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Chapter 1
Goals of Psychology
(Observe)
Describe
(Compare)
Explain
Predict
Control
Theory & Method of Statistics
C Collection/Gathering
O Organization
P Presentation
A - Analysis
I Interpretation (+ Conclusion)
[G] Generalization*
*does not always happen; follows a
strict criteria
Acquiring Knowledge
A Authority
R Rationalism
I Intuition
S Scientific Method
1. Idea formed; hypothesis
made
2. Experiment designed
3. Data collected & analyzed using
statistics
4. Hypothesis confirmed, denied,
or modified
NEXT MEETING: Terminologies
(8/24)
Goals of Psychology + Necessary
Processes
DESCRIBE Collect, Organize, and
Present
count
2. Continuous variable
measurement; exact value cannot be
taken
b. According to how they are used:
1. Independent Variable (IV) - changed
2. Dependent Variable (DV) - variable
measured after changing the IV
3. Constant - cannot be changed
4. Population - large, total group
5. Sample - small group taken from the
population
6. Parameter - value taken from the
population
7. Statistic - value taken from the
sample
Sampling Techniques
I. Nonprobability Sampling
- Generalization is not possible
- a.k.a. non-random sampling
a. Convenience Sampling
- based on researchers/head of the
populations convenience
- a.k.a. accidental/incidental sampling
b. Quota Sampling
- convenience, but with a given
number of respondents
c. Purposive Sampling
- requires the satisfaction of a
certain area
II. Probability Sampling
Concept
Statistic
Population
Sample
Frequency
Sum/Summat
ion
Mean
Median
Mode
Standard
Deviation
-n
Paramete
r
N
-
M (x bar)
Md
Mo
s or sd
Md
Mo
n = number of samples
N = total population
e = error tolerance ( level) = 0.05%
Mortality
- losing a respondent due to various
reasons
- response becomes nullified/void
Big population = less samples
Why? Because bigger populations =
general characteristics
Cluster = n / ave
4. Select the needed clusters
using random sampling
e. Multistage Sampling
1. Divide the population into strata
Multilevel strata divided into
levels, from general to specific