Mathematical Universes

written by Adi Cox

8th September 2016
_____________________________________________________________________
It is suprising how effective mathematics is to model the universe. Physics
has accomplished so much in understanding this world around us. Often
called 'Applied Mathematics' physics has proved itself through its applications
in the real world. Geometry is often cited as being pure mathematics, but
most geometry models the two and three dimensional space that surrounds
us in this real world. So I do not think that it is unreasonable to think that
mathematics is the best medium to design other exotic universes which have
different geometries, but that is hard to imagine because we are so used to
this geometrical space around us. A universe with a four dimensional space is
an obvious contender for another possible universe. I am sure that there are
an infinite number of options waiting to be discovered.
Philosophy and the shape of space
There is a belief that people create the world around them and that
everything is subjective. The illusion of objectivity is explained as collective
consciousness. The human collective consciousness has created the
geometrical space that we are all aware of and so we have all been
indoctrinated into this reality. There may be another collective of humans who
have opted for some other spatial awareness and evolved down another
timeline. All this is speculative and not to be taken too seriously.
What does pi measure?
Most people would say "The number of times the diameter of a circle divides
into its circumference." Is this necessarily true? In the real world the space
that we live in is found to be represented by the value pi, but I do not believe
that it is pathological to expect that all geometries need to include pi and
that in other geometrical spaces it is possible to have any value where the
diameter of a circle is divided into its circumference. This is why for this paper
I am arguing that pi is a measurement of space and more precisely the
measurement of this space we live in and the relationship between the circle
and the square. Often called Euclidean Space where the square is the
measure and so the area of a unit circle is pi. So the space constant s in
Euclidean space is equal to pi.
Elliptic Non Eucidean space
In our three dimensional space two dimensional non euclidean space is any

smooth curved surface. The surface of a sphere is an elliptic non eucldean

geometry. If we were to say that the earth is a perfect sphere and we drew a
line from the north pole to the equator. Then drew a line a quarter of the way
around the equator before joining a line back up to the north pole. We would
have a triangle with three right angles. The smaller you draw a triangle on a
sphere then the less elliptical that triangle would be and so closer to flat
euclidean geometry. If you think of the surface area of a hemisphere the
diameter would be from the equator up over the north pole and then back to
the equator on the other side. This would mean that the diameter divides into
the equator twice which is less than pi and so it is elliptic.
Hyperbolic Non Eucidean space
Hyperbolic non euclidean geometry means that the diameter of a circle
divides into its circumference by a value greater than pi. A good example of
this in real life would be a warped disc, like an old record that has melted so
that it is no longer flat. We would find that in this case the diameter of the
disc would divide into the warped circumference with a value greater than pi
and thus rendering its geometry hyperbolic. A more mathematical explination
for understanding the concept of euclidean and non euclidean geometries is
by the formulas:
elliptic --->
(Spherical)
euclidean --->
(Octahedral)

x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1

x^1 + y^1 + z^1 = 1

hyperbolic ---> x^0.5 + y^0.5 + z^0.5 = 1

(Octahedral where all sides are concave)
The sufaces of the above shapes, in turn have, elliptic, euclidean and
hyperbolic geometries.
An Analogy
If we think of Euclidean Space as being a train station and the railway line out
of Euclidean Space goes in two directions. In one direction the line goes
elliptic and in the opposite direction it goes hyperbolic. Where the number of
times the diameter of the circle divides into its circumference is greater than
pi then we are travelling in a hyperbolic direction and where the number of
times the diameter of the circle divides into its circumference is less than pi
then we are travelling in a elliptic direction. The aim of this paper is to stop
off at some of these stations and investigate these exotic spaces where the
space constant s is not equal to pi.
_____________________________________________________________________

A Simple Elliptic Geometry (Where s=3)

This is a pumped up geometry where the area within a perimeter is much
greater than that of euclidean geometrical space and so it cannot be
represented in its true form visually.

Trisquarangle
The trisquarangle is the building block of this geometry. All three angles are
right angles. All three sides have the same length. The length of a line from
any vertex to any point on the opposite side is equal in length to the side
length. So if all three sides of the trisquarangle are equal to one then the
length of a line from any vertex to any point on the opposite side is equal to
one. The area of a trisquarangle is the square of one of its sides. The true
shape of the trisquarangle is like a pumped up equilateral triangle. It cannot
be represented in its true form visually because
The pictures above show how trisquaring and trisquare rooting the

trisquarangle is similar to squaring and square rooting the square. Trisquaring

n and trisquare rooting n is the same answer to squaring n and square rooting
n.

Hexcircle
The hexcircle is a pumped up hexagonal and so it is circular. This circular
shape can be made from six trisquarangles. This means that the diameter of
a hexcircle goes into its circumference three times. The area of a hexcircle is
six times the radius squared. 6r^2. A pumped up circle becomes a flower like
shape with six petals and so the value of pi is religated to a less important
shape than a circle.

Doublesquare and Doublerectangle

This is the pumped up square and pumped up rectangle. The areas are side x
times side y multiplied by two, hence the names doublesquare and
doublerectangle.

_____________________________________________________________________
A Simple Hyperbolic Geometry (Where s=4)
This is a similar geometry to the previous geometry with the exception that
the trisquarangle is within each of the curved triangles in the picture below:

_____________________________________________________________________
There are many concepts in this paper and it takes us out of this physical
space of reality. It is so difficult to create a geometry where you cannot rely
on the visual representations as being accurate. A three dimensional version
of the above geometries would be even more confusing and difficult to
understand.