Tri Widodo W.

Utomo
Deputi Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN

Materi Refreshment disampaikan pada SharingSharing-Forum KPPU

Jakarta, 13 Maret 2014

Urutan Penyajian
1. Beragam Definisi Governance dan Good
Governance;
2. Riwayat GG dan Kritik terhadap GG;
3. Indonesia Dalam Optik GG;
4. Karakteristik dan Esensi GG;
5. Bagaimana Membumikan GG dalam
Konteks Organisasi & Pegawai;

Bagian 1

Beragam Definisi Governance dan

Good Governance

Beragam Definisi Governance & GG 1

Sumber

Governance

Good Governance

The process and institutions

through which decisions are made
and authority in a country is
exercised.

Inclusiveness & accountability established

in 3 areas:

Selection, accountability &
replacement of authorities (voice &
accountability; stability & lack of violence);

Efficiency of institutions, regulations,
resource management (regulatory
framework; government effectiveness);

Respect for institutions, laws & interactions
among players in civil society, business
& politics.

UNDP (1997) Exercise of economic, political

& administrative authority to
manage a country's affairs at all
levels. It comprises mechanisms,
processes & institutions through
which citizens & groups articulate
their interests, exercise their legal
rights, meet their obligations &
mediate their differences.

Characterised as participatory, transparent

accountable effective & equitable
promotes the rule of law ensures that
political, social & economic priorities are based
on broad consensus in society and that the
voices of the poorest and the most vulnerable
are heard in decision-making over the
allocation of development resources.

World Bank

Beragam Definisi Governance & GG 2

Sumber

Governance

Good Governance

IMF (2005)

Limited to economic aspects of

governance in two spheres:
improving the management of public
resources ; supporting the
development & maintenance of a
transparent and stable economic and
regulatory environment conducive to
efficient private sector activities.

Ensuring the rule of law, improving the

efficiency and accountability of the
public sector, and tackling corruption.

DFID (2001)

How the institutions, rules, and

systems of the state the executive,
legislature, judiciary and military
operate at central and local level and
how the state relates to individual
citizens, civil society and the private
sector.

7 key governance capabilities: 1) to

operate political systems which provide
opportunities for all people to
influence government policy & practice;
2) to provide macroeconomic stability
to promote the growth necessary to
reduce poverty; 3) to implement propoor policy; 4) to guarantee the
equitable & universal provision of
effective basic services; 5) to ensure
personal safety & security; 6) to
manage national security; 7) to develop
honest & accountable government.

Beragam Definisi Governance & GG 3

Sumber

Governance

Good Governance

USAID
(2005)

The ability of government to

develop an efficient, effective &
accountable public management
process that is open to citizen
participation and that strengthens
rather than weakens a democratic
system of government.

Democratic governance: transparency,

pluralism, citizen involvement in
decision-making, representation &
accountability; focusing particularly on 5
areas: legislative strengthening,
decentralization and democratic local
governance, anti-corruption, civil-military
relations & improving policy
implementation.

Kaufman
(2003)

Exercise of authority through

formal & informal traditions &
institutions for the common good,
encompassing: (1) process of
selecting, monitoring & replacing
governments; (2) capacity to formulate
& implement sound policies & deliver
public services, (3) respect of citizens
& the state for the institutions that
govern economic & social interactions
among them.

Can be measured along 6 dimensions: 1)

voice and external accountability; 2)
political stability and lack of violence,
crime, and terrorism; 3) government
effectiveness; 4) lack of regulatory
burden; 5) rule of law; 6) control of
corruption.

Beragam Definisi Governance & GG 4

Sumber

Governance

Hyden, et.al
(2004)

The formation & stewardship of

the formal & informal rules
that regulate the public realm,
the arena in which state as well as
economic & societal actors interact
to make decisions.

Can be measured along 5 dimensions

(participation, fairness, decency,
efficiency, accountability &
transparency) in each of 6 arenas (civil
society, political society, government,
bureaucracy, economic society,
judiciary)

Hewitt de
Alcntara
(1998)

Exercise of authority within a

given sphere efficient
management of a broad range of
organizations & activities
involves building consensus, or
obtaining the consent or
acquiescence necessary to carry
out a program, in an arena where
many different interests are at
play.

Processes through which there is incorporation

of more creative and less technical
understanding of reform, more dialogue
about institutional and programmatic change,
more concern with the public sphere (state
and civil society) and how to strengthen it,
more integration of economic policy &
institutional reform, more attention to both
national & international factors that affect
governance.

Sumber:

Good Governance

Merilee S. Grindle, Good Enough Governance: Poverty Reduction and Reform in Developing Countries, dalam
Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, Vol. 17, No. 4, October 2004

Bagian 2

Riwayat GG dan Kritik

Terhadap GG

Riwayat GG & Kritik thd GG

GG lahir akhir tahun 1980-an sebagai respon terhadap
governance crisis di dunia, terutama di Afrika (World Bank,
Governance and Development, 1992)  Big government is bad
governance; good governance is less government; good
governance is better government.

Dalam perkembangannya muncul beberapa varian seperti
Good Enough Governance (Merilee S. Grindle), atau Great
Governance (Jim Collins), dan Sound Governance.

Grindle: Good governance agenda is unrealistically long and
growing longer over time. Good enough governance may
become a more realistic goal for many countries faced with the
goal of reducing poverty.

Collins: We dont have great government, principally because
we have good government.

Governance Problem

Grand Corruption: State Capture

o Leaders plundering state assets (Mobutu, Abacha);

o Powerful oligarchs buying state officials;
o Corrupt leaders colluding with corrupt investors: noncompetitive, non-transparent award of contracts (oil & gas).

Nepotism and Patronage in Public Service

o Political pressure for award of contracts, appointments;

o Politicized transfers (South Asia).

Administrative (Petty) Corruption & Inefficiency

o Bribes for licenses, permits, government services;
o Diversion of funds for public programs;
o Inefficient and ineffective service delivery.

Sumber: Sanjay Pradhan, Improving Governance in Developing Countries, World Bank.

Kritik thd GG
1. Sebagai konsep imperalis dan kolonial, serta konsep yang
dipaksakan oleh negara-negara donor/kekuatan
barat/perusahaan internasional maju terhadap negara
berkembang dan terbelakang (Julius K. Nyerere, mantan
Presiden Tanzania, 1998).
2. Nilai-nilai dan karakteristik GG sulit dilaksanakan karena selain
terlalu ambisius juga tidak realistis.
3. Agenda GG sangat banyak dan tidak memberikan petunjuk
tentang apa yang penting dan apa yg tidak, apa harus
didahulukan dan apa yang harus diikuti atau agenda GG dapat
dibuat lebih realistis.
4. GG sbg ramuan pembangunan internasional, namun gagal
mengatasi krisis pangan global.
5. Secara konseptual seharusnya keberhasilan penerapan GG di
berbagai negara dibarengi lbh menguatnya fundamental
ekonomi rakyat, tetapi kenyataannya sebaliknya.

Bagian 3

Indonesia Dalam Optik GG

Indonesia dlm Optik GG 1

100

90

80

Voice and
Accountability

Percentile Rank (0-100)

70

60

Political Stability &

Absence of
Violence/Terrorism

50

Government
Effectiveness
40

Regulatory Quality
30

Rule of Law

20

10

Control of Corruption

0
BRN

KHM

IDN

LAO

MYS

MMR

PHL

SGP

THA

VNM

Sumber: Asclepias R. S. Indriyanto, States, Regional and Global Governance, Singapore, 2008

Indonesia dlm Optik GG 2

Indek gini rasio
(ketimpangan
pendapatan) 0,38
tahun 2010;

Pembajak
software ke- 3
setelah China dan
Vietnam (88%
software bajakan);

Peringkat 102
Kebebasan Pers
(Worldwide Press
Freedom, 2005);

Sumber: berbagai referensi, diolah, 2013.

Indonesia dlm Optik GG 3

Good Governance?
Indonesia: Asian Miracle
65

97 98

2004

Economic Consolidation
Crisis
of democracy

2010

BR

2025

End of BR
Grand-design &
Long-term
Development
Planning

Bagian 4

Karakteristik & Esensi GG

Unsur / Karakteristik GG (UNDP)

GG: from Government to Governance

v a l u e
v a l u e

Facilitating
sociosociopolitical
interaction

Civil
Society

v a l u e

Common interest,
Shared responsibility
among actors

Private
Sector
v

State/
Government

Generate jobs
and income

v a l u e

Creating enabling
environment for political,
social & economic affairs

v a l u e

Governance dlm Pertandingan Bola

State: KONI, wasit,

petugas keamanan,
dll;
Private: pemilik
klub, sponsor,
agen, pedagang
merchandizer, dll;
Civil Society:
pemain, pelatih,
penonton,
pemasang iklan,
petaruh, petuags
kebersihan, dll;
Values: fair play.

Governance di Pasar Tradisional

State: Dinas/PD
Pasar, pemungut
retribusi;
Private: pedagang,
distributor,
kreditor, dll;
Civil Society:
asosiasi pedagang,
pembeli, kuli
angkut, abang
becak, dll;
Values: sistem
retribusi, negosiasi
untuk mencapai
kesepakatan antara
penjual & pembeli,
standar harga,
mutual trust, dll.

Bagian 5

Bagaimana Membumikan GG
dalam Konteks Organisasi &
Pegawai

GG dalam konteks Organisasi

Penyelenggaraan
Pemerintahan yg Bersih &
Bebas KKN
1. Penegakan disiplin PNS di
seluruh instansi pemerintah;
2. Penerapan pakta integritas
bagi pejabat pemerintah;
3. Kepatuhan penyampaian
Laporan Harta Kekayaan
Penyelenggara Negara;
4. Kebijakan Antikorupsi;
5. Penyelenggaraan SPIP;
6. Pengembangan Sistem eProcurement Nasional;
7. Tindak lanjut hasil pemeriksaan
BPK;
8. Akuntabilitas pengelolaan
keuangan Negara;
9. Pengaduan masyarakat.

Peningkatan Kualiats
Pelayanan Publik
1. Penerapan Standar
Pelayanan pada Unit
Penyelenggara Pelayanan;
2. Penerapan Maklumat
Pelayanan pada unit
pelayanan publik;
3. Penerapan Pelayanan
Terpadu Satu Pintu untuk
pelayanan utama dan
investasi;
4. Penerapan Manajemen
Pengaduan;
5. Percepatan peningkatan
kualitas pelayanan publik;
6. Pelaksanaan evaluasi dan
penilaian terhadap kinerja
pelayanan publik.

Peningkatan
Kapasitas Birokrasi
1. Penataan kelembagaan instansi
pemerintah;
2. Penataan ketatalaksanaan instansi
pemerintah;
3. Pemantapan
kualitas manajemen
SDM;
4. Pengembangan &
penerapan e-

government;
5. Sistem kearsipan &
dokumentasi
berbasis TIK;
6. Penyelenggaraan
SAKIP.

Berdasarkan Sasaran Dalam RPJMN 2010-2014

GG dalam konteks Organisasi

1. Birokrasi yg bersih, yakni birokrasi yg bekerja dengan
menghindari berbagai tindak penyimpangan / perbuatan tercela
seperti KKN.
2. Birokrasi yg efisien, efektif dan produktif, yakni birokrasi yg
mampu memberikan dampak positif (manfaat) kpd masyarakat
& mampu menjalankan tugas dengan tepat, cermat,
berdayaguna & tepat guna.
3. Birokrasi yg transparan, yakni birokrasi yg membuka diri thd hak
masyarakat untuk memperoleh informasi yg benar & tidak
diskriminatif dengan tetap memperhatikan perlindungan atas
hak asasi pribadi, golongan, dan rahasia negara.
4. Birokrasi yg melayani masyarakat.
5. Birokrasi yg akuntabel, yakni birokrasi yg bertanggungjawab
atas setiap proses & kinerja atau hasil akhir dari program
maupun kegiatan.
Sumber: Permenpan No. 15/2008 tentang Pedoman Umum RB

GG dalam konteks Pegawai

Taat asas, tertib administrasi, disiplin kinerja, pegang
teguh etika organisasi & etika profesi;

Membongkar berbagai belenggu untuk terus berubah
dan berinovasi;

Perkuat transparansi, buka diri, dan dorong semangat
berbagi;

Jaga terus integritas diri, jadilah Good Person.
Good Person leads to Good Institution  Good Institution
leads to Good Governance  GG leads to stronger
development and stronger development leads to stronger
governance.
GG is a virtuous circle (World Bank).

Jakarta, 13 Maret 2014