Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Induction Practice
Problem 1 Prove by induction that if A = {1, 2, 3, . . . , n}, then the power set,
P(A), has 2n elements.
Problem 2 Every integer greater than 1 is divisible by a prime.
Problem 3 For every n N, 2n3 + 3n2 + n is divisible by 6.
Problem 4 Prove by induction that
1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 + n (n + 1) =
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
.
3
(1)
f2r1 = f2n .
(2)
r=1
1. Solution. Recall that for a (particular) set, A, the power set, P(A), is
the collection of subsets of A. Well use induction.
What is the sequence of statements?
(Sn): The number of elements in P({1, 2, . . . , n}) is 2n .
First we check that (S1) is true. But, the subsets of the set {1} are
{, {1}}. That is,
P({1}) = {, {1}}.
Hence, there are exactly two elements in P({1}).
Now assume that (S n) is true. That is, assume that the number of
elements in P({1, 2, . . . , n}) is 2n . We have to show that (S n+1) is true.
So, we have to count the number of subsets of {1, 2, . . . , n, n + 1}. But,
a subset of this last set is one of two types. Either the subset contains
n + 1 or it doesnt. Those subsets which do not contain n + 1 are just
subsets of {1, 2, . . . , n}. And we know how many of these we have: 2n .
Those subsets which contain n + 1 can be described by taking a subset of
{1, 2, . . . , n} and throwing in the element n + 1. For example, if n + 1 = 5
and the subset of {1, 2, . . . , 5} which we would like to describe is {1, 3, 5},
we could say that
{1, 3, 5} = {1, 3} {5}.
Or, more generally, every set which contains n + 1 can be written as
A {n + 1}, where A is a subset of {1, 2, . . . , n}. Hence, to count these
sets we only have to count the As which are subsets of {1, 2, . . . , n}.
Again, this is just 2n . So, weve divided our problem into counting in two
distinct situations and in each case there are 2n elements. Therefore, the
total number of elements is 2n + 2n = 2 2n = 2n+1 . Therefore, weve
verified that (S n+1) is true. Hence, by PMI we know all (n 1) the
statements (S n) are true.
2. Solution. We did this in class.
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
+ (n + 1)(n + 2)
3
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
n
+1 =
,
3
3
f2r1 =
n
X
r=1