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Application Note 34
Phototriac
INTRODUCTION
As is the case for TRIACs in general, phototriacs have
traditionally been used as solid-state AC switches. As
a matter of fact, in many industries such as industrial and
process control, it is not uncommon to use the term
Solid-State Relay and phototriac synonymously.
Vishay has a wide range of phototriacs which span the
gamut in terms of performance, features, and cost.
Vishays phototriacs vary, in terms of break-down voltage,
power rating, and a parameter which is most important
when designing with phototriacs and TRIACs in general,
dV/dt. Most of the applications for phototriacs involve their
CROSSING
IFT
(mA)
VDRM
(V)
dV/dt min.
(kV/s)
1.3
600 to 800
10
600
10
800
10
1.6, 2, or 3
400
1.6, 2, or 3
600
1.6, 2, or 3
700
VO4158
1.6, 2, or 3
800
VO3062
10
600
1.5
1.5
PART NUMBER
PACKAGE
IL4116
DIP-6,
SMD-6
IL410
DIP-6, SMD-6
IL4108
SMD
VO4154
Zero
Crossing
VO4156
VO4157
VO3063
DIP
i179041-2
600
600
10
IL4208
800
10
IL4216
1.3
600
10
1.3
700
10
1.3
800
10
600
1.5
IL4217
DIP-6,
SMD-6
IL4218
DIP-6, SMD-6
VO3052
Non-Zero
Crossing
VO3053
10
600
1.5
VO4254
1.6, 2, or 3
400
1.6, 2, or 3
600
VO4257
1.6, 2, or 3
700
VO4258
1.6, 2, or 3
800
VO4256
VO3020
Revision: 21-May-13
SMD
DIP
i179041-2
30
400
0.1
VO3021
15
400
0.1
VO3022
10
400
0.1
VO3023
400
0.1
5300
5300
APPLICATION NOTE
IL420
VISO
(VRMS)
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Vishay Semiconductors
Phototriac
TABLE 1 - VISHAY PHOTOTRIAC SELECTION GUIDE
DIAGRAM
CROSSING
PART NUMBER
PACKAGE
IFT
(mA)
VDRM
(V)
dV/dt min.
(kV/s)
VOM160
SOP-4
5, 7, or 10
600
0.5
10
600
1.5
600
1.5
10
600
0.2
5300
10
600
0.5
5300
SOP-4
Non-Zero
Crossing
VOM3052
VOM3053
i179066
Power Phototriac
VISO
(VRMS)
3750
DIP-8
VO2223
i179012-3
15
13
11
DIP-16
VO3526
22663
tgd (s)
APPLICATION NOTE
10
10
SIC00009
1000
Tj = 25 C
100 C
100
10
0.1
0
96 11862
10
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
100
18129
101
102
Fig. 2
IF /IFT (25C)
Fig. 1
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Phototriac
Finally, when discussing LED drive design it is important to
take the LED aging into accout. It is a matter of fact that
GaAs LEDs degrade over time; however, the amount of
degradation is usually not something that limits the
performance of most end-products given normal operating
conditions and equipment life cycles.
400
Coupled device
300
Phototriac
200
IR-diode
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Fig. 3
IA
IA
p
VAC
Graphic1
IC
Cathode
Thyristor
construction
19698
Fig. 5
IG
APPLICATION NOTE
Fig. 4
ICP
ICN
IC
Graphic3
Cathode
Fig. 6
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Phototriac
A thyristor can be triggered by applying a voltage across its
output terminals of sufficient amplitude to exceed its
breakdown or snapback voltage. This type of triggering
method is quite common and is used in thyristor devices
referred to as DIACs; however, conduction can also be
achieved in a more controllable fashion by connecting a
triggering gate that allows for the injection of minority
carriers into the gate region. In this way, a TRIAC can be
triggered in much the same way as a bipolar transistor. This
type of thyristor configuration is known as an SCR (Silicon
Controlled Rectifier). Its schematic symbol and internal
construction are illustrated in figure 7.
IA
IC
Cathode
IG
Anode
SCR
symbol
SCR
construction
Graphic4
Fig. 7
Such devices act as uni-directional AC switch. Unidirectional, because current is allowed to flow in only one
direction and AC switch, because it relies on the zero
current crossing of the AC waveform to turn off the switch,
once it has been trigered. The final configuration that needs
to be considered is the TRIAC, which is a bi-directional
AC switch. If one understands the characteristics and
functionality of an SCR, a TRIAC can be thought of as two
back-to-back SCRs with a common gate. This structure
allows current to flow in both polarities and thereby
constitutes a highly effective AC switch figure 8 illustrates
the schematic symbol and the IV characteristic curves of a
typical TRIAC. Note that the snapback voltage decreases as
the gate current increases from an initial zero point value.
DC
IA
DC
Figure6
APPLICATION NOTE
I G > zero
I G > zero
I G = zero
V AC
TYPES OF PHOTOTRIACS
There are two different types of phototriacs available,
non-zero crossing (NZC) and zero crossing (ZC) phototriacs.
Each of which are suitable for different applications. Vishay
offers both non-zero crossing and zero crossing phototriacs
to be able to provide a solution for all different applications.
MK1
19686
Gate
MK2
Fig. 8 - TRIAC
Revision: 21-May-13
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Phototriac
NON-ZERO CROSSING PHOTOTRIAC
Current
Waveform
Current waveform
Triggersignal
Signal
Trigger
1
Current waveform
Current Waveform
Line Voltage
voltage
Line
Trigger Signal
Trigger signal
3
Highdi/dt
dI/dt transitions
transitions
High
Line voltage
Line Voltage
10 ms 5.0 V
2 10 ms 10.0 mV3 10 ms 50 V
Trigger_+
10 ms 5.0 V
RL
2 10 ms 10.0 mV 3 10 ms 50 V
Trigger_+
DC
trigger
RL
AC
line
DC
trigger
IL420
Trigger_Non zero crossing example
ZC
AC
line
IL410
Trigger_Zero crossing example
19689
19687
APPLICATION NOTE
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Phototriac
Current waveform
3
10 ms
50 V
101 V
2
3
2
10 ms
10.0 mV
20.2 mV
Line Voltage
Current Waveform
10 ms
5.0 V
10.1 V
Trigger Signal
Nonsinusoidal waveform
Harmonic content
Current waveform
0
Vcc1
1
a1
b1
a2
b2
uicro
3
Trigger
_+
Trigger
a3
b3
a4
b4
_-
Non-zero
crossing
TRIAC
IL420
4
8
Sinusoidal waveform
harmonic content
AC Line
19691
10 ms
50 V
101 V
2
3
2
10 ms
10.0 mV
20.2 mV
V = L x dI/dt
and the waveforms in figure 13 and figure 14.
Line Voltage
Current Waveform
10 ms
5.0 V
10.1 V
Trigger Signal
1
0
Vcc1
1
a1
b1
a2
b2
uicro
3
Trigger
_+
ZC
Trigger
a3
b3
a4
b4
APPLICATION NOTE
Electric Motor
Drive
Motor
Contactor
_-
Zero-crossing
TRIAC
IL410
Motor
Contactor
Electric Motor
Drive
AC Line
19692
Zero-crossing TRIAC
driven contactor
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Vishay Semiconductors
Phototriac
circuits to simple discrete devices. When one takes into
account the increase in circuit complexity, added
component cost, and the requirement for galvanic
isolation between the TRIAC output and input driving LED,
and the need to reduce board real estate, a ZC phototriac
looks very attractive as illustrated in the two schematics of
figure 15 and figure 16.
Low voltage
Visual indicator
Rs
High voltage
VCC
AC
Line
Zero
crossing
isolation
load
Cs
Graphic14_2
Gate trigger
Reed relays
Alarm lights
Graphic28
High voltage
Low voltage
load
Gate trigger
AC line
Motion
sensor
ZC
AC
line
Graphic29
Graphic15
APPLICATION NOTE
Audible alarm
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Phototriac
circuit. Consequently, when the TRIAC is triggered into its
conduction mode by an overvoltage condition, it latches into
a conduction mode, due to the fact that the TRIAC will not
turn off until a zero current crossing turns off the TRIAC.
Thus, the crowbar overvoltage protection scheme protects
any output load from any possible overvoltage condition by
forcing the output low by shorting the output.
R
l
o
a
d
Graphic16
APPLICATION NOTE
R
l
o
a
d
Trigger_+
Power Snubber
TRIAC circuit
PWM
OVP
control
AC
Line
DC
trigger
Trigger_-
IL410/420
Graphic18
Graphic20
MT2
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Phototriac
CRITICAL DESIGN PARAMETERS
MT 1
Rloa d
Snubber
circuit
DC CHARACTERISTICS
Tr igger_+
AC
Line
POWER
TRIA C
DC
trigger
IL410/42 0
Trigger_ -
MT 2
Figure15b
TRIAC driver
basic SSR
D2
39
V4
0V
38
I1
0 A, 50 mA, 1 Hz
V2
36
33
DV
120 W
84.85 Vrms
60 Hz
0 Dcg
34
R6
1 k
37
V3
0V
0
Graphic21
100 m
75 m
V or A
APPLICATION NOTE
50 m
25 m
0m
- 25 m
0
2.5 m
5.0 m
Time (s)
7.5 m
10.0 m
12.5 m
Graphic22
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Phototriac
graphically measured using a standard curve tracer. This
instrument will produce a set of curves such as the one in
Figure 26.
+I
IF < IFT
On-state
IF > IFT
IH
IDRM
-V
VTM
+V
VTM
IF > IFT
On-state
IF < IFT
15126
-I
AC CHARACTERISTICS
In addition to the DC characteristics that need to be
considered when designing with phototriacs, there are
some very important AC characteristics that need to be
considered. One of the most important of these is the dV/dt
of the output waveform. The output dV/dt parameters can
be divided into two separate categories, and which of these
we consider depends on the state of IF. If IF is continuously
off, dV/dtcrq (static dV/dt) becomes the parameter of
interest. While if IF is changing, dV/dtcr (commutating dV/dt)
is the parameter that should be examined. The differences
between these two dV/dt parameters are graphically
explained in figure 27.
I F I FT
I F =0
dV/dt cr
occurs when IF > IFT
dV/dtcr
dV/dtcrq
dV/dt crq
occurs when IF = 0
Highest value of the rate of rise of off-state voltage which does not cause any switching from the
off-state to the on-state
Highest value of the rate of rise of communicating voltage which does not switch on the device again,
after the voltage has decreased to zero and the trigger current is switched from I FT to zero
APPLICATION NOTE
dV/dt = 8.89*Vrms*f
where f = frequency.
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Phototriac
For additional information on TRIAC AC characteristics,
specifically TRIAC output dV/dt concerns and
considerations refer to TRIAC dV/dt Application Note.
Input AC signal
150
100
V or A
-100
-150
30m
0
10m
20m
10m
20m
40m
Time (S)
Time (S)
30m
40m
30m
40m
150
100
V or A
50
0
-50
-100
-150
10m
20m
Time (S)
NEW22A
150
100
50
V or A
50
-50
0
-50
-100
-150
10m
20m
Time (S)
30m
ZC triggered output
10m
20m
30m
ZC triggered output
150
100
V or A
50
0
-50
-100
-150
0
10m
20m
30m
Time (S)
NEW22B
APPLICATION NOTE
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Phototriac
THERMAL DESIGN PARAMETERS
The last set of parameters that should be considered are the
thermal design parameters. Vishay phototriacs are designed
to operate at power dissipation levels as high as 0.5 W.
When one is dealing with a DIP-6 package, this is not an
insignificant amount of power. Moreover, TRIACs are often
used in applications where the ambient temperature is other
than standard room-temperature. Such is the case in many
industrial and process control applications.
There are different approaches to take in the case of thermal
design. The first is to go simply by a component derating
number given in (power/degrees). This is the simplest and
safest approach to take. Manufacturers are very
conservative when deriving this number. Consequently, if a
designer follows this criteria it is unlikely that he will get in
trouble. The second approach is very similar to this, but
instead of a simple number, the designer follows a graph of
allowable power vs. temperature similar to the one in
figure 30. Again, this is a very conservative approach and
should allow for a very reliable design.
Ptot - Total Power Dissipation (mW)
400
Coupled device
SAMPLE CIRCUITS
300
MT2
MT1
Load
Phototransistor
200
G
IR-diode
100
19688
0
0
9611701
20
40
60
80
100
APPLICATION NOTE
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Vishay Semiconductors
Phototriac
270
+5V
S
M
IF
C
S
0.1 F
V
AC
V
TTL
MT
Rg
Galvanical separation
18134
There are two options to deal with this problem. The first is
to use Vishays high dV/dt (10000 V/s) phototriacs,
because the high dV/dt will solve the problem.
The second is to add a snubber similar to the one included
in the circuit shown above.
The basic design process for arriving at the most
advantageous snubber possible is as follows:
APPLICATION NOTE
Revision: 21-May-13
18139
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Vishay Semiconductors
Phototriac
consumer market place.
RT
Input/ Settings
TH1
RT
Spin Time
Rinse Cycle Numbers
TH2
IF
Discharge
Water
Valve
RT
Wash Time
Micro
processor
Mode Detector
TH3
IF
Intake
Water
Valve
RT
TH4
IF
AC Input
Optocoupler
Microprocessor
Power
Supply
AC Voltage
18140
Oven
Cavity
Lamp
Grill
Heater
Magnetron
Tube
Blower Motor
Turntable
Motor
APPLICATION NOTE
AC
Voltage
50/ 60Hz
DoorDetector Circuit
Weight Sensor
Microcontroller
Gas Sensor
15093_1
Control Panel
Revision: 21-May-13
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Phototriac
References:
Herman L. Stephen, Industrial Motor Control. Albany, NY: Delmar Publisher, 1998.
Malvino Albert Paul, Electronic Principles, NY, McGraw Hill, 1983.
Mazur Glen & Rockis Gary, Elecrical Motor Controls,.Homewood Ill., American Technical Publishers Inc., 1997.
APPLICATION NOTE
www.vishay.com/optocouplers
UL
www.ul.com/
IEC
www.iec.ch/
FIMCO
www.sgsfimko.fi/index_en.html
BSI
www.bsi-global.com/index.xalter
CSA
www.csa-international.org/default.asp?language=english
VDE
www.vde.com/VDE/de/
Revision: 21-May-13