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Power transformers
When the transmitted power exceeds around 10 MVA, special
designs are required to cope with the mechanical forces of short
circuit currents, higher insulation levels and increased cooling
requirements. For these ratings, liquid-filled transformers are
usually used. The insulation between the windings becomes
more and more demanding at higher voltages. Furthermore,
resonance effects inside the winding itself have to be considered
to avoid insulation failures during highly dynamic impulse
stresses such as lightning strikes which may reach amplitudes of
one to two thousands kilovolt with a 1 s rise time.
Transformers with power ratings above some ten MVA are a key
element in the supply of large regions or industrial areas. As a
rule of thumb, it can be considered that one person has an
average electrical power demand of 1kVA, which means, that a
400 MVA transformer transfers the power needed by 400,000,
the equivalent of a medium sized city. Such transformers have to
comply with special requirements on safety and reliability and
also have to provide a very high efficiency and low sound level.
In recent decades, high voltage DC lines have also become
increasingly important, especially in large countries such as
China where they connect industrial centers to the remote
regions where the electricity is generated. ABB now offers
standard solutions for DC converter transformers for up to
800kV DC.
A transformers located directly next to a power plant is called
GSU (Generator Step-up Unit). A GSU transforms the electric
power from the medium voltage of the generators to the high
voltage transmission level. To balance power flow between
parallel power lines, phase shifters can be used. These are
transformers (usually with a 1:1 translation ratio) that adapt and
control the phase angles of voltage and current to optimize the
power transmission capacity of the lines. Phase shifters exist up
to a power rating of 1,500 MVA.
Phase shifter
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