alta efficienza per la generazione distribuita a scala urbana, PhD thesis,
Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italia, 2009.
Europe-China Clean Energy Centre (EC2)

Regione Piemonte

My work aims at assessing the opportunities of a synergy between the industrial and the civil sectors that
may be achieved through a careful territorial planning. The goal is to identify the most suitable technical
solutions for an urban district that minimize the use of resources, the CO 2 emission and the cost of the
investment due to the fulfillment of heating and cooling demands of the civil and industrial sectors.
The research carried out until now was preparatory for the
construction of a model of an urban district that includes
buildings, power/thermal plants, renewable energy technologies
and industries. The issues involved in the construction of the
model crosscut several fields such as building physics, industrial
process engineering, energy production and distribution,
environmental engineering and urban planning.
Firstly, I focused on building physics, deepening the knowledge
of transient methods on thermal demand assessment of buildings
and defining the consequences of input data simplification on
Energy model of a building in
quasi-steady state models results. This last work resulted in the
presentation of a paper at the Building Simulation and
Turin: assessment of the impact of
Optimization Conference in London in May 2014.
shadings on the cooling and heating
For what concerns the other fields, I deepened the themes of
demand (extract of the paper
power load management (peak shaving energy storage), load
presented at the BSO14)
control, neural networks applications for load forecasting,
stochastic programming for optimization purposes, green
manufacturing, CHP, waste-to-energy and biomass-to-energy
plants, LCA and GIS techniques. The knowledge acquired until now forms the base for the construction of
the model.
Matlab, Simulink and EnergyPlus were chosen to build the model after having compared their features and
their possible interoperability. The energy demand of the single buildings and industries of the model will be
modeled and validated through the comparison with real data, but the model itself won't reflect any existing
urban district. The grid will be designed using the SIMPLE algorithm and the fixed point method to solve the
fluid dynamic issues. The goal of the next year is to complete the model described above thanks to the
knowledge acquired until now and discuss the optimal grid and plants configurations found under
environental and thermoeconomic points of view.
39 | P a g e

First name: Fabio
LAST NAME: SABA
Topic: Towards the development of a National Standard for Thermal Energy and its
application to smart heat meter calibration
Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): M. Masoero, V. Fernicola
Academic context
[1] R. C. Castro-Gomez, K. R. Hall, J. C. Holste, B. E. Gammon, K.N. Marsh, A thermoelectric flow enthalpyincrement calorimeter, J. Chem. Thermodynamics 1990, 22, 269-278
[2] W. Wagner, A. Pruss, The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water
Substance for General and Scientific Use, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 31, 387-535 (2002)
[3] A. Merlone, F. Moro, S. Lago, P. A. Giuliano Albo, Design and Capabilities of a Custom-Made Thermostat
for a High-Accuracy Adiabatic Calorimeter, Int. J. Thermophysics 2011, 32, 471-480
INRIM (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica)

nd
The work Ive carried out during the 2 year of my PhD has been focused on the development of the INRIM
National Standard for Thermal Energy measurement. It will ensure the traceability for the quantity enthalpy
flow of single-phase liquid water and, as a long-term goal, it
could be extended to any single-phase fluids. The field of
application of the measurement standard for thermal energy
concerns the validation of heat meters, but it could also be
exploited, for instance, as an experimental facility for developing
and improving new or existing equations of state for fluids. The
main research activities Ive performed during this year are listed
below:
metrological characterization of innovative in-flow
calibration systems for the two temperature sensors of heat
meters; in this context, an experimental, statistical and
thermal-fluid-dynamic analysis of the temperature systems
has been carried out in order to find out the uncertainty
contributions due to the axial and radial temperature profile
The
INRIM
In-Flow
Temperature
inside the measurement branches;
Calibration System for heat meters
definition, set up and test on a commercial type heat meter,
of the static measurement method for the Thermal Energy
Standard; it consists on the weighing-timing of the mass of liquid which is associated with the
exchanged thermal energy to be measured and represents a new approach for validating heat meters
in the context of the reference National Metrological Institutes;
analysis of the feasibility and effectiveness of a flow calorimetric system for the direct measurement of
the enthalpy variation of single-phase fluids, in order to overcome the lack of accurate equations of
state for less known fluids and mixtures which heat meters are requested to work on; the use of a flow
calorimeter as part of a Thermal Energy Standard represents an innovation in this metrological field
and can lead to an improvement of the measurement uncertainty, since thermal energy can be
assessed as directly as possible, by measuring quantities like mass, electrical energy and density.
Development and experimental validation of a cost effective and innovative heat meter for measuring
the thermal output of water radiators; it is based on a simplified thermal-fluid-dynamic model, which
describes the heat transfer phenomenon between the heat conveying fluid and the radiator surface.
40 | P a g e

First name: Roberto
LAST NAME: TAURINO
Topic: Energy-efficient innovative seal for aircraft engines

Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): E. Campagnoli, P. Maggiore
Academic context
[1] J. Denecke, K. Dullenkopf, S. Wittig and H.-J. Bauer, Experimental Investigation Of The Total
Temperature Increase And Swirl Development In Rotating Labyrinth Seals Asme Turbo Expo 2005: Power
for Land, Sea and Air June 6-9, 2005, Reno-Tahoe, Nevada, USA
[2] K. Willenborg, V. Schramm, S. Kim and S. Wittig, Influence of a Honeycomb Facing on the Heat Transfer
in a Stepped Labyrinth Seal J. Eng.Gas Turbines Power 124(1), 133-139 (Feb 01, 2000) (7 pages)
[3] J. Denecke, V. Schramm, S. Kim and S. Wittig, Influence of Rub-Grooves on Labyrinth Seal Leakage J.
Turbomach. 125(2), 387-393 (Apr 23, 2003) (7 pages)
GE Avio S.r.l.

In the second year research work has been focused on the following main activities:
An extended CFD numerical analysis on the honeycomb stepped labyrinth seal has been
performed in order to investigate the stator part geometrical parameters affecting the discharge
coefficient. A one-at-a-time approach has been employed to investigate: cell wall thickness, cell
depth, cell diameter and fin tip thickness. Moreover the effect of varying the fin tip and cell relative
position has been evaluated. Numerical results for both convergent and divergent flow conditions
have been obtained and analyzed in terms of leakage variations. The obtained results are in good
agreement with the data available in the literature. The analysis has highlighted the cell diameter
as the most influencing geometrical parameter for honeycomb labyrinth seal stator part. Moreover
the implementation of a numerical model for rotating stepped labyrinth seal has been performed.
The numerical results, under rotating conditions, have been compared with the literature
experimental data showing a good agreement at least for low rotation velocities.
New cell shapes have been investigated in order to find
an innovative solution able to enhance the sealing
performances reducing the leakage mass flow. In order
to define new shapes some assumptions for the
honeycomb labyrinth seal rubbing behavior have been
considered. Fifteen innovative solutions have been
investigated using the CFD numerical analysis technique.
A numerical model of a double fin straight honeycomb
labyrinth seal, able to reproduce engine conditions, has
been implemented following all the outcomes provided by
the validation activity performed in the previous year.
Numerical results have shown, for some of the
investigated solutions, a mass flow rate reduction in
comparison with the standard honeycomb shape. The
Figure 1. Comparison between innovative
mass flow rate reduction on the most promising solution
geometries and standard honeycomb
has been evaluated close to 10%.
41 | P a g e

First name: Raffaella
LAST NAME: TESTONI
Topic: Modelling of radionuclide transport phenomena in environmental matrices for

Safety Assessment
Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): M. De Salve, R. Levizzari
Academic context
[1] Berglund S., Kautsky U., Lindborg T., Selroos J-O., 2009. Integration of hydrogeological and ecological
modelling for the assessment of a nuclear waste repository. Hydrogeology Journal, Vol. 17, 95-113.
[2] Steinhauser G., Brandl A., Johnson T.E., 2014. Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear
accidents: A review of the environmental impacts. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 470-471, No. 1,
800-817.
[3] Iezzi, S., Imperi, M., Rosati, M., Ventura, G., 2009. Hydrogeological studies for radiological monitoring of
shallow groundwater in the EUREX plant of Saluggia (Vercelli, Italy). Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol.
137, No. 3-4, 306-309.
ENEA

The research topic are Safety Assessment studies, which aim to properly foresee and manage the
environmental impact of nuclear activities. Safety Assessment mainly relies on detailed site characterization,
in order to collect data to be processed with a suitable software (e.g. Modflow, Hydrus, AMBER) and predict
the evolution of the potential contamination, and to investigate the environmental impact of analyzed
activities. This research is focused on a preliminary
Safety Assessment study of the Italian nuclear site of
Saluggia (VC). The work consists of two main topics:
- characterization of the unsaturated zone (soil profile
above the water table level): investigation of parameters
which describe the unsaturated zone, study of the water
flux in time and depth from literature data and by means
of the implementation of a model in Hydrus 1D, analysis
of the transport of radionuclides in space and time by
means of Hydrus 1D with the aim to identify the main
impact factors on the transport. A paper on integrated
methodologies for the characterization of unsaturated
zone is in a draft stage.
- Characterization of a site to study the transport of
radionuclides in groundwater: investigation of parameters
which
characterize
the
groundwater
system,
implementation of a step by step approach to study the
Fig 1. Concentration in groundwater of Cs-137
groundwater dynamic from the qualitative and
[Bq/m3] in the shallow aquifer surface with
quantitative point of view integrating literature analysis
source term in the nuclear site at Saluggia (VC)
and modelling applications by means of Modflow,
evaluation of the transport of radionuclides in the
groundwater after accidental situation by means of MT3DMS (Fig. 1).
42 | P a g e

First name: YIFEI
LAST NAME: TONG
Topic: CO2 Reduction Technologies for ICEs

Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): M. Baratta, E. Spessa
Academic context
[1] Baratta, M., Finesso, R., Misul, D., Spessa, E., Tong, Y., Peletto, C. (2014). Potential of the variable valve
actuation (VVA)Strategy On a Heavy Duty CNG Engine. ESDA2014, ESDA2014-20217
[2] Baratta, M., d'Ambrosio, S., Misul, D., and Spessa, E., Effects of H2 addition to CNG blends on cycle-tocycle and cylinder-to-cylinder combustion variation in a spark ignition engine ASME Transactions, Journal of
Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 136, pp. 051502-1/12, 2014.
[3] Baratta, M., Tong, Y., Misul, D., Finesso, R., Spessa, E., Advanced combustion and turbocharging
management in a HD CNG engine for catalyst thermal operation optimization. Paper under preparation, to
be submitted to Applied Energy.
Centro Ricerche Fiat

Metatron Spa
JRC

Activities were carried out mainly within the CORE(CP, EU VII FP) project.
The work mainly dealt with the cursor 8, CNG engine which has its compression ratio 11.5, total
displacement 7.8 liter and waste-gate controlled turbocharging system. It was numerically analyzed using the
0/1D simulation code GT-Power.
The model was calibrated based on experimental data, with reference
to the baseline calibration, then numerical analyses were made at
partial load in order to improve the thermal behavior of the catalyst.
The combustion phasing (MFB50, mass fraction burnt 50%) and the
pedal position were changed, and the torque was kept constant by
acting on the boost level. The pedal position was related to the throttle
position in the Full-lift mode, whereas it controlled the early intake
valve closure angle in the VVA mode.
Transient analyses were also conducted, and combustion phasing
management strategies were tested in order to improve the engine
Fig. Turbine outlet temperature
after-treatment conditions and air fuel compensation. Fuel
comparison during the load
consumption and upstream/downstream energy flow through the turbo
transient between different
were calculated for comparison among different combustion
combustion management
management strategies. i.e. in the figure, it is shown the turbine
strategies
downstream temperature for two cases: the reference one (case 1)
and the case in which the combustion has purposely retarded, by taking the maximum allowed value for the
temperature upstream of the turbine into account (case 5). It could be observed that with a combustion
retard the turbine downstream temperature is higher thus providing a better condition for the catalyst in the
after-treatment system as the warm-up phase can be significantly reduced. However, a penalty in fuel
consumption has to be accepted.
Then an advanced transient simulation, with an imposed engine target speed profile was setup and
investigated. Then, some selected strategies for combustion management were tested, in view of the
optimization of the thermal catalyst behavior in a driving cycle.
43 | P a g e

First name: Mattia
LAST NAME: VENDITTI
Topic: A comprehensive methodology for energy management of hybrid electric vehicles

Course year: 4th
Tutor(s): E. Spessa
Academic context
[1] Silva, C., Ross, M., & Farias, T. (2009). Evaluation of energy consumption, emissions and cost of plug-in
hybrid vehicles. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(7), 1635-1643.
[2] Wu, X., Cao, B., Li, X., Xu, J., & Ren, X. (2011). Component sizing optimization of plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles. Applied Energy, 88(3), 799-804.
[3] Finesso, R., Spessa, E., & Venditti, M. (2014). Layout design and energetic analysis of a complex diesel
parallel hybrid electric vehicle. Applied Energy, 134, 573-588.
FCA, CNH Industrial and Centro Ricerche Fiat
AVL-Graz

The main activity dealt with the optimization of the layout and of the control strategy of different types of
hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with compression ignition engines and the implementation of lowthroughput models for the engine modeling. A series HEV, five types of parallel HEV and one series-parallel
HEV have been studied. The layout of each vehicle has been optimized on the basis of the reduction in the
overall powertrain costs over the entire life of the vehicle,
NEDC AUDC ARDC AMDC FTP
taking into account the initial costs of the components and
FC-oriented
NOx-oriented
FC-NOx-oriented
the operating costs due to fuel consumption and battery
depletion, with reference to the constraints of the problem,
FRPH
i.e. the vehicle performance of a conventional vehicle. All
the different architecture designs have been compared on
RPH
the basis of their optimal performance. To this end, two
global optimizers (a stochastic global optimizer and a
FPH
deterministic dynamic programming optimizer) and two
real-time optimizers (a static optimization tool, and a rule-740 -370 0 370 -60
0
60 120 -60
0
60 120
based optimizer) have been developed in order to identify
NOx reduction [%]
the optimal powertrain control strategy, in terms of
NOx emission reduction in front-rear
management of the engine and electric machine power
flows and of the gear selection, targeting fuel consumption,
(FRPH), rear (RPH) and front (FPH)
NOx emissions or a combination of both. The two real-time
parallel HEVs for different driving cycles
optimizers have been trained over a specific driving cycle
(legend) and optimization strategies.
and assessed in other conditions to estimate the cycledependency. The HEV model has been further enhanced
by developing a new approach to directly include the effects of engine calibration in the optimization process
of hybrid control strategy. As a matter of fact, standard procedures for identifying control strategy simulates
engine fuel consumption, emission and NVH behavior by means of maps or look-up tables experimentally
obtained at the engine test bed in steady-state conditions. These maps have been replaced by lowthroughput models of the combustion and emission formation processes. The new tool can identify the
optimal performance of the considered HEV architecture in terms of the power split among every powertrain
components, the gear selection, the engine speed and the main engine combustion-related parameters.
vehicles
-245.8
-171.8
-330.3
40.2
39.6
36.6
36
42.6
42.1
44 | P a g e

First name: Luigi
LAST NAME: VENTOLA
Topic: Innovative surface coatings for high- efficiency heat transfer

Course year: 2nd
Tutor(s): P. Asinari, E.Chiavazzo.
Academic context
[1] C. Wang, Y. Yu, T. Simon, T. Cui and M.T. North, Microfabrication of short pin fins on heat sink surfaces
to augment heat transfer performance, Proceedings of 13th InterSociety Conference on Thermal and
Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems - ITherm, San Diego (2012).
[2] F. Zhou, and I. Catton, Obtaining closure for a plane fin heat sink with elliptic scale-roughened surfaces
for Volume Averaging Theory (VAT) based modeling, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 71 (2013)
264-273.
[3] L. Ventola, F. Robotti, M. Dialameh, F. Calignano, D. Manfredi, E. Chiavazzo and P. Asinari, Rough
surfaces with enhanced heat transfer for electronics cooling by direct metal laser sintering, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 75 (2014) 58-74.
Center for Space Human RoboticsIIT@Polito, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy.
MicrolaOptoelectronics S.r.l., Localita Baraggino 10034 Chivasso, Turin, Italy.
INRIM Nanotechnoogy group. Turin, Italy.

Second year of PhD research activity has been spent in investigating regular Micro-structured patterns
fabricated on heat sink surfaces for convective heat transfer
enhancement [1].
Patterned heat sinks in flush mounted configuration have been
experimentally characterized in forced air under fully turbulent
regime, using the sensor designed by the candidate during his
first year of PhD.
Three different shapes, namely parallelepiped, cones and sharkskin-like [2] (see Fig. (a), (b) and (c), respectively)fabricated by
(a)
(b)
both traditional (milling) and innovative (laser etching)
manufacturing techniques, have been studied. For each shape,
design of experiment approach has been used to properly
explore the geometry parameter space.
The role of geometry parameters and fluid-dynamic scales on
heat transfer has been discussed and interpreted exhaustively.
Furthermore, a novel methodology for thermal and cost
optimization has been designed and implemented.
(c)
(d)
In addition, regular patterns made of carbon nanotube (CNT)
directly grown on silicon substrate (see Fig (d)) for convective
heat transfer augmentation in electronic devices have been
Figure: Examples of parallelepiped,
studied.
cones, shark-skin-like and CNT
The results and understanding achieved in this year pave the
patterned surfaces investigated.
way to the development and optimization of innovative heat sink
based on a multi-scale approach mixing both classical macroscopic elements and innovative microscopic
patterns in a hierarchical framework, and easy to be fabricated by exploiting innovative additive
manufacturing techniques [3]. The last year of PhD will be spent to finalize this activity.
45 | P a g e

First name: Elisa
LAST NAME: VIGLIANI
Topic: Energy efficiency in industrial plants: Organic Rankine Cycle application for heat
recovery from industrial processes
Course year: 3rd
Tutor(s): M. Badami, M. Cremonini
Academic context
[1] El-Emam R. S., Dincer I., Exergy and exergoeconomic analyses and optimization of geothermal
organic Rankine cycle, Applied Thermal Engineering 59 (2013): 435444
[2] Modesto M., Nebra S.A., Exergoeconomic analysis of the power generation system using blast furnace
and coke oven gas in a Brazil steel mill, Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009): 21272136
[3] Ganjehkaviri A., Mohd Jaafar M.N., Ahmadi P., Barzegaravval H., Modelling and optimization of
combined cycle power plant based on exergoeconomic and environmental analyses, Applied Thermal
Engineering 67 (2014): 566578
Comau S.p.A Grugliasco (Italy); Apprenticeship PhD

Teksid Carmagnola (Italy)
Mondopower Impianto BIOgen Chivasso (Italy)

The research work is focused on the analysis of
technical solutions that can improve energy efficiency in
energy intensive industries, such as waste heat recovery
from industrial processes. The research activity deals
with the techno-economic characterization and
application of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) modules for
the valorization of waste heat in foundries. Initially, a
detailed audit of more than twenty melting-holding
furnaces, installed in an aluminum foundry, was
performed in order to estimate the available heat of the
exhaust gas flow. A calculation of the available thermal
power leads to the sizing of the recovery system and,
consequently, to the estimation of investment costs,
Figure 6: Process flow diagram of ORC
which range from 1500/kW to 5000/kW. In order to
develop an appropriate simulation model, the real data of an ORC power plant actually in operation are very
useful. The analysis and comparison of design data and real data of an existing ORC has in fact been
carried out, and the results have highlighted that the power plant maintains the expected nominal
performances for up to about 30% of the load. Starting from both real techno-economic data and the
available thermal power from furnaces, the ORC model has been developed through Engineering Equation
Solver (EES), in order to perform energetic, exergy and exergoeconomic analyses. The aim of the model is
to simulate the system and to evaluate the techno-economic profitability of design changes of a system, for
example the recovery of the thermal power at the condenser level, through a sensitivity analysis and an
optimization process. Several objective functions have been created, such as the minimization of the cost of
electrical production, the minimization of the average cost of electrical and thermal production, the
maximization of the exergy efficiency and the maximization of the economic profits resulting from thermal
and electrical production. The novelty of this work is the development of an integrated model, based on
technical operational data and real economic costs, which can perform exergoeconomic analysis in order to
evaluate the technical feasibility and economic profitability of design changes, considering the economic
benefits foreseen by the legislation, pertaining to energy efficiency actions, and environmental aspects.
46 | P a g e

First name: Ludovico
LAST NAME: VIGLIONE
Topic: Analysis of injection, mixture formation and combustion processes for innovative
CNG Engines
Course year: 1st
Tutors: D. Misul, M. Baratta
Academic context
[1] O Colin, A Benkenida,. and C Angelberger,. (2003) A 3D Modeling of Mixing, Ignition and Combustion
Phenomena in Highly Stratified Gasoline Engines. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Rev. IFP, 58, 1, 4762.
[2] Baratta, M., and Rapetto, N., Fluid-dynamic and numerical aspects in the simulation of direct CNG
injection in spark-ignition engines, Computers & Fluids 103, November 2014, Pages 215-233.
[3] Baratta M ,Misul D., Viglione L, Turbulence and combustion modeling in a high-performance, high- CR
NG engine- submitted to ASME-ATI-UIT 2015 Conference on Thermal Energy Systems: Production,
Storage, Utilization and the Environment 17 20 May, 2015, Napoli, Italy.
CRF
Metatron Spa

The research is devoted to the fluid dynamic and combustion modelling of an internal combustion engine
fuelled with bio methane. The modelling is done by means of the commercial 3-D CFD code Star CD.
The first part has been focused on the achievement of the mesh
independence in order to find the best compromise between
computational time and results accuracy.
Once obtained the grid independence the cold flow analysis
has been coupled with the ECFM-3z combustion model. The
model has been calibrated based on available experimental
results, and was initially based on a perfectly homogeneous
mixture hypothesis.
Based on the results obtained some other tests are done in
order to characterize the engine for different loads and speeds
and to investigate the effect of some changes in the engine
geometry such as: changes on the compression ratio; changes
on the Spark advance; changes in the intake port shape with or
Figure 3: CH4 distribution at 750 CAD
without the masking useful to increase the turbulence level.
@3500 rpm full load
The problem of methane injection and mixture formation was
also studied in this year. A model based on a source cell
approach (ref [2]) has been adapted to the case of port injection
and the grid requirements for such a problem have been
established.
The investigation on the influence of injector position and injection timing on the mixing process is in
progress and will be completed during the second year.
47 | P a g e

First name: Yixin
LAST NAME: YANG
Topic: Development of a complete diesel engine model for control-oriented applications

Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): E. Spessa, R. Finesso
Academic context
[1] DAmbrosio, S., Finesso, R., Fu, L., Mittica, A., Spessa, E. A Control-Oriented Real-Time Semi-Empirical
Model for the Prediction of NOx Emissions in Diesel Engines, Applied Energy 130:265-279, 2014.
[2] Finesso, R., Misul, D.A., Spessa, E. Development and Validation of a Semiempirical Model for the
Estimation of Particulate Matter in Diesel Engines, Energy Conversion and Management 84:374-389, 2014.
[3] Catania A.E., Finesso R., Spessa E., Predictive zero-dimensional combustion model for DI diesel engine
feed-forward control, Energy Conversion and Management 52 (10): 3159-3175, 2011.

1. Development of an innovative heat release model for DI diesel engines
A previously developed heat release rate (HRR) model, based on
Scheme of complete diesel engine model
the accumulated fuel mass approach, has been enhanced in order
to better predict the operating conditions characterized by a
Engine speed, injection rate
and EGR valve position
dominant mixing-controlled combustion phase. The model has been
carefully calibrated and validated at both steady state and transient
Pressure
Emission
conditions, over the NEDC and WLTP cycles. Compared with the
Combustion
model
model
model
previously developed combustion model, the new model shows a
remarkable advantage in terms of heat release shape prediction
Complete
and MFB50 (50% of mass fraction burned) prediction, especially in
engine model
the high load range.
2. Development of the in-cylinder pressure model
Correlations for int/exh P
EGR model
Based on the gross heat release predicted by the heat release
T and trapped mass
model, considering fuel evaporation and heat transfer effects, the
net heat release can be calculated. Then, the pressure trace inside
HRR, MFB50, PFP, IMEP,
the cylinder during the combustion process can be obtained by
BMEP, NOX, SOOT
applying a single zone approach. The remaining part of pressure
trace is calculated by means of polytropic evolutions and the relevant polytropic coefficients have to be
identified as calibration quantities. Once the entire in cylinder pressure trace has been obtained, the PFP
(peak firing pressure) and the IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) can be calculated. At last, FMEP
(friction mean effective pressure) is modeled by Chen-Flynn friction model and the BMEP (brake mean
effective model) can be obtained.
3. Development of a complete engine model
The combination of the combustion model, the in-cylinder pressure model, the emission model for NOx/soot
prediction (through semi-empirical approaches, refs[1-2]), along with an EGR model and specifically
developed empirical correlations that predict the thermodynamic quantities in the intake/exhaust manifolds
and the inducted charge mass, give origin to the complete engine model. The latter is able to predict all the
main engine performance indicators (MFB50, PFP, IMEP, BMEP, emissions) for a given engine condition
(i.e., for a given injection strategy, engine speed and EGR valve position). The model could also be inverted
in order to predict the main injected quantity starting from a target of BMEP, for a given injection strategy,
engine speed and EGR valve position.
48 | P a g e

First name: Aga Teshome
LAST NAME: ZELEKE
Topic: Path ways to renewable natural gases: integrated system power to gas (SNG) with
biogas upgrade
Course year: 1st
Tutor(s): M. Santarelli, O. Dahl
Academic context
[1] Schefold, J., Brisse, A., & Tietz, F. (2011). Nine thousand hours of operation of a solid oxide cell in steam
electrolysis mode. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 159(2), A137-A144.
[2] Ni, M., Leung, M. K. H., & Leung, D. Y. C. (2008). Technological development of hydrogen production by
solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33(9), 2337-2354.
[3] Persson, M., Jnsson, O., & Wellinger, A. (2006). Biogas upgrading to vehicle fuel standards and grid
injection. In IEA Bioenergy task (Vol. 37).
Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

As part of the solution towards green energy, the defined project is devoted to integration of renewable
energy systems (RES) with the existing grid infrastructure through large scale energy storage processes in
form of power-to-chemicals. In fact, currently there is a gap on integrating the RES because of the nature of
the renewable energy production in which its availability is seasonal and transportation limitation. As a result,
storing the energy during its excess time and then using later by transporting to the existing infrastructure is
required. One promising possibility is by converting the excess electricity into Synthetic (or Substitute)
Natural Gas (SNG). Also, the generated clean energy can be further used in different application such in
building, industry and transportation sectors. In order to achieve this goal the planned work is divided in to
two parts: CO2 recovery through biogas upgrading and degradation resulting from dynamic operation of
SOEC. Carbon dioxide from biogas could represent an important input of carbon to synthesize the SNG and
as a result it is a promising for renewable energy production while reducing its emissions into the
environment due to the use of fossil fuels.
Main issues related to SOEC include design optimization of the stack cells, identification and evaluation of
stack cell degradation parameters performance and processes, integrity and reliability of the SOEC stacks
and durability prediction of the SOEC stacks. Currently, the solid oxide cell technology is improving, while the
cells lifetime and degradation need to improve. According to current researches, the kinetic of
electrochemical and chemical reactions in the Nibased-cermet fuel electrode is affected by sulphur
traces in the biogas demanding biogas cleaning when
using in SOEC. Therefore, this work focuses on the
SOEC cell performance test on degradation caused
by sulphur contamination in case of dynamic
operation.
Laboratory tests were performed to analyze the
effects of H2S at three different concentrations: 3, 6
and 9 ppmv; each for ~100 hours under the same
working condition; followed by a phase of coelectrolysis with clean gas without H2S to verify the
reversibility of H2S poisoning; tests have been
EIS spectra of SOEC cell in case of sulphur
performed at a current density of 5000 A/m2 and
contamination
temperature of 1103K for about 500 hours. The effect
of the contaminant was visible on the cell
performance. In fact, as the concentration of H2S increased from 0 to 9 ppmv, the rate of voltage
degradation has not linear behaviour where the rate is higher in the lower contaminant range from 0 to 3
ppm, indicating a gradual saturation effect on the Ni grains.
49 | P a g e
50 | P a g e

2014 Annual Report Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2014 Annual Report Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

ENERGETICS PhD PROGRAM

Editors: L. Savoldi and P. Asinari

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

M. ANDREATA: "Study of new aftertreatment systems for diesel engines".................

M. BOTTERO: "Real-time estimation and optimization of energy consumption of

T. BUSO: "Nearly Zero Energy Hotels - Energy and Economic Evaluations"..............

S. CAMMARANO: "Daylighting design for energy saving in a building global energy

M. CARAMELLO: "Thermal-hydraulic of steam generators and of safety systems for

A. CARDELLINI: "Heat and mass transport in nanoconfined fluids and

S. CARLI: "Artificial Neural Network modeling of heat transfer problems at the

D. CARON: "Multiphysics analysis of Generation IV reactors"....................................

Y. CASCONE: "Responsive building components for nearly Zero Energy

G. CERINO: "Local planning of biomass-to-energy systems"......................................

S. COSENTINO: "Optimal design and operation of energy systems through reduced

C. CUBITO: "Analysis of the impact of innovative powertrain technologies on CO2 and

M. FASANO: "Heat and Mass Transfer of Water at Nanoscale Solid Interfaces"..

D. FERRERO: "Design, development and testing of SOEC-based power-to-gas

R. FUSO: "Development of innovative control strategies for hybrid powertrains"..

E. GUELPA: "Modeling strategies toward multiple scenario applications and fast

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

S. HOH: "Development of methods for the determination of reactivity from flux

D. IEMMOLO: "Model-based control approaches for charging and combustion

M. JARRE: "Dynamic modeling of thermal energy consumption at medium/large

H. KHESTINEJAD: "Active control of gaseous injection for CNG engines"...................

M. MIRZAEIAN: "Numerical Simulation of the Cycle-to-Cycle Variation and Knocking

M. NERVO: "Transport methods in nuclear reactor kinetics".........................................

M. NOUSSAN: "Simulation models for biomass-fired CHP plants"...............................

V. NOVARESIO: "Design and modeling an innovative SOEC stack"............................

F. PAOLICELLI: "Model-based control approaches for injection and combustion

M. RAFIGH: "Diesel engine modeling for efficient calibration".......................................

L. RIETTO: "Energy systems integration: from building scale to urban scale"...............

R. TAURINO: "Energy-efficient innovative seal for aircraft engines"..............................

R. TESTONI: "Modelling of radionuclides transport phenomena in environmental

Y. TONG: "CO2 Reduction Technologies for ICEs"........................................................

M. VENDITTI: "A comprehensive methodology for energy management of hybrid

L. VENTOLA: "Innovative surface coatings for high- efficiency heat

E. VIGLIANI: "Energy efficiency in industrial plants: Organic Rankine Cycle application

L. VIGLIONE: "Analysis of injection, mixture formation and combustion processes for

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

LAST NAME: ANDREATA

Topic: Study of new aftertreatment systems for diesel engines

Tutor(s): F. Millo, F. Mallamo

FEV Italia S.r.l.

Highlights of the research activity

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

LAST NAME: BOTTERO

Topic: Real-time estimation and optimization of energy consumption of motorway traffic

Tutors: E. Spessa, B. Dalla Chiara

SWARCO MIZAR S.p.A. (Apprenticeship PhD)

Highlights of the research activity

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

LAST NAME: BUSO

Topic: Nearly Zero Energy Hotels - Energy and Economic Evaluations

Istanbul Technical University (prof. Yilmaz Zerrin)

Highlights of the research activity

Energetics PhD ANNUAL REPORT 2014

LAST NAME: CAMMARANO

Tutor(s): C. Aghemo, A. Pellegrino

Highlights of the research activity