Fluid Mechanics 230

Dr. Wee Siaw Khur

Semester 1, 2014

What am I?
About Me
Dr. Wee Siaw Khur
Ph.D, BEng.
Lecturer
Mechanical Engineering

Room: GP2-220 ext.: 3956

wee.siaw.khur@curtin.edu.my

4 March 2014

 2004
Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Hons.)

2005-2009
Research Engineer (2 years)
PhD Postgraduate (5 years)
Curtin University of Technology

2010
A-level Lecturer
Tunku Abdul Rahman College (TARC)
Teaching Pure Mathematics

2011 Current

Lecturer
Curtin University

4 Simple House Rules

Be punctual (tolerance of 10 mins late)
Switch off your mobile

No photo shooting or video/ voice

recording
Maintain a good manner and respect each

other

Consultation
Tuesday 2pm-4pm
Wednesday 2pm-4pm
Thursday 10-12pm
*** Please make appointment for consultation during allocated
consultation slot via email

Learning Outcomes
Recognize fluid phenomena and understand their causes, especially
with regards to viscous and inviscid flow
Characterize fluid behavior and its effects using non-dimensional
groups
Apply basic conservation principles in Fluid Mechanics

Model simple flow situations to make estimate of fluid forces

Perform design calculations for engineering applications that involve
fluid flow

CHAPTER ONE
The Characterization of Fluid Flows

What is a FLUID?
3 states of matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas
To classify FLUIDS or Non FLUIDS:
based on how they respond to a SHEAR
FORCE
Solid: can resist shear force
Fluid: deforms continuously

Fluids Vs Solids
B

E
y

Fluids (liquid and gas) is lacking the ability of solids to offer permanent
resistance to a deforming force, F acting tangentially to the surfaces
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the action of
shearing force

If a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing force acting and, therefore, all
forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to the plane upon which they act

Fluid Mechanics
To study the inter-relation between forces and fluids
How forces cause fluids to move (and how such forces are
created by, for example pumps)
What are the forces exerted by moving fluids

To use this understanding in wide range of applications

such as:
aircraft flight,
the pipe work system in an oil processing plant, or
the design of buildings able to withstand hurricane-force winds

Flow Fields (1)

Describes the motion of fluid in a given region
Example 1:
Uniform flow, occurring in an infinite region

streamlines

Flow velocity is constant, u

Flow Fields (2)

Example 2:
Uniform flow (low u) passes an object (a cylinder)

Spatial dependence (i.e. on x and y) of flow velocity is now evident

flow velocity and speed can change along a streamline

Streamline Equations
Two-dimensional and steady flows

Case 1: Uniform flow

Case 2: Fluid flow across a particle

General Streamline Equation

Three dimensional and unsteady flows
Flow velocity

Flow speed

v u 2 2 2

Effect of Viscosity
What is viscosity?
Can be thought of as producing friction (or shear stress) between
lumps of fluids as they pass by each other
That makes the fluid cling to a rigid boundary in the flow fields

Taking viscosity into account allows a shear layer to be

formed which has a velocity profile

 Fluid at boundary moves at same velocity as boundary

Uw(y=0) = 0
No Slip Condition
Uw(y=D) = Uw
Velocity must change from 0 to Uw going from bottom to Top
For many fluids, we observe that if D is small, Uw varies
linearly with y-axis.
Uw(y) = yUw/D

No-slip Condition

Flow velocity:

There are shear forces in the flow

Newtonian Fluid

Newtons law of viscosity

dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2)

kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

Newtons law of viscosity

If is constant: Newtonian Fluid

If = f( ): Non Newtonian Fluid

Internal Pipe Flows

Laminar

Turbulent

Laminar and Turbulent Flows

Laminar Flow:
The flow is well ordered and stratified with a quadratic (in y) velocity
profile. Note that the flow is also steady (time independent). It is the
velocity which ensures that the flow is well ordered with its effect
influencing all of the flow from the wall to the centre-line

Turbulent Flow:
The laminar flow has broken down to give random fluctuations in the
core region of the flow. This is unsteady flow (time dependent) although
the random behavior of the fluid allows us to use time averaged values
the velocity profile shown is a time averaged characterization.
At the higher flow speeds associated with turbulent flow in pipes, the
effect of viscosity only penetrates a small region close to the wall.

External Uniform flow over the plate

Reynolds Number

For pipe flow

For flow over a plate

What Reynolds number means for us?

A measure of the importance of viscosity in the flow
When Re number is very large, the flow can be regarded
as inviscid (viscous effects are negligible)
In external flows, the viscous effects are confined to a
small layer at and close to the solid surface this thin
layer is called the boundary layer, where the shear
stress is only significant within this layer and at the
surface. Beyond the boundary layer, the flow is
essentially inviscid.

Other Examples of Laminar/Turbulent Flows

Summary
You have learnt different characteristics of fluid flows
In many instances (i.e. aircraft design), we want to avoid
a turbulence flow
In other applications (i.e. heat transfer and mixing),
turbulent flow is encouraged
The job of engineer is to manipulate fluid flows to suit a
particular purpose (or application)