Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of the Chemical Engineering Department
Cagayan State University
Carig, Tuguegarao City
by
Danna Mae D. Corpuz
Donita Rose P. Aguisanda
French Sarah R. Nera
Marilen A. Salvador
1
March 2016
APPROVAL SHEET
The Thesis entitled APPLICATION OF WATER PINCH TECHNOLOGY FOR
WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT prepared and submitted by Donita P.
Aguisanda, Danna Mae D. Corpuz, French Sarah R. Nera, Marilen A. Salvador, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering is
hereby recommended for oral examination.
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
ABSTRACT
viii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study
1.6 Local of the Study
1.7 Definition of Terms
1
2
2
2
3
4
5
10
11
12
16
19
21
23
Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials
25
25
27
29
30
30
31
32
33
35
39
5.2. Recommendations
40
REFERENCES
41
APPENDICES
Appendix A
44
Appendix B
45
Appendix C
46
Appendix D
48
List of Tables
Table 3.1: Source/Sink Minimum Flowrate and Maximum Contaminant Concentration
28
32
34
Table C.1: Mass Load Calculation for each Source and Sink
46
Table C.2: Input Data for the Source/Sink Composite Curves before Shifting
46
47
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: A fixed-mass-load operation
10
12
14
15
16
22
24
Figure 3.1: Water Network and Its Uses in the Food Innovation Center
26
Figure 3.2: Process Flow Diagram Water source and Water sink
27
31
33
34
Figure 4.4: Source/Sink Composite Allocation Curve and Network Allocation Diagram
36
Figure 4.5: Water Using Network for the Process with Water Reuse
37
Figure 4.6: Water Using Network considering Mass Load Deficit Case
38
48
49
49
50
51
51
52
52
53
ABSTRACT
Water Pinch Technology was used in this study as a systematic technique of
implementing water minimization strategy through integration of processes for maximum
water efficiency. This was implemented at the Food Innovation Center Region 02 from
which relevant data such as contaminant concentrations and flowrates of each water sink
and source were collected. The processes involved include Raw Material Washing,
Vacuum Frying, Water Retort and Spray Dryer Cleaning. Source/Sink Composite Curves
had been used to target the minimum usage of feed water for water reuse network. From
this, Source and Sink Allocation Composite Curves together with Network Allocation
Diagram were constructed to show the water network allocation or design between the
sources and sinks. It can be observed that there were two wastewater streams with
potential as water sources namely Water Retort and Vacuum Fryer. The results of the
study showed that at minimum flowrates of 0.16 L/s and 0.17 L/s for feed water and
wastewater, there could be a flow reduction of 78.95% and 77.92%, respectively. While
at minimum flowrates of 0.33 L/s and 0.34 L/s, flow reduction accounts to 56.58% and
55.26% for feed water and wastewater correspondingly.
Keywords: WPT, water source, water sink, Source/Sink Composite Curves, NAD
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background of the Study
The major concern in most production industries is the efficient use of resources.
This is due to increasing costs and stringent environmental regulations. Process
integration is becoming an attractive solution to determine the most efficient reuse and
recycle of resources within an operating system. Process integration techniques initially
developed for energy integration have been modified to be applicable to water reuserecycle systems with major developments being in the past decade.
The need for efficient water management in many sectors is getting more crucial
than ever. The price of freshwater is likely to increase further in the near future due to the
predicted shortage of fresh water and hence, the possibilities of resorting to wastewater
treatment, desalination, interstate water transfer and groundwater extraction for
freshwater sources. People still want to use water luxuriously and at the same time save
money. There is a need to come up with a new approach in the water supply and
sanitation sectors.
Water pinch analysis is a systematic method of instigating water minimization
strategy through process integration for maximum water efficiency (Manan, et al., 2005).
Hence, this research was conducted to make water reuse possible through the application
of water pinch technology. From this, water using network was constructed from which
flow reduction is expected.
1.2
1. Identify the minimum feed water consumption and wastewater generation in waterusing operations (water-pinch analysis);
2. Design a water-using network that achieves the identified flow rate targets for feed
water and wastewater through water reuse (water-pinch synthesis); and
3. Design a piping system for water reuse and minimize wastewater generation through
effective process changes (water-pinch retrofit).
1.4. Significance of the Study
The drive in industry is towards environmental sustainability and rising costs of
freshwater and effluent treatment. These have encouraged the process industry to find
new ways to reduce feed water consumption and wastewater generation. Concurrently,
the development of systematic techniques for water reduction, reuse, and recycling within
a process plant has seen extensive progress. The advent of water pinch analysis (WPA) as
a tool for the design of optimal water recovery network has been one of the most
significant advances in the area of water minimization.
Maximizing water reuse and recycling can minimize freshwater consumption and
wastewater generation. Hence, water recycling and reuse are becoming increasingly
important since cleaner production and sustainability will become the criteria by which
designs are judged. This paper contains an extensive approach of pinch technology
applied to mass integration (e.g., solvent recovery systems) and water-pinch technology
(e.g., water-using operations and effluent treatment systems) in a unified manner.
Using Pinch Technology, a graphical approach is developed to locate the
minimum freshwater and wastewater flow rate prior to any network design in which
savings can be achieved in both capital investment and operating cost. Emissions can be
minimized and throughput maximized. Furthermore, a developed water-using
network/design is used as a basis for utility usage wherein it can lessen the effluent
generation and reduce the treatment cost.
1.5. Scope and Limitation
This study is directed on using water pinch analysis to aid in systematically
modifying wastewater minimizing retrofit designs to an existing process, primarily on the
pilot food processing section. Specifically, it included:
1. the process flow data, particularly the water flow data, the contaminant
concentrations of the process water and the allowable contaminant concentration to a
process unit;
3
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Pinch analysis (or pinch technology) is a rigorous, structured approach that may
be used to tackle a wide range of improvements related to process and site utility. This
includes opportunities such as reducing operating costs, debottlenecking processes,
improving efficiency, and reducing and planning capital investment. Major reasons for
the success of pinch analysis are the simplicity of the concepts behind the approach, and
the impressive results it has been obtained worldwide. It analyzes a commodity,
principally energy (energy pinch), hydrogen (hydrogen pinch), or water (water pinch), in
terms of its quality and quantity, recognizing the fact that the cost of using that
commodity will be a function of both. (Natural Resources of Canada, 2003)
In the late 1970s, Process Integration took off with the first appearance by
thermal pinch technology which was developed to analyzed heat exchanger networks.
After which, developments of the last decades have made a much broader range of
process integration technologies available, wherein it is no longer limited to the
optimization of heat exchanger networks but it have been developed to optimize other
equipment like fractionating column in refineries. And recently, industrial water network
optimization technologies have been developed in order to minimize water and energy
consumption. (Natural Resources of Canada)
Wastewater minimization and treatment has been a primary concern for pollution
prevention in the process and manufacturing industries. Wastewater streams, if generated
from cleaning and rinsing processes, usually contain various hazardous or toxic pollutants
that need be strictly controlled. Water resources are scarce in this part of the world;
6
however, water demand is on the rise due to increase in population, agriculture, and
industrial firms.
2.1. Development of Water Pinch Analysis
In order to implement cleaner production designs as well as improve the ecoefficiency of existing processes a method is required to investigate the implications of
various options. Process integration is an approach which emphasizes the unity of a
process (El Halwagi, 1997). It provides a basis for analyzing and developing a design at
an early stage of its development by providing global insights of the process to the
designer, coupled with methodical targeting and design procedures. This allows for the
design of eco-efficient processes where the pollution is minimized and does not rely on
end-of-pipe solutions to minimize the pollution.
This has led to the development of process synthesis which has been defined as
the discrete decision making activities of conjecturing which of the many available
component parts one should use, and how they should be interconnected to structure the
optimal solution to a design.
Process synthesis methodologies systematically guide the designer in the
screening of the various process options in order to identify the optimum design. It also
allows the assessment of the design possibilities before detailed design is initiated.
Analogies between heat conservation and wastewater minimization have been
used to extend the pinch concept to wastewater minimization as stated on the study made
by Meyer et al, (1993) from which it developed a superstructure of all possible re-use and
regeneration opportunities in a petroleum refinery situation. The superstructure was
optimized and the uneconomical features of the design removed. The regeneration of
wastewater was also considered in this work.
This work addressed single contaminant cases as well as the identification of
regeneration opportunities. Procedures were presented for the design of networks, which
allow the minimum target to be achieved. In their methodology different minimum
concentration differences can be allowed throughout the network, together with
constraints. A composite curve was constructed similar to the temperature enthalpy
curves introduced in thermal pinch analysis. This composite curve was then matched to a
composite curve through the origin. This minimum water supply line touches the
composite curve at a minimum of two points i.e. the origin and one other. The point other
than the origin is known as the pinch point. Two methods were presented to achieve this
minimum flow rate design. The first is referred to as the maximum driving force method,
which uses concentration differences between the various streams to target the minimum
flow rate. The second method is referred to as the minimum number of water sources
method and uses load intervals. In each interval only enough water is used to maintain
network feasibility, the remainder is bypassed and used later. Wang and Smith (1994) also
considered the case where more than one contaminant is present and extended their
methodology to deal with this situation. They also considered the implications of
regeneration of wastewater.
In a later paper Wang et.al, (1994) discussed single and multiple operations with
fixed flow rate and processes with multiple sources of water of varying quality. Water
loss in processes is also taken into account. New design rules allow novel water flow
schemes to be developed based on local recycling and splitting of operations.
8
Dhole et al. (1996) introduced an approach slightly different to that of Wang and
Smith. This method, known as the Two Composite Method, was designed to overcome
the problem encountered in real life application of the Wang and Smith methodology.
Beuhner and Rossiter further expanded this methodology. They used purity on the
vertical axis and water flow on the horizontal axis. The input streams of all the water
using processes are plotted in a demand composite curve in order to define the water
demand for the entire plant. The output streams are plotted in the same way in order to
construct the source composite for the entire plant. The composite curves form a pinch
point that represents a bottleneck in the reuse of water. The design of the minimum water
network is then achieved by the mixing of wastewater of varying qualities in order to
relieve the bottleneck in reuse opportunities that is created by the pinch point.
Olesen and Polley (1997) reviewed the procedures introduced by Wang and Smith
concerning single contaminants. They introduced a new network designing procedure in
which they classify operations into distinct types, each of which has distinct design
implications. This method is based on the use of a load table, which tabulates the
distribution of duties in the region of the pinch and the minimum water needs for each
operation. They considered the case of simple reuse, water draws and regenerated water
re-use. El-Halwagi et al. (2003) details some new and interesting techniques developed to
handle problems encountered in real life situations as well as previously developed ideas
such as reacting networks and the combination of thermal and water pinch technology.
A case study presented by Doyle and Smith (1997) consisted of fixed-mass-load
operations, this mathematical programming approach can be applied to operations with
more complex contaminant loading models.
9
information that is easily accessible and reduces the effort required to produce optimal
solutions. (Naylor, 2003).
In addition to sourcing the data it is essential to ensure that the data is
representative for the plant. Meyer et al. (1993) described a general method for data
reconciliation applied to material balances for steady-state chemical processes. Sets of
rules were proposed that facilitated classification of measurements and mass balance
equations. The purpose of doing this is to reduce the number of variables that required
optimization. The numerical method proposed determines the best fit of the variables,
using redundant equations as constraints. Most data reconciliation techniques rely on a
similar technique of fitting data by using a sum of least squares regression method
(Naylor, 2003).
The optimal solutions determined when using the minimum amount of available
data may prove to be infeasible due to unforeseen circumstances which only become
clear once the project has been evaluated.
2.3. Modelling Water-Using Network
Graphical analysis tools have been used to gain insight into the nature of water
using networks. In most of these methods the elements of the overall system are
addressed separately. For example Wang and Smith (1994) used a graphical approach to
design the water-using subsystem and the treatment network for the wastewater streams
is determined as a second step. Kuo and Smith (1998) and Hallale and Fraser (2000) used
graphical insights to address the design of the overall system. Graphical methods are
however generally limited for use in systems that have multiple contaminants and flow
11
rate constraints which make them difficult to solve. The graphical approach targets the
fresh water flow rate and therefore does not allow for incorporation of additional
variables such as piping and discharge costs (Naylor, 2003).
2.3.1. Characterizing the Water-Using Network
12
minimum flow rate networks minimize the amount of fresh water consumed and
wastewater produced.
The method developed by El-Halwagi et.al, (1992) focused on the mass exchange
of a single contaminant between a set of rich process streams and a set of lean process
streams. A minimum allowable concentration difference was defined which applied
throughout the whole mass exchange network. The concept of a mass exchange network
synthesis was introduced whereby the rich and lean streams were matched.
Wang and Smith (1994) presented an approach in which targets are set that maximize
water reuse. They present fours general approaches to waste minimization. These are the
process changes which involves reducing the inherent demand of a process for water.
Second is the re-use in which wastewater can in some cases be reused directly in
other operations, provided the level of contamination introduced in the previous operation
does not interfere with the process. It may require blending of wastewaters or the
blending of wastewater with fresh water.
Another approach is the regeneration reuse wherein wastewater can be regenerated by
partial treatment to remove contaminants which would prevent its reuse, and then reused
in other operations. It may not be reused in the operation that generated the waste in the
first place, as this recycling will eventually lead to build up within the process. The
regenerated water may be blended with other wastewater or with fresh water.
And lastly, the regeneration recycling in which wastewater can be regenerated to
remove contaminants that have built up, that is then recycled back to the process that
generated the waste originally.
13
(2.1)
After specifying the mass load of the contaminant, next is specifying the
maximum allowable contaminant concentration (Cw in max) in the feed water or in the outlet
(Cw
out max
corrosion potential. And lastly, by calculating the maximum wash water flow for each
process which is defined in equation 2.2
Qw= m / (Cw out max Cw in max)
(2.2)
This is repeated for each process and the results tabulated. The limiting water data
are then plotted as limiting profiles and these profiles used to construct a limiting
composite curve (Figure 2.4 (a) and (b)). Combining the operations between
concentration intervals generates the composite curve.
15
concentration of the water supply line is assumed to be zero and therefore passes through
the origin.
The second method introduced by Wang and Smith (1994) ensures the minimum
number of water sources is used. This method involves following the concentration
intervals instead of the mass intervals. In each match the minimum amount of water
required by the process is used and the unused water is bypassed to be mixed in later. The
design procedure then follows that of the first method producing a water-use network and
simplifying it by breaking loops. This method produces a design with a single water
source that achieves the minimum flow rate target.
Another approach was the Source/Sink Composite Curve introduced by ElHalwagi (2003). Water sources and sinks are plotted on a contaminant mass load versus
the flowrate diagram for material recycle/ reuse.
2.5. Water Reuse Networks
(a)
Traditional water use patterns are shown conceptually in Figure 2.5.a, where a
single source of fresh water is used to supply a variety of processes, P. Once used, the
process waters are mixed and sent to a series of treatment operations, T, before discharge.
16
One inefficiency associated with traditional use and treatment schemes comes from not
exploiting water reuse opportunities.
(b)
(c)
(d)
17
18
19
Wan Alwi and Manan have introduced another rule for the mass load deficit
case, which is to satisfy the mass load and the flowrate of a sink using the cleanest as
well as the dirtiest sources in the Pinch region and making sure the Pinch point and the
utility target are satisfied. The authors also introduced the Network Allocation Diagram
(NAD), which translates the Source and Sink Allocation Composite Curves into a
network mapping diagram for easy visualization.
20
21
INPUT
PROCESS
22
OUTPUT
23
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
24
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Materials
The materials used in performing Water Pinch Analysis include Process Flow Diagram
(PFD), operating data conditions, and Microsoft Office Excel.
3.2. Water Network Analysis
Water networks include water directed to 1) process usage, 2) utility usage or 3)
other usages. It illustrates common sources of wastewater, including process uses and
wastewater from other uses. Utility and other uses include the wastewater coming from
the cleaning of the spray dryer and washing of raw materials, and utensils while the
process uses pertains to the vacuum fryer feed water and the water used in the water
retort.
On the analysis of water network, the type of operation should be specified. In
general, water-using operations can be classified into two main categories, i.e., masstransfer-based and non-mass-transfer-based operations. Mass-transfer-based operations
include vessel washing, vacuum frying and other processes. It is where water sink and
water source exist, while for non-mass-transfer-based operation, it is where either water
sink or water source exist.
Figure 3.1 illustrates the water usage along with the network of water within the
process in the FIC.
25
Figure 3.1 Water Network and Its Usage within the Food Innovation Center
26
In the FIC, washing or cleaning of raw materials is one of the process that highly
consumed feed water. It is next to the vacuum fryer wherein large quantity of water is
being introduced into the unit from the vacuum pump. The effluent from the spray dryer
is noted for its high mass load. On the other hand, effluent from the water retort has the
lowest maximum allowable contaminant concentration as well as mass load.
Figure 3.2. Process Flow Diagram of Water Source and Water sink
Figure 3.2 illustrates the process flow diagram showing the inlet and outlet
streams of water. Feed water was being fed into each operation and wastewater was being
disposed directly. In general, there were four water sinks and water sources.
3.3. Data Extraction
27
For the sinks, the load capacity ( m j ) of each streams computed as the product
of the sink flowrate ( f j , kg/s) and the impurity concentration ( C j , ppm) wherein:
Cimin C j C jmax . It is given by the following equation:
m j=f j C j(3.2)
28
Table
3.1
Source/Sink
Minimum
Flowrate
and
Maximum
Contaminant
Concentration
Water Sinks, Stream
Flowrate, (L/s)
Concentration, (ppm)
0.21
1.0
0.23
2.0
0.15
2.0
0.17
10.0
Flowrate, (L/s)
Concentration, (ppm)
0.20
2.0
0.22
2.0
0.17
5.0
0.17
25.0
Water pinch analysis is done right after the preliminary procedure listed above.
This WPA includes minimum water targeting then followed by the construction of the
concentration composite curves.
3.4 Minimum Water Targeting
In targeting the minimum utility requirements and in locating the pinch points, the
graphical technique such as the composite curves have been used in mass and water
recovery problems that are based on pinch analysis.
3.4.1
in ascending order. Followed by plotting the maximum mass load of each source
versus flowrate then create a source composite curve by superimposing the source
arrows in ascending order. Lastly, shift source composite stream until it touches the
sink composite stream, with the source composite curve located below the sink
composite curve in the overlapped region.
3.5. Water Pinch Synthesis
3.5.1
allocation or design between the sources and sink. The following were the steps
proposed by El- Hawagi and Kazantzi (2005):
i.
Satisfy a sink using the water sources. If the sink mass load is met but not
the flow rate, add freshwater.
ii.
The procedure is repeated until all sinks have been satisfied by the
available sources and freshwater. The mass load allocation is located in the
y-axis of the graph and the flow rate allocation on the x-axis.
30
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.
Disposal
Feed water
31
There are four water demands for this process - the vacuum fryer feed water and
the water feed stream to the water retort, spray dryer and raw material washing/cleaning.
There are also four water sources. Here, the water sources are regarded as wastewater.
Fi (L/s)
Sinks
32
Ci (ppm)
m (mg/s)
SK1
SK2
SK3
SK4
SRj
SR1
SR2
SR3
SR4
Sources
Water retort Wastewater
Vacuum Fryer Wastewater
Wastewater from Cleaning/washing
Spray Dryer Wastewater
0.21
0.23
0.15
1.0
2.0
2.0
0.21
0.46
0.30
0.17
10.0
1.7
Fj (L/s)
0.20
0.22
0.17
0.17
Cj (ppm)
2.0
2.0
5.0
25.0
m(mg/s)
0.40
0.44
0.85
4.25
33
Source1
Source2
Source3
Source4
Sink1
Sink2
Sink3
Sink4
34
Sink1
Sink2
Sink3
Source3
Source4
Sink4
Source1
Source2
1. Water Retort
Flowrate,
(L/s)
0.21-0.25
2. Vacuum Fryer
0.23-0.25
0-2.0
0.15-0.20
0-2.0
0.17-0.20
0-10
Flowrate,(L/s)
1. Water Retort
0.20
2.0
2. Vacuum Fryer
0.22
2.0
0.17
5.0
0.1
25.0
35
36
Sink1
Sink2
Sink3
Sink4
Source1
Source2
Source3
Source4
Figure 4.4 Source/Sink Composite Allocation Curve and Network Allocation Diagram
37
Feed water
Figure 4.5 Water Using Network for the Process with Water Reuse
The Source/Sink Allocation Curve together with the NAD represents a flow
reduction of 78.95% and 77.92% for feed water and wastewater, respectively.
Considering the mass load deficit case and flowrate deficit case, both wastewater from
washing of raw materials and spray dryer will have a flowrate of 0.17 L/s. Feed water
38
being fed into the fourth sink will be directly disposed since it does not satisfy the mass
load listed. Hence, the flow reduction for feed water and wastewater were 56.58% and
55.26% correspondingly. These flow reduction coincide with the past case studies such as
the study performed by Wan Alwi et al, (2004) onto different processing plants.
Feed water
Figure 4.6. Water Using Network with Mass Load and Flowrate Deficit Case
CHAPTER V
39
as the mass load being satisfied. The second water using network/design shown in Figure
4.6 was chosen. In this figure, the water sources that have the potentials for water reuse
are the water coming from the water retort and vacuum fryer. Hence, the flow reduction
for feed water and wastewater are 56.58% and 55.26%, respectively. Hence, Water Pinch
Technology is an effective technique in implementing water minimization strategy for
maximum water efficiency.
5.3. Recommendation
Based on the analysis done in this study, it is recommended that an economic
evaluation can be performed for imminent studies. A mathematical programming
approach can also be done encompassing multiple contaminant operation. In connection
to this, another technique can also be applied in targeting the minimum utility
requirement such as LCC, Water Cascade Analysis, Water Surplus Diagram and algebraic
targeting approach. Aside from the Network Allocation Diagram (NAD), Source-Sink
Mapping Diagram can also be used in water network retrofitting. This technology can
also be implemented not just in processing industries but also in our households with
water using operations.
Since there is still unused water sources from the spray dryer and raw material
washing, it is also recommended that these can be utilized in other processes outside the
system if possible. It also suggested the implementation of purification/ filtration system
to be integrated for greater water reuse/recycling.
41
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43
44
APPENDIX A
Heuristics
In water network design there are three heuristics:
1. Heuristic 1: Do not feed the water Above the Pinch (including fresh water) to sinks
Below the Pinch and vice versa (Hallale, 2002)
2. Heuristic 2: Start the source and sink mapping with the sink at the lowest contaminant
concentration. (Polley and Polley, 2000)
Contamination load for an operation can be calculated as follows:
kg
)
t
h
F
=
1000 Equation3.3
h C i( ppm )
()
mi (
3. Heuristic 3: Map the available sources one after the other and add fresh water as
required, to each sink according to heuristic 2 until all sinks are satisfied in both
quality (contaminant load) and quantity (flow rate). (Manan 2005).
The quantity of water from the contaminated source is determined by calculating the
contaminant load associated with the sink.
a. If the quantity is equal to the required volume, then no fresh water needs to be
supplied.
b. If the quantity is less than the sink, then some feed water is required.
c. If the quantity required from the source exceeds the sink, then part of the sinks
contaminant load should be satisfied using a source having a higher
contaminant.
45
APPENDIX B
Constraints
Constraints for the network design between the water sources i and sink j are given as
follows: (Hallale, 2002)
a. Sink
(i)
Flowrate
F i , j=F SK , j
Where Fi , the total flow is rate available from source i by sink j and
F SK
is the flow
Concentration
F SRi , SKj C i C
F SRi , SKj C i max ,SKj
C SKj , is the contaminant concentration of source i and
acceptable contaminant concentration of sink j.
b. Source
(i)
Flow rate
F SRi ,SKj F SR ,i
46
Cmax , SKj
is the maximum
APPENDIX C
Calculations
Table C.1. Mass Load Calculation for each Source and Sink
Streams
Fi x Ci
Sink 1
0.21 x 1.0
0.21
Sink 2
0.23 x 2.0
0.46
Sink 3
0.15 x 2.0
0.30
Sink 4
0.17 x 10.0
1.70
Source 1
0.20 x 2.0
0.40
Source 2
0.22 x 2.0
0.44
Source 3
0.17 x 5.0
0.85
Source 4
0.17 x 25.0
4.25
Table C.2. Input Data for the Source/Sink Composite Curves Before Shifting
Streams
Flowrates (X-axis)
Mass Load(Y-axis)
Sink 1
0.21
0.21
Sink 1 + Sink 2
0.44
0.67
0.59
0.97
0.76
2.67
Source 1
0.20
0.40
Source 1 + Source 2
0.42
0.84
47
0.59
1.69
0.76
5.94
Stream
Fcalc = (
) x 100%
Flow Reduction
(100%-Fcalc)
Feedwater
78.95%
Wastewater
77.63%
Feedwater
56.58%
Wastewater
55.26%
Network 1
Network 2
48
APPENDIX D
Documentation
Figure D.1. The collection of data for this study was performed at the Food Innovation
Centre Cagayan State University- Carig Campus, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City Cagayan.
49
50
Figure D.4. The Sinks (above sink is used for raw material washing while the other sink
below is used for washing utensils)
51
52
54