G.R. No.

146710-15

March 2, 2001

JOSEPH E. ESTRADA, petitioner,

vs.
ANIANO DESIERTO, in his capacity as Ombudsman, RAMON GONZALES, VOLUNTEERS AGAINST
CRIME AND CORRUPTION, GRAFT FREE PHILIPPINES FOUNDATION, INC., LEONARD DE VERA,
DENNIS FUNA, ROMEO CAPULONG and ERNESTO B. FRANCISCO, JR., respondent.

Estrada was inaugurated as president of the Republic of the Philippines on June 30, 1998 with Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo as his Vice President.
In October 2000, Ilocos Sur governor Luis Chavit Singson, a close friend of the President, alleged that
he had personally given Estrada money as payoff from jueteng hidden in a bank account known as Jose
Velarde a grassroots-based numbers game. Singsons allegation also caused controversy across the
nation, which culminated in the House of Representatives filing of an impeachment case against Estrada
on November 13, 2000. House Speaker Manny Villar fast-tracked the impeachment complaint. The
impeachment suit was brought to the Senate and an impeachment court was formed, with Chief Justice
Hilario Davide, Jr. as presiding officer. Estrada, pleaded not guilty.
The expos immediately ignited reactions of rage. On January 18, a crowd continued to grow at EDSA,
bolstered by students from private schools and left-wing organizations. Activists from the group Bayan and
Akbayan as well as lawyers of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines and other bar associations joined in
the thousands of protesters.
On January 19, The Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of the Philippines also withdrew their
support for Estrada and joined the crowd at EDSA Shrine.
At 2:00pm, Estrada appeared on television for the first time since the beginning of the protests and
maintains that he will not resign. He said that he wanted the impeachment trial to continue, stressing that
only a guilty verdict will remove him from office.
At 6:15pm, Estrada again appeared on television, calling for a snap presidential election to be held
concurrently with congressional and local elections on May 14, 2001. He added that he will not run in this
election.
OnJanuary 20, the Supreme Court declared that the seat of presidency was vacant, saying that Estrada
constructively resigned his post. Noon of the same day, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo took her oath of office
in the presence of the crowd at EDSA, becoming the 14th president of the Philippines.
At 2:00 pm, Estrada released a letter saying he had strong and serious doubts about the legality and
constitutionality of her proclamation as president, but saying he would give up his office to avoid being an
obstacle to healing the nation. Estrada and his family later left Malacaang Palace.
A heap of cases then succeeded Estradas leaving the palace, which he countered by filing a peition for
prohibition with a prayer for a writ of preliminary injunction. It sought to enjoin the respondent Ombudsman
from conducting any further proceedings in cases filed against him not until his term as president ends.
He also prayed for judgment confirming petitioner to be the lawful and incumbent President of the
Republic of the Philippines temporarily unable to discharge the duties of his office, and declaring
respondent to have taken her oath as and to be holding the Office of the President, only in an acting
capacity pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution.

ISSUE:
1.) Whether or not the case at bar a political or justiciable issue. If justiciable, whether or not petitioner
Estrada was a president-on-leave or did he truly resign.
2.)

Whether or not petitioner may invokeimmunity from suits.

HELD:
The Court defines a political issue as those questions which, under the Constitution, are to be decided by
the people in their sovereign capacity, or in regard to which full discretionary authority has been delegated
to the legislative or executive branch of the government. It is concerned with issues dependent upon the
wisdom, not legality of a particular measure.
The Court made a distinction between the Aquino presidency and the Arroyo presidency. The Court said
that while the Aquino government was a government spawned by the direct demand of the people in
defiance to the 1973 Constitution, overthrowing the old government entirely, the Arroyo government on the
other hand was a government exercising under the 1987 constitution, wherein only the office of the
president was affected. In the former, it The question of whether the previous president (president
Estrada) truly resigned subjects it to judicial review. The Court held that the issue is legal and not political.
For the president to be deemed as having resigned, there must be an intent to resign and the intent must
be coupled by acts of relinquishment. It is important to follow the succession of events that struck
petitioner prior his leaving the palace. Furthermore, the quoted statements extracted from the Angara
diaries, detailed Estradas implied resignation On top of all these, the press release he issued regarding is
acknowledgement of the oath-taking of Arroyo as president despite his questioning of its legality and his
emphasis on leaving the presidential seat for the sake of peace. The Court held that petitioner Estrada
had resigned by the use of the totality test: prior, contemporaneous and posterior facts and circumstantial
evidence bearing a material relevance on the issue.
As to the issue of the peitioners contention that he is immuned from suits, the Court held that petitioner is
no longer entitled to absolute immunity from suit. The Court added that, given the intent of the 1987
Constitution to breathe life to the policy that a public office is a public trust, the petitioner, as a non-sitting
President, cannot claim executive immunity for his alleged criminal acts committed while a sitting
President. From the deliberations, the intent of the framers is clear that the immunity of the president from
suit is concurrent only with his tenure(the term during which the incumbent actually holds office) and not
his term (time during which the officer may claim to hold the office as of right, and fixes the interval after
which the several incumbents shall succeed one another).