NOLOGY

f o r the
l u n i o r s t r u c t u r a l ~ n gneer
i

ad s t r a a t h o f

1.

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LLOYD'S REGISTER OF SHIPPING

Chapter 5
2.4.4
Alternatively, where the l i f t is to be fitted to a
conventional ship and the ship's characteristics are
known, the forces may be calculated forthe combination
of static and dynamic forces of Ch 3,2.1 1 for the ship's
motions and accelerations obtained from Tables 3.2.2
and 3.2.3 in Chapter 3.

a stress factor, F, which depends on the load casc

considered. The allowable stress is given by the gener2
expression:

F = stress factor,
a = failure stress, in N/mm2.

2.5
Design loads
2.5.1
The design loads are t o be consistent with the
ship's loading manual and are t o include the details of the
number and spacing of vehicles the lift is designed t o
accommodate, the type of vehicles, their weight, axle
loading, tyre print dimensions, and number and spacing
of wheels and supports. Fig. 5.2.1 gives rypical loading
information. Due account is t o be taken of asymmetric
loading where applicable.
2.5.2
In addition t o vehicle loading the lift is to be
considered with respect t o uniform deck loading (UDL)
appropriate to the deck or decks a t which it is stowed and
is to comply with the appropriate requirements of Pt 3,
Ch 3 and Ch 1 1 of the Society's Rules for Ships.Similarly
where the lift forms part of the ship's watertight
structure it is t o comply with these requirements as
appropriate.

2.8
Load combinations
2.6.1
he lift is to be considered with respect t o
design loads resulting from the following conditions:
(a) Case I. Operating condition.
(b) Case 2. Stowed condition.
(c) Case 3. Test load condition.

2.6.2
Case 1. The lift is t o be considered with
respect to the self-weight and applied load multiplied by
a dynamic factor of I ,20, together with the horizontal
forces as defined in 2.4.2. This is represented by the
following expression:
1,2 (L,+L,)+L,,+L,,
whe;e 1, = self-weight load,
LC = applied load,
L,, = factored load due t o 5O heel,
L,, = factored load due t o 2' trim.
2.6.3
Case 2. The lift is t o be considered with
respect to the forces resulting from the accelerations
due to ship motion, together with the forces due to
consideration of static inclination as defined in 2.4.3 or
2.4.4 together with weather forces appropriate t o its
stowed position.

-- . 2.6.4

Case 3. The l i f t is to be considered with

respect to forces due to the self-weight plus the test
load, 4, multiplied by a dynamic factor of 1,20. This case
is represented by the following expression:
1 2 (L,+.L,)
where 4 = SWLxproof load factor obtained from
Ch 9,l.g.

2.7
Allowable stress- Hastic failure
2.7.1 The allowable stress, ua, is t o be taken as the
failure stress of the component concerned multiplied by

2.7.2

The allowable stress factor, F, for steel in whicb

5 < 0 , 7 , is to be as given in Table 5.2.1 :

au
where a, = yield stress of the material stress, in f\i/mm2,
a, = ultimate tensile strength of the material, i!
Nlmm2.
Table 5.2.7 Stress factor, F
Load case
Stress factor, F

..

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

0.60

0.75

0,85

NOTE
Where the lift forms part of the hull structure the scantlings are 1
comply with the requirements of t h e Rules for Ships.

a
For steel with-Ir> 0 , 7 , the allowable stress istc
au
be derived from the following expression:
2.7.3

The failurestresses for elastic failure are give2.7.4

in Table 5..2.2.

Table 5.2.2 Failure stress

--

Mode of failure

Symbol

Failure
stress

Tension

at

1,Oa,

Compression
Shear
Bearing

1 ,OO,
T

0,580,

abv

1 ,ou,

2.7.5 For components subject t o combined stresses

the following allowable stress criteria are t o be met:
(a) uU<Fut
(b) aw<Fo;
(c) rO<F,
(d) iuX2+aW2- a,uw + 3ro2);< 1,I Fat
where ox, = applied direct stress in : direction, in
N/mm2,
uw = applied direct stress in y direction, ;
N/mm2,
7, = applied shear stress, in N/mm2.

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GENERAL INFO
Padeye Material

The material to be used for padeyes and their attachments should

preferably be conform the following requirements:

a.

Euronorm 25
Din 17100
B.S. 4360
A.S.T.M.

b.

c.

d.

Fe510-D
St.52-3N
50D
A572-50

(Fe360-D)
(St.37-3N)
(40D)
(A36)

\
The minimum yield stress for these materials is:

--.

'\

'\

\.

thickness ,< 16
'
5 5 5 (235) N/rnrn2
> 16 (20 -\345
(225) N/mrn2

Fe510-D (Fe360-D)

> 40 ( 63

1215) h'/mrn2
325 (205) N/mrn-7

> 63 ,< 80
> 30 < 100 . -315 (195) N,/mm2

/'
'.thickness

(a;;\\

50D

,/

A\ \'

,/'

'\

x~

//

G 16
> 16 G 40
> 40 g 63
> 63 ,< 100

/,

'\

-.--,
,,,,
i;fot mentioned in standard spec's.

355 (260) N/mm2

345 (245) N/mm2
340 (240) N/mm2

(225) N/mm 2

4 2

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Table C-C2.1

Situation
Superstructure Legs
Braced
Portal (unbraced)

Effective
Length Reduction
Factor
Factor
K
C,(l)
(a)
(a)

1.0

K(z)

Jacket Legs & Piling

Grouted Composite Section
Ungrouted Jacket Legs
Ungrouted Piling Between
Shim Points

Rotat~onfixed and translation fixed

Rotation free and translation fixed
Rotation fixed and translation free
Rotation free and translation free

Deck Truss Web Members

In-Plane Action
Out-of-plane Action

0.8
1.0

(b)
(a) or (b)(4)

Jacket Braces
Face-to-face length of
Main Diagonals

0.8

(b) or (c)(~)

Face of leg to Centerline

of Joint Length of K
Braced3)

0.9
0.7

Deck Truss Chord Members

1.0 (a), (b) or (c)(~)

(c)
(c)

(1)Defined in Section 3.3.1~

(2) Use Effective Length Alignment Chart in Commentary of

AISC. This may be modified to account for conditions different from those assumed in developing the chart.
(3) At least one pair of members framing into a joint must be in
tension if the joint is not braced out of plane.
(4) Whichever is more applicable to a specific situation.
3.3.le Reduction Factor. Values of the reduction factor C, referred to in the above table are as follows
(with terms as defined by AISC):
(a) 0.85
r-

3.3.ld Member Slenderness. Determination of the

slenderness ratio Kl/r for cylindrical compression members should be in accordance with the AISC. A rational
analysis for defining effective length factors should
consider joint fixity and joint movement. Moreover, a
rational definition of the reduction factor should consider the character of the cross-section and the loads
acting on the member. In lieu of such an analysis, the
following values may be used:

Longer Segment Length ofX Braced3)

Secondary Horizontals

(b) 0.6 - 0.4 ( %),but not less than 0.4, nor more
M, than 0.85
(c) 1- 0.4 (

L),
or 0.85, whichever is less

*:

3.3.2 Combined Axial Tension a n d Bending. Cylindrical members subjected to combined tension and
bending should be proportioned to satisfy Eq. (3.3.1-2)
at all points along their length, where fbx and fby are
the computed bending tensile stresses.

'SC Specification (Effective j1/1/78)

5 - 74
1 1

> , I

'

TABLE 3-36

ALLOWABLE STRESS
FOR COMPRESSION MEMBERS OF 36 ICSI SPECIFIED YIELD STRESS S'I'EEL

K1 I:,
1C1
Fa
r
(Icsi)
r
(ksi)
1
2
3
4
5

21.56
21.52
21.48
21.44
21.39

41
42
43
44
45

19.11
19.03
18.95
18.86
18.78

I;b

1(1

(ksi)

Fa
(Icsi)

81
82
83
84
85

15.24
15.13
15.02
14.90
14.79

121 10.14
122 9.99
123 9.85
124 9.70
125 9.55

161
162
163
164
165

5.76
5.69
5.62
5.55
5.49

8.70
8.57
8.44
8.32
8.19

171
172
173
174
175

17.81
17.71
17.62
17.53
17.43

96 13.48 136
97 13.35 137
98 13.23 138
99 13.10 139
100 12.98 140

8.07
7.96
7.84
7.73
7.62

176
177
178
179
180

61
62
63
64
65

17.33
17.24
17.14
17.04
16.94

101 12.85
102 12.72
103 12.59
104 12.47
105 12.33

141
142
143
144
145

7.51
7.41
7.30
7.20
7.10

181
182
183
184
185

20.22
20.15
20.08
20.01
19.94

66
67
68
69
70

16.84 106 12.20

16.74 107 12.07
16.64 108 11.94
16.53 109 11.81
16.43 110 11.67

146
147
148
149
150

7.01
6.91
6.82
6.73
6.64

186
187
188
189
190

19.87
113.80
19.73
19.65
19.58

71 '
72
73
74
75

16.33
16.22
16.12
16.01
15.90

11 1
112
113
114
115

11.54
11.40
11.26
11.13
10.99

151
152
153
154
155

6.55
6.46
6.38
6.30
6.22

191
192
193
194
195

15.79
15.69
15.58
15.47
15.36

116 10.85
117 10.71
118 10.57
119 10.43
120 10.28

156
157
158
159
160

6.14
6.06
5.98
5.91
5.83

196
197
198
199
200

21.10
21.05
21.00
20.95
20.89

51
52
53
54
55

18.26
18.17
18.08
17.99
17.90

16
17
18
19
20

20.83
20.78
20.72
20.66
20.60

56
57
58
69
60

21
22
23
21
25

20.54
20.48
20.41
20.36
20.28

26
27
28
29
30
31
3%
33
34
36

:M 19.50 76
37
38
39
40

Fa
(ksi)

1(1

ICZ
-

131
132
133
134
135

11
12
13
14
15

19.42
19.35
19.27
19.19

77
78
79
80

91
92
93
94
95

14.09
13.97
13.84
13.72
13.60

I< talceri an 1.0 for secondary members.

Note: C, = 126.1

4 G 'I-

/ha,,,

"

Secondary Membersn
llr 121 to 200

Main Members
Icllr 121 to 200

Main and Secondary Members

I<l/r not over 120

x.

SR,-3948

F
(Itsi)

121 10.19
122 10.09
123 10.00
124 9.90
125 9.80

_1_
r

Fnn
(ksi)

Fa
(lcsi)

161
162
163
164
165

7.25
7.20
7.16
7.12
7.08

25.69
25.55
25.40
25.26
25.11

81 18.81 121 10.20 161

82 18.61 1.22 10.03 162
83 18.41 123 9.87, 163
84 18.20 124 9.71 164
85 17.99 125 9.56 165

Fas
(ksi)
7.25
7.20
7.16
7.12
7.08

24.96
24.81
24.66
24.51
24.35;

86 17.79
87 17.58
88 17.37
89 17.15
90 16.24

126
127
128
129
130

9.41
9.26
9.11
8.97
8.84

166
167
168
169
170

7.04
7.00
6.96
6.93
6.89

24.19
24.04
23.88
23.72
23.55

91
92
93
94
95

131
132
133
134
135

8.70
8.67
8.44
8.32
8.19

171
172
173
174
175

6.85
6.82
6.79
6.76
6.73

1(1
r

(ksi)

16.72
16.50
16.29
16.06
15.84

" I < talcen as l..O for secondary members.

J
r

1<1
Fa
(ksi)
r
(ksi)
Fa

1L
r

Fa,?
(ksi)

11.8.

DESIGN OF CO1.IJMNS UlJDEl7 A CEt.l'rrilC LOAD

11.6. DESIGN O F COLUI\IINS UNDER A CElaTRlC LOAD

III the preceding sections, we I~avecieter~nincdthe critical I ~ ~l l f i:, ~ ~ I
colu~nnIly t~singEuler's formuln, ant1 \i'c I~itvei~~vestigi~terl
111t!dc.l;ll
tior~snod stresses in cceentrici~llyIontied colotnns by using (Ile scv;llll
for~nnl;~.In eacl~case we n:;s~tn~ctl
t1111tnil stre!;ses rem:~inetl I,elll\v tl,,
proporlionel limit in~dt111ltt l ~ eCO~UIIIII\\'as inili:~li!' :I strnigl~t~
I
O
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
.
[)us prism. Itcnl colu~nnsfill short of such nn idealizi~tittn,ant1 ill l,l.ilcliec
tlte rlesigu of colt~rnnsis b;~!;ecl on enlpiricnl fol.lnul:ls wlticl~rellecl [Ile
fdC/r
results of n l ~ ~ n e r o laborittory
l~s
tests.
Fig. 11.25
Over t l ~ elast century, very ~nnn),steel c o l ~ ~ ~ In~ni s~ vbeell
c tcstl:tl 1,).
npplying to t l ~ e a~ centric
r~
nxial lontl nlltl illcreilsing tile loi~tlu~tlill i ~ i l t ~ r ~ ,note test rlatn are sl~ownin Fig. 11.25. Since n singlr: Si~r~ntlle
is t~st~i~lly
occurred. T l ~ eresults nl's~icl~
tests are represellled in 1%. 11.2-1~vl~nre.
not aderlo:~tefctr all vnlt~esofI,ir, d i l l r e i ~Form~~l:ts,
t
cacl~with :I defir~ite
rnnge of applir:nl~ility. II:IIJI: beer^ rlavelopctl fbr variclus m:tterinls. 111
"cr
e ; s l ~case we mnsl cltccl; Ll~altltc formr~lnwe propose to use is applia~lllt:
I
for t l ~ evnli~eof I,lr filr tile co1~111n
i~~volvcd.Ft~rtl~er~norc,
we m ~ ~ s t
tletermine wltetlter t l ~ eforrnnln provides the v:~lr~e
of the critical stress for
t l ~ e~ O ~ I I I irt
I I Iwl~ir:l~
I , alse Illis valtte must LC divitletl by 1111:npl~~-opri;~tc
tictor of sslbty, or wl~c!tl~erit prcrvides rlirectly 111cellowrtl,le stress.
Specificfor~rta~las
For t l ~ edesign ofcolutnns rtr~dercentric lontling will
now Ila consirlcretl br three dilferent mnterk~ls.

Itn~ennediate~ t ~ l t ~ ~lii)ng
~ ~ Ctllt*mtu
~ s s
Lrh
(~~>111111115

Flg. 11.24

Sfrucf~~ral
Steel. 'I'l~eli)r~r~rll:~s
rnctst \videly userl for t l ~ ctlcsign trf
steel columns nsder a centric load are fotlncl in t l ~ esl~ecific;~tions
of t l ~ c
Asoerio:tn I~~stittttc
of Steel C:onstn~ctio~~.t
As we sl~:~ll
sep, II pnnrl~trlio
expressinl~is 11setl lo gretlicl rr,l1f i ~ rcnlurnns of short e11r1i~~lerototli:~te
lengtl~s.: I I I ~ IIII Enler-type relation is tlsed for lclr~gcol~trnns. 'I'l~esc?
relnliolls are tlcvcltiped in two steps:

1. ITirsl:I calve representi~tgIlte varintion ofnc, will1 I,/r is ol)t:tioerl

to note t l ~ i illis
~ t curve tloes not inmlpor;tto
(Fig. 11.2(5). It is irnport:~t~k
aritll its ortlinnte equ;iI to
poillt llns been
I
of p:~r:rl,ol:i
tllc ~lor~nitl
strcss n,, $11billlre. ant1 its nbsoisss eq1lal to t l ~ ec o r r e ~ ~ o ~ ~ r l i ~ ~ g factor of sdety. T11e 11oriion AD of tltis cntve is ~ I arc
~ g l ris considerl~;lllleof tllc clricti\~eslender~~ess
r;ltio, L,!/I: ~ l t l ~ o ~tl~ere
deli~t~:dIIY a11 cq~tx~tio~t
ol' t l ~ efortn
able scntker in tl~l:test results, regions corresponcliog to tl~reetypes of
Glilnre tney he observetl. For long col~trnns,\vl~ereI,,lr is large, hilnre is
closely pretlictecl 1))' Euler's for~nul:~,nr~rlt l ~ evi~lueof r,, is t)bser\'etl lo
wl~ileportio~~
IIE is p:wl of Enler's ctlrvr? DBE tlefi~~ctl
11y llrc eq~tntion
depet~ilon the raodul~~s
of elssticity B of the st~:el used, but not on its
?;'E
yield s t r e ~ ~ gcry.
t l ~ 1ior very sltclrt colt~mnsund compression blocl;s, failcr,, = (L
ure o o c ~ ~ esscnti~~lly
rs
ns n rcs111t of yield, :~ndwe I~n\,err,, = r y . Col1% rlolc: 111:1t,since cr,., = n y for L l r = 0. t l ~ econstta~trq, ir~Eq. (11.3fi)
llnins ofintermediate lengtl~comprise tl~trsccases wlterc G~ilureis dcpe11n~nslbe eqllai to try. On l l ~ eother It:!nri, it is :~rsnmed in 111~
AISC
failure is a11 cxlrcntcly
dent on Lot11 w,. ;~nrlE. In tl~isrnnge, col~ttr~n
specifications, ns well as in otlters,$ 111:1t at point 11 wltere the p:~r:tl~ol:~
etlnll~lex
p l ~ e n o ~ ~ ~ c:md
r t o ~test
t , tl:~t:t Itave been nsed extensively to guitlc
joins I.?nler's cnn'e, the critical stress is eqt~rrlto I1:1lf of t l ~ eyield stress.
the development of specifiortions ant1 design forl~tulns.
Ilr~r~irical
f o r ~ r ~ i ~wl~icb
l i ~ s express an sllowrtblc stress or critia~lstress
I Mri111a1<$Sf~!cl f : ~ ~ ~ ~ s f r t i ~I)I!I
f i ~CLI..
t ~ . ~cst<:fi(xttt111stiI11tet>rSt~el
Convtrt~cti~t~,
NOW
i l l tcr~nsof t l ~ eelkclive sler~dcrnessratio nvcre first intrtlducetl ovtBril
""'"'
celltury ;lgo, etld sir~cetl~enI~:n,cundergone :I contit~r~ous
lirocess ol. re.tJ+h.+ A ~ ~ ~A ~~ rs ~i ~ ~isl~*~*:
!~ f ~~~J I~lI : ~~~ \ ~T ~ ~~~ ~~ l l~i ~ , i l J ~ .
~ i ~ ~~ c~l r l lll l l ~ nUSt:d
S
tc)1117L,r~~xi~ j l l c n l e l l tIllldiIII1)rO,,elIIclll,~ j ' ~elll,,irieill
fur eilcll o ~ ~ m ; l rlests,
ly

'!'""

GGI

552

11.6.

COLLIMNS

Dellolirtg I1y C, the \,;tlllc of'Llr-ill1l1;ltlloirrt, Eq. (11.38) yit:ltls tllclvl;,lc.

4rry = cry

I;C:

IIESIGN OF Cf3LUMNSLll.IIJEl1 A CElJlFilC LOAII

653

J < x ; ~ I I ~I I>.OL?
I~
Delcrs~iiv~e
ll~elor~gesl1111~11ppor1etl
Ieltgll~I, fiir n~11icll
tl~cS 100 X l l . 5 rtrllerl-slccl C ~ ~ I I L I > I I : S S / I > I I I C I ~ I ! ~ !I~IJ
~
Cilll
snSt:ly elbrry tlic cettl~iclo;ltl sl~on-11
(fig. 11.28). Asslllnc: rry =
I ) O hil'. L I I I I ~I-i = 000 Cl'ii.

A s s ~ t ~ aLIr
i ~ ~2g C,.. \vc:

IISV

l'lcl. (I l..l:l)

;ltltl

\\srilt.

hlillting cr,, = Buy t111tl /,/I-= C , itr Ell. (I1.'11), tvc filltl LII;II

2. A i)lclor ol' sirl'ely Inust be itttratl~~cetl

to ollttrilt the l'irr:ll A ~ S C
tlesian li)r~ntllilstlefil~ingn,,ll :IS n ftllrction ol'Llr. For I,lr- Z C,., 111;1tis,
lirr lolig c o l u l r ~ ~a~ct~l~st:lt~t
s,
klclor ol'snkly of 1.92 is i~sctl. Divitlillg llte
t,iiltte ~ I J I L I ~ is1
I I l!.ti.
~ ~ (II.*ll) firr
l)y 1118sIitc!ur ol'sitl'et~~,
;111cl 1111ti11g
I ~ I : I111c
I AlSC ~ ~ ~ e c i i i c i ~stale
l i o ~tllitl
~ s Wr- ~~reSer:tI~Iy
s11nttId IIOI cxccecl
200. \rrc tvrilcl'
Alur~lifirtrn. M : I I I~~I ~ I I I I ~ ~ I i~lloys
I I I I I ~ arc :1\1;1ilal)le
for tlsc it1 slr11t:1t11.;1l
iind ntilclli~~e
ctrnstrllclion. For e:lcll :~lloyt l ~ especiric;~liol~s
c~l'lltcAlllltli~ I I I I IAsstrci:tlio~~.(.
pto\,i~lt:tltrec lirrn~t~l;ts
GII.t l ~ eellc~u~i~l~lc
stress in ct~li t i1~~ ~~ ~\vilIt
1 1 Llr- t1efi111:tl 1))'
I I ~ ~ I 1111c1er
IS
cc~ltricInitcli~~,;.'S11c \ ~ : ~ r i ; ~ lof
lllcsc I ; ~ ~ I I I I Iis~ sl~o\vlr
:IS
irl Fig. 11.2!). \Zre nc~leIltirt fi1r sllort C ~ ~ ! I I I I I I ~ S
rr,,tl is cotlslnt~l,lilr i ~ ~ l e r ~ l ~ e tcoli~~tins
l i i ~ l e :I litlc:~r reI:lliol~ Irt:l\\~ce~ln,,lt
nr~rl1,Ir is userl, ;ltltl Ibr lo~lgc:ol~lttil~s
:III IS~~lcr-Iylre
hslnula is used.
Specific ~ ~ I I I I I ~ :kil.
I S 11s~:ill 1111:clcsiglr crf l r ~ ~ i l t l i :~I ~
I I g~si111i1:lr
s~
slrt~clures
nre gi\.ell I~elo\r*
Cir Iwo c ~ ~ ~ t n l n11setl
~ ~ n :llltiys.
ly

"dl

r,',

Alloy (iO[il -T6:

lA/r-S9.5:
*,$!I

(hli',,l

E = 200 Cl'n

I.tr

Fig. 11.27

'1'11~~
k~rtttt~I:~s
11liti1i11e11
~ t t ; ~INS
y 11setI\vilI~:III)~
c t ~ n s i s t e !x!l
~ ~ l~ I I ' I I I I ~ I S .
\?'e obscr\*elIi;~t,1ry usillg Eqs. (11.42). (11.43), (11.'14), IIIIII (11.45),
\tat 131i1y
dolarlnirle t l ~ c:~llo\\~;tlrlc
axiitl stress Ibr :I gi\ser~gl.itclc ul'sleal :IIIII
any give11nllow:tblc \-;lluc ofL.lr-. 'I'llc procctlure is to lirst c o ~ t ~ pC,
~ ~byl c
s t ~ l ~ s t i l t ~llle
t i ~ gi\9c11
~ g \8;1lue of cry illto Eq (11..12). I'or \ c n l ~ ~of
e s 1,/r
larger tllao C,. w e Illell lrsc Ec]. (11.43) lo delermirtc u,,ll,: I I I ~l'i~r\,:IIIICS
oI"
Llr- sln:lller tltitl~C., IVC tIc:Iert~~i~re
[rr,tl fiollr Eqs. (11.44) illrd (11.45).
lior llie convctrierlce ol'111e dcsigller, \,all~esof tltc allot\tnblc stress IIX\V
I1ec11t;tl)t~l;~letl
ill tlre AlSC h,laltlt;~lol' Slecl G r ~ ~ s t r t ~ c lli1r
i c itlifkrelll
~~
gri~clt:s t~l'sleelI I I I ~for
I 1111 v;tlt~est l L 1 r li.0111 1 10 200. 'I'llc s:tri;~linz~
trl'cr,,~~
\viIl~I J r is S~ICI\\*IIi l l Fig. lI..27 lily titree tliili!r~?~tk
g r ~ ~ t l eofs slr11clt1ri11
slecl.
t'l'lrc. AlSC ~ ~ r l t t i t l ls~,ccilies
y
cr,,ll = l~iiEl.':l(Llr.~.

CJ,,lt

I31 hll':~

(11.;I (i)

~j.5< Id/r < Mi:

i ~ ,=, ~[ I:39
~ - ~,,!{jStI,/r)]61

(I 1.47)

1,.

:3.51 X 101hll':~
=
(1.:rr2

(I I :If$)

2( (

Fig. 11.28

1.1,

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

DATE

SHEET NO.:

SHEET NO.: ......

JOBNO.

.............

COMP'D BY
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

j~!

kbJ

FT

Ad2

rl
G
-

k4

-r

li

9,g a !
-0

-z

Go

'f

bP/

J pi-i\ **

c ~ Q

5.80

Appendix A-Niimerical

AlSc ,..zcificatiatt (Effective 11/1/78)

Equiuolents

5 .a1

TABLE 10-36

TABLE 10-50

ALI,OWABI,E S H E A R S T R E S S (1<S1) IN WEBS OF PLATE GIRDERS BY FORMUIA (1.10-1)

ALLOWABLE SHEAR S'I'RESS (KSI) IN WEBS OF PLATE GIRDERS BY FORMULA (1.10-1)

For 36 ksi Yield Stress Steel, Tension Field Action Not Included

For 50 ksi Yield Stress Steel, Tension Field Action Not Included

Aspect Ratios o / h : Stiffener Spacing to Web Depth

Aspect Ratios a / h : Stiffener Spacing to Web Depth

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

-..k@-..

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

i
i-D.a.1

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

.--.%I

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

.
.
l

SHEET NO.:

!A_.%._.!

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: - ~ . . ~ - e . . ~ .

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

For extremely short deep beams, the assumption of linear stress

distribution, on which the simple theory of flexure is based, is no
longer valid. Equation (1) gives s d c i e n t l y accurate results for span/
depth ratios down to a b o u t A f o r still smaller ratios i t was believed
formerly that the actual stresses were smaller than the formula indicates (Refs. 1 and 2), but more recent analyses by numerical methods
(Refs. 43 and 44) indicate that the contrary is true. These analyses
show that a t s/d between 1.5 and 1,depending on the manner of loading
and support, the stress distribution changes radically and the ratio of
maximum stress to Mc/I becomes greater than 1 and increases rapidly
as s/d becomes still smaller. In the following table, the influence of s/d
on both maximum fiber stress and maximum horizontal shear stress is
shown in accordance with the solution given in Ref. 43. Reference 44

gives comparabl~ -suits, and both strain-gage measurements (Ref '7)

and photoelastic udies (Ref. 46) support the conclusions reachi n
these analyses.

J , r r r r i i l
I

<

Span = 2 3 / 2 4 1
Uniform load over entire 1

1/11

span/d

Jtc/I

3
2.5
2.0
1.5
I
0.5

2.875
2.395
1.915
.
1.4375
0.958
0.479
0.3193

1.025
1.046
1.116
i.ioi
2.725
10.95
24.70

1.030
1.035
1.022
- 0.879
0.600
2.365
5.160

11

Uniforni load over rnidtllr

1.58

0.970

1.80
2.13
4.53
6.05

1.038
1.513
5.460
12.35

&I

2.52.5
3.585
6. I40
15.73
25.55

These established facts concerning elastic stresses in short beams

seem incompatible with the contrary influence of sld on modulus of
rupture, discussed in Art. 7.15, unless it is assumed that there is a very
radical redistribution of stress as soon as plastic action sets in.
The stress produced by a concentrated load acting on a very short
cantilever beam or projection (gear tooth, sawtooth, screw thread) can
be found by the following formula, due to Heywood (Chap. 2, Ref. 28)
and modified by Kelley and Pedersen (Ref. 59). As given here, the
formula follows this modification, with some changes in notation. Figure 7.16 represents the profile of the beam, assumed to be of uniform

jOB NO.

"

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

--

SHEET NO.:

2_
..-j-..-

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

:?

.._i.&
6

JOBNO.

: ....................................................................

COMP'D BY : ........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ..................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

TABLE 9
Ffe

VALUES OF

For Use in Formula (1.6-la), Sect. 1.6.1, for Steel of Any Yield Stress

F f
(ksi)

Note: Ffe =

1%

F.e
rb

(hi)

12"E
23(Klb/rb)2

1%

rb

(1.6-la)

P.e
(hi)

1%

Pe
ra

(hi)

1%

F'.
ra

(hi)

1%

pfe
ra

(ksi)

5 - 26

. ilI.5

Structural Steel for Buildings

pecificalion (Effective 11/1/78)

Cast Steel a n d Steel Forgings

Allowable stresses shall be the same as those provided in Sect. 1.5.1, where
applicable.

F, = axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force alone

1.5.4

1.5.5

Masonry Bearing
In the absence of Code regulations the following stresses apply:
On sandstone and limestone . . . . . . . . . . . F,, = 0.40 ksi
On brick in cement mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . Pp = 0.25 ksi
On the full area of a concrete support . . . . . . . . F p = 0.35f',
On less than the full area of a
concrete support . . . . . . . . I;;, = 0 . 3 5 f ' , m
< 0.7fc

where f', = specified compressive strength of concrete, kips per square inch
A , = bearing area, square inches
A2 = full cross-sectional area of concrete support, square inches

1.5.6

Wind and Seismic Stresses

Allowable stresses may be increased I/:% above the values otherwise provided
when produced by wind or seismic loading, acting alone or in combination with
the design dead and live loads, provided the required section computed on this
basis is not less than that required for the design dead and live load and impact
(if any), computed without the stress increase, and further provided that stresses
are not otherwise' required to be calculated on the basis of reduction factors applied to design loads in combinations. The above stress increase does not apply
t,o allowable stress ranges provided in Appendix B.
SECTION 1.6

'

existed, kips per square inch

1;6 = compressive bending stress that would be permitted if bending moment alone existed, kips per square inch
12 3r2E
F', =
23(Klolr~,)~
= Euler stress divided by a factor of safety, kips per square inch. (In
the expression for F', , 16 is the actual unbraced length i n t h e plane of
bending and ri, is the corresponding radius of gyration. K is th effective length factor i n t h e plone of b e n d i n g As in the case of Fa
and 0.60Fy, F', may be increased in accordance with Sect. 1.5.6)
f a = computed axial stress, kips per square inch
fi, = computed compressive bending stress a t the point under consideration,
kips per square inch
C, = a coefficient whose value shall be taken as follows:
I. For compression members in frames subject to joint translation
(sidesway), C, = 0.85.

,Bb,

2.

For restrained compression members in frames braced against joint

translation and not subject to transverse loading between their
supports in the plane of bending,.
C,

MI
M2

= 0.6 - 0.4 -, but not less than 0.4

where M1/M2is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments a t the

ends of that portion of the member unbraced in the plane of bending
under consideration. M1/M2is positive when the member is bent
in reverse curvature, negative when bent in single curvature.
3. For compression members in frames braced against joint translation
in the plane of loading and subjected to transverse loading between
their supports, the value of C, may be determined by rational
analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis, the following values may
be used:
a. For members whose ends are restrained . . .C,, = 0.85
b. For members whose ends are unrestrained . . C, = 1.0

COMBINED STRESSES

Axial Compression and Bending

Members subjected to both axial compression and bending stresses shall be
proportioned to satisfy the following requirements:
1.6.1

1.6.2

s
When /,/Fa 5 0.15, Formula (1.6-2) may be used in lieu of ~ o r m u l i (1.6-la)
and (1.6-lb):

In Formulas (1.6-la),(1.6-lb),and (1.6-2), the subscripts x and y,combined

with subscripts b, m, and e , indicate the axis of bending about which a particular
stress or design propertly applies, and

Axial Tension and Bending

Members subject to both axial tension and bending stresses shall be proportioned a t all points along their length to satisfy the requirements of Formula
(1.6-lb), where f b is the computed bending tensile stress. However, the computed
bending compressive stress, taken alone, shall not exceed the applicable value
according to Sect. 1.5.1.4.

1.6.3 S h e a r a n d Tension
Rivets and bolts subject to combined shear and tension shall be so pror
tioned that the tension stress, Ft , in kips per square inch on the nominal bc
area, Ab , produced by forces,.applied to
- the connected parts, shall not exceed
V

"

1)

r ,

Y\.i
C
"I

..?La

{%* 1

Project

Onderdeel

E x ~ n s ~ s Eq

~vR~412~w

1570 K"%J

3
iP ~ X ,

pc,~ ey d ~-

K~-J

ea.=;'"'Lhra i
1

Cpia~,iag)

3~

4,

Fldi,

Opgesteld :

d.6 (

l$e

Datum '

Bladnummer :

Rev. :

JOB NO.

14

SHEET NO.: ...

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

"

WELDED JOINTS
Standard symbols
BASIC WELD SYMBOLS
Groove or Butt

SUPPLEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS

SPACER

BACKING

FlUD WELD
~~~~&

CONTOUR
For other basic and
supplementary weld
symbols. see

FLUSH

STANDARD LOCATION OF ELEMENTS OF A WELDING SYMBOL

Fmsh symbol

Groove angle or lncluaed

angle of counters~nk
for plug welds

Contour symbol
Root opening, depth
o i filling for plug
and slot welds

Field weld symbol

Reierence line
Weld-all-aroundsymbol
Specrfication, process
or other reierence

Tail (omitted when

reference is not used)

L Arrow connecting reierence line

Basic weld symbol
to arrow side member oi joint
or detail reference
or anow side of joint
Note:
Sue, weld symbol, length of weld and spacing must read in that order from left to right along the referrule.
enca line. Neither orientation of reference line nor location of the anow alters
V. If weld symbols must be at left
The perpendicular leg o f b ,
Arrow and Other Side welds are of the same size unless otherwise shown. Dimensions of fillet welds
must be s h m on b& the Anov~Side and the Other Side Syrntjol.
Flag of field-weld symbol shall be piaced above and at right angle to reference line of junction
with the arrow.
Symbols apply between abrupt changes in direction of welding unless governed by the "all around
symbol or otherwise dimensioned.

y
'

v.

These symbols do not explicitly provide for the case that frequently occurs in structural work, where
duplicate material (such as stiffeners) occurs on the far side of a web or gusset plate. The fabricating industry has adopted this convention: that when the billing of the detail material discloses the axistence of
a member on the far side as well as on the near side, the welding shown for the near side shall be duplicated on the iar side.

AMW~CAN
h s r r m OF
~ ~STEELC Q ~ U ~ O N

-------.

.--

i1

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY
CALC. NO.
DATE

....................................

.!

423
...... ...................

JOBNO.

: ......................................................................

COMP'D BY : .........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ...................................

.......................................

\=

SHEET NO.: ........f ..............

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

"

-.i7&..

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :

CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

.-...1/ZA2

j0B NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO. :
DATE

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

:.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. : DATE

k%.d.$

Welds
,
Except as modified by the provisions of Sect. 1.7, welds shall be proportioned
to meet the stress requirements given in Table 1.5.3.
1.5.3

TABLE 1.5.3
ALLOWABLE STRESS ON WELDS

Tension or compression
parallel to axis of welde

Same as base metal

Plug and Slut Welds

Shear parallel to fayin sur faces (on effective area?

Weld metal with a strength

level equal to or less than
"matchmg" weld metal may
be used.

For definition of effective area, see Sect. 1.14.6.

for "matching" weld metal, see Table 4.1.1, AWS Dl.1-77.
Weld metal one strength level stronger than "matching" weld metal will be permitted.
d See Sect. 1.10.8 for a limitation on use of partial-penetration groove welded joints.
Fillet welds and partial-penetration groove welds joinin the component elements of built-up
members, such as flange-to-web connections may be &signed without regard to the tensile
l the axis of the welds.
or compressive stress m these elements ~ a r a b eto

0.30 X nominal tensile

strength of weld metal ksl),
except shear stress on b a i e
metal shall not exceed 0.40 X
yield stress of base metal

5
__%..a

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

19

COMP'D BY :

CALC. NO. :

DATE

NEN 2062
NORMTEKST
5.4

Voor de onder 5.2 genoemde s p a ~ i n g e ndient een vergelijkingsspa~ingte worden berekend met de volgende formuie:

a,, = j3Jof

+ 3(r:

De grootte van de coefficient

sta;llsoort
volgens
Euronorm 25-72
Fe 310
Fe 360
Fe 430
Fe 510

(Fe 33)
(Fe 37)
(Fe 44)
(Fe 52)

(1)

ir:/)

fl volgt voor staalsoonen volgens Euronorm 25-72

re1,enwaarde voor
de vloeigrens
~ / m m '(kgfimm2)
200
240
280
360

(90)
(24)
(28)
(36)

uit onderstaande tabel.

P
0,7
0,7 '1
0.75
0,85

Basisgevallen van het berekenen van hoeklassen

-6 a'!

i'

neem 1, = l c m

,,,,=%.I%=
M
SxL'

F,=S

xu,

,,=,; - 0 3 5 3 x 6 =

Minimum lasdilrte

van 12 t o t

19

van 19 t o t 38
van 3 8 t o t

57

van 57 f o t 152
van152 e n hoger

=- F"

<:

ax1

11.2

11.2.1

Gelaste verbindingen Voor gelaste verbindingen geldt 13.4 van hTN 6770*.
Voor hoeklassen mag gebruik zijn gemaakt van de in 11.2.1gegeven gecombineerdespanningen methode.
In aanvulling op het gestelde in 13.4van NEN 6770* worden in 11.2.2 ookrekenregels gegeven voor lassen
op een ronde hoek van een plaat, zogenaamde waaierlassen.
Gecombineerde spanningen methode voor de dirnensionenng van hoeklassen
Bij deze methode zijn de krachten per eenheid van lengte ontbonden in componenten:
- parallel aan de lengte-as;
- dwars op de lengte-as;
- haaks op het vlak van doorsnede;
- dwars op het vlak van doorsnede.
Er is een gelijkmatige spanningsverdeling aangenomen in de keel-doorsnede van de las; dit leidt tot spanningscomponenten zoals getekend in figuur 8 met als benamingen:
is de normaalspanning haaks op de keeldoorsnede;
01
is de normaalspanning parallel aan de lengte-as;
02
is de schuifspanning in het vlak van de keeldoorsnede haaks op de lengte-as;
tl
is de schuifspanning in het vlak van de keeldoorsnede parallel aan de lengte-as.
t2

Figuur 8 - Spanningen werkend op de keeldoorsnede van de las

De sterkte van de las moet voldoen aan de volgende twee eisen:

waarin:
is de rekenwaarde van de spanning met betrekking tot de capaciteit van de las in de uiterste grenstoestand

fw;";d

aW;,;d

is de rekenwaarde van de vergelijkspanning in de las ten gevolge van de belasting

01, z l

en z2 zijn de rekenwaarden van de spanningen ten gevolge van de belasting (zie figuur 8);
is de rekenwaarde van de treksterkte van het moedermateriaal;
is de modelfactor; y~ = 1,25.

ft;d

YM

De factorp moet iljn ontleend aan tabel 34 van NEN 6770*.

Opmerking

staalsoort

h;d")
(N/mm2)

360
0,80
0,85
430
Fe 430 f Fe E 275
510
0,90
Fe 510 f ~e E 355
*) Voor tussenliggende waarden moet lineair zijn ge'interpoleerd.
Fe 360 f Fe E 235

De normaalspanning 02 behoeft niet meegenomen te zijn in de controle van het grensdraagvemogen van
a- l---..-J

JOBNO.

: ..........................................................................

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

SHEET NO.:

c,\

2.2

SHEET NO.: ......

..............

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.:

.
-

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

..

.....

SHEET NO.: .-.&

......

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

TABLE 3-Minimum
Weld Sixes for Thick
Plates (AWS)
THICKNESS OF THICKER
PLATE JOINED

M I N I M U M LEG SIZE
O F FILLET WELD

to 1/2" ind.
over y2.1 t h 3/4"
~
over %" t h 11/211
~
over lJ/2J4 thru 2'k'
over 21/4*' thru 6"
over 6"

%"
1/41.

%6"

'/211

%"

Minimum leg size nesd not exceed thickness of the thinner plate.

Minimum Weld Size

(-4WS Bldg Art 212(a)l, AIVS Bridge Par 217(b),
AISC 1.17.4)
In joints connected only by N e t welds, the minimum leg size shall correspond to Table 3. This is
determined by the thickness of the thicker part joined,
but does not have to exceed the thickness of the
thinner part joined.
The American Welding Society recognizes that
thick plates offer greater restraint, and produce a
faster cooling rate for the welds.
Table 3 is predicated on the theory that the
required minimum weld size will provide sufficient
welding heat input into the plate to give the desired
slow rate of cooling.

5~32

i
I
~BD&ETT

5&c'fied7.'
fi

Project
Subject

Job I Bid no.

Date

PROJECT
Subject
Job / Bid no.
06-D~c-07 I

Sheet

PLATE GIRDER PROPERTIES

Plategirder Description
Offset
Section Section
section
height
breadth
eY
no
[mml
[m ml
[mml
50.0
0.0
1
400.0
0.0
1200.0
2
25.0
50.0
1
0.0
3
400.0
0.0
0.0 I
4
0.0
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
5
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
6
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
9
0.0
0.0 I
I0
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
0.0 I
12
0.0
0.0
0.0
13
0.0
0.0
0.0 I
14
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.0
15
400
1300#

1
1

Shear
area
[mm2]
1250
30000
1250
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32500

Axial
area
[mm21
20000
30000
20000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

IIVI~

Statical
moment
[mm3]
1.25E+07
1.25E+07
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00

Section Properties

Areas:

Dimensions:

AZ

70000 [mm2]
40000 [mm2]
32500 [mm2]

Y
Z

400.0 [mm]
1300.0 [mm]

AX
AY

Weight
Distances to neutral axis:

ez (From bottom)
Z-ez
ey (From left)
Y-ey

5.4 [kNlm]
650.0
650.0
200.0
200.0

[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]

Section moduli:

Wy,min
Wy,max
Wz,min
Wz,max

2.96E+07
2.96E+07
2.67E+06
2.67E+06

Moments of inertia:
Torsional constant (torsional resistance):

IY
Iz
It

1.92E+10 [mmA4]
5.35E+08 [mmA4]
3.96E+07 [mmA4]

Radii of gyration:

rY

524.2 [mm]
87.4 [mm]

TZ

Note: -Torsional Constant I Resistance is only valid for open girders

Last Revision: May 98

[mm3]
[mm3]
[mm3]
[mm3]

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :

DATE

%
7.2.3

De spanningsverdeling over de keeldoorsnede

Bij de berekening wordt uitgegaan van een gelijkmatige verdeling
van de spanningen over de l'asdikte, voor zover deze n i e t s t r i j d i g
i s met het evenwicht ( f i g . 7 . 3 ) .
Ten gevolge van kerfwerking ( n a b i j de wortel van de l a s ) i s deze
verdeling in werkelijkheid s t e r k ongelijkmatig. In figuur 7.3 i s
di t aangegeven.
De aanname dat de spanningen gel i jkmatig verdeeld z i j n i s a1 leen
gerechtvaardigd indien het lasmetaal t a a i i s , zodat door p l a a t s e l i j k
vloeien herverdeling van de spanningen kan plaatsvinden.
I n figuur 7 . 3 ~i s een geval getekend waarbij een gelijkmatige
spanningsverdeling o p grond van het evenwicht n i e t mogelijk i s .

f i g . 7.3
-=$.
De spanningsverdel i n g (a1 leen de normaal spanning o i s getekend)
i n de keel doorsnede.
( a ) in werkel i jkheid;
( b ) zoals in de berekening wordt aangenomen;

( c ) een n i e t geli j kmatige spanningsverdel ing

volgend u i t het evenwicht.

..&.,$.?

JOB NO.

:.

...k-k!=9
...d

SHEET NO.: ..

COMP'D BY :

DATE

Ook in lengterichting v a n de l a s i s de spanningsverdeling i n werkelijkheid n i e t gelijkmatig ( f i g . 7 . 4 ) . De spanningsverdeling i s ongeR

1 i jkmatiger naarmate de verhouding groter i s .
Bij de lasberekening van s t a t i s c h belaste constructies mag, indien
het evenwicht zich e r n i e t tegen verzet worden uitgegaan van een

fig. 7.4
Ongelijkmatige verdeling van de schuifspanning
T

in een f 1 ankl asverbinding.

gelijkmatige verdeling van de spanningen. Hierbij geldt uiteraard

ook weer de e i s dat het lasmetaal voldoende vervormingscapaciteit
moet bezitten om herverdeling van spanningen mogelijk t e maken. De
gevraagde vervorrni ngscapaci t e i t i s groter naarmate de 1as1 engte R
toeneemt.
Bij lange dunne lassen bestaat dan ook het gevaar dat de vervormingscapaciteit aan de einden van de las uitgeput i s voordat in het
middelste gedeelte de vloeigrens wordt bereikt. De verbinding kan
dan door het " r i t s s l u i t i n g e f f e c t " bezwijken. Om het gebruik van
lange dunne lassen tegen t e gaan wordt in het Duitse voorschrift

DIN 4100 [12]

de in rekening t e brengen "effectieve laslengte" be-

Hoewel ui t deze i nci dentel e berekeni ng geen a1 gemene concl usi es

mogen worden getrokken b l i j k t toch we1 dat de in 7 . 2 . 3 genoemde
i

waarde vanJEmax= 100a/in d i t geval aan de v e i l i g e kant i s .

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

............ .-.

JOB NO.

:- -

SHEET NO.:

--_ -- _ - _

COMP'D BY : - _-_

2%

- .__
--..

_-_..-- - _ - -- - -

CALC. NO.

: -

DATE

. - -

- - - --

--

Ai$C 4 " ~

s~tg

~ T v z dCHAFT*
i

p
T
e-pk-e
w.P+G@-%
.;/% @gz+r
F V M-"
$ k ye
\ 1 4 7 ~ ~ ~ ' :d
~C
3$
&
M
-

%q,e

F-

P?

p;db&g

\b

&

4 ,Q
-

*pW-

7""

:<,ne+
J d- 3I

+ I,

G ~ p q i+' =i +$W+
&<
G
C TP
= ~,"~ dp L k - l ~ g
r rsi-

as

c&<pd$%&ES%!
d

hi;

p & %p
:*
*p,p 8 e "i

ms
Fts!

cr;s@p
.@q .-b

K.

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;
%C

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$a3khg-$!p,\
*d
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s.

'-=>

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. : ...

DATE

K1. WEBS AND FLANGES UNDER CONCENTRATED FORCES

1.

Design Basis

Members with concentrated loads applied normal to oneflange and symmetric

to the web shall have a flange and web proportioned to satisfy the local flange
bending, web yielding strength, web crippling and sidesway web buckling criteria of Sects. K1.2, K1.3, K1.4 and K1.5. Members with concentrated loads applied to bothflanges shall have a web proportioned to satisfy the web yielding,
web crippling and column web buckling criteria of Sects. K1.3, K1.4 and K1.6.
Where pairs of stiffeners are provided on opposite sides of the web, at concentrated loads, and extend at least half the depth of the member, Sects. K1.2 and
K1.3 need not be checked.

For column webs subject to high shears, see Sect. K1.7; for bearing stiffeners,
see Sect. K1.8.

Stiffened Webs and Flanses Under Concentrated Forces

AlSC (ASDI S~ecification:June 1989 : Section K l
Description

Grillage stiffeners

l n ~ u Data
t
Compressive Force
Enhancement Factor (for Pbf)
tw
Web Thickness
ti
Flange Thickness
d
Overall Member Depth
bf
Flange Breadth
r
Root Radius or Weld Szie
I
Unbraced Length of Flange
e
End Distance
N
Stiff Bearing Length
Yield Stress
FY
Include One-Third Overstress? Yes

kN
(Ref: K1.2)
mm
mrn
,mm
Irnm
Irnm
rnm

Factored Load
Web Depth
Clear Web Depth
(d - dc)l2

Pb:

kN

h
dc

rnm
mm
rnm

flange Restra~nt

0 Rotahonally bstm~ned
Twical Stiffener Geornety

-g&

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :

DATE

Local Flange Bending

A pair of stiffeners shall be provided opposite the tension flange or flange plate
of the beam or girder framing into the member when the thickness of the member flange tf is less than

where

F,,

= column yield stress, ksi

Pbf = the computed force delivered by the flange or moment connection

plate multiplied by %, when the computed force is due to live and
dead load only, or by %,* when the computed force is due to live and
dead load in conjunction with wind or earthquake forces, kips
If the length of loading measured across the member flange is less than 0.15b,
where b is the member'flange width, Equation (Kl-1) need not be checked.

- 23

f-

,-""

SHEET NO.:_.
%8
COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :

DATE

Local Web Yielding

Bearing stiffeners shall be provided if the compressive stress at the web toe of the
fillets resulting from concentrated loads exceeds 0.668.
a. When the force to be resisted is a concentrated load producing tension or
compression, applied at a distance from the member end that is greater
than the depth of the member,

b. When the force to be resisted is a concentrated load applied at or near the

end of the member,

SEE &&lo
&zrkJ

where
R = concentrated load or reaction, kips
t, = thickness of web, in.
N = length of bearing (not less than k for end reactions), in.
k = distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet, in.

Web Crippling

Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of members under concentrated loads, when the compressive force exceeds the following limits:
a. When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than dl2
from the end of the member:

b. When the concentrated load is applied less than a distance dl2 from the
end of the member:

where

F,,

= specified minimum yield stress of beam web, ksi

= overall depth of the member, in.

tf

= flange thickness, in.

If stiffeners are provided and extend at least one-half the web depth, Equations
(Kl-4) and (Kl-5) need not be checked.

od st-t.29

JOB NO.

>&.,+"

SHEET NO.:

-" 3";
--Zj

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :

.-

DATE

2.6.7

_ _ -

&-.!

Puntlasten o p liggers
->1~7i?j
>eGT2
Lijven van gewalste I-balken of gelasre plaailiggers met overeenkomstige hoagie-dikte verhouding behoeven niet t e worden verstijfd t e r plaatse van een geconcentreerde kracht. mits aan de volgende voorwaarden wordt voldaan :
Bij eindopleggingen: F < tw(c'
d') oe
t, (cf
5 dl) oe als C' 5 3.33 d' P
O
In andere gevallen:
als C' 2_ 11,67 d'
F 5 tW(c') ~e
F3
- ,t (0,4 c' + 7 d') o. als 3.33 d' < c' < 116 7 d'
#

k?

FZ

Hierin is (zie fig. 19 op blz. 85):

F is de geconcentreerde kracht ten gevolge van de rekenbelasting,
tw is de iijfdikte,
c' is de lengce waarover de kracht wordt uitgeoefend.
Bij een eindoplegging behoeft voor c' geen kleinere waarde t e worden aangenomen dan d'.
lndien F wordt uitgeoefend door een onverstijfd profiel (I) mag voor c' geen grotere waarde worden
aangenornen dan {2 d' (I)
t (I)}.
dr is de afstand van de buitenkant van de flens tot het begin van de overgang lijf-bens.

moet aan het bovenstaande ten

NEN 3851
N O RMTEKST

Fig. 19

5.

Sidesway Web Buckllng

The sidesway web buckling criteria were developed after observing several unexpected failures in beams (Yura, 1982). In these tests, the compression
flanges were braced at the concentrated load, the web was squeezed into compression and the tension flange buckled. (see Fig. C-K1.2).
Sidesway web buckling will not occur in the following cases:

ddtw > 2.3

t/bf

(C-Kl-1)

For flange rotation not restrained:

Sidesway web buckling can also be prevented by the proper design of lateral
bracing or stiffeners at the load point. It is suggested that local bracing at both
flanges be designed for 1%of the concentrated load applied to that point. Stiffeners must extend from the load point through at least one-half the girder
depth. In addition, the pair of stiffeners should be designed to carry the full
load. If flange rotation is permitted at the loaded flange, stiffeners will not be
effective.

Fig. C-K1.2 Sidesway web buckling

UA~T'

5. Sidesway Web Buckling

The sidesway web buckling criteria were developed after observing several unexpected failures in beams (Yura, 1982). In these tests, the compression
flanges were braced at the concentrated load, the web was squeezed into compression and the tension flange buckled. (see Fig. C-K1.2).
Sidesway web buckling will not occur in the following cases:
For flanges restrained against rotation:

For flange rotation not restrained:

Sidesway web buckling can also be prevented by the proper design of lateral
bracing or stiffeners at the load point. It is suggested that local bracing at both
flanges be designed for 1%of the concentrated load applied to that point. Stiffeners must extend from the load point through at least one-half the girder
depth. In addition, the pair of stiffeners should be designed to carry the full
load. If flange rotation is permitted at the loaded flange, stifEeners will not be
effective.

1
LTension {ange

Fig. C-K1.2 Sidesway web buckling

S CAN I t i m OF S-L

CONSTRUCTION

dA5T

JOB NO.

.........

"

.-

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

Sidesway Web Buckling

Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of members with flanges not restrained against relative movement by stiffeners or lateral bracing and subject
to concentrated compressive loads, when the compressive force exceeds the
following limits:

a. If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and (dcltw)l(llbf)is less

than 2.3:

b. If the loaded flange is not restrained against rotation and ( d ~ t , ) / ( l l b ~is)

less than 1.7:

where
I = largest laterally unbraced length along either flange at the point
of load, in.
bf = flange width, in.
d, = d - 2k = web depth clear of fillets, in.
Equations (Kl-6) and (Kl-7)need not be checked providing (dclt,)l(llbf) exceeds 2.3 or 1.7, respectively, or for webs subject to uniformly distributed
load.

Compression Buckling of the Web

A stiffener or a pair of stiffeners shall be provided opposite the compression

flange when the web depth clear of fillets d, is greater than

where
t,,

= thickness of column web, in.

SHEET NO.:

e-

.".,

.
.
$
.
,
i

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

: ....--.....---..---....-

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

-- - -

--

--sot
C

r,

-2

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.. _-..2

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :

DATE

CHAPTER F
BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Beams shall be distinguished from plate girders on the basis of the web slenderness ratio hlt,. When this value is greater than 7 6 0 l m the allowable bending
stress is given in Chapter G. The allowable shear stresses and stiffener requirements are given in Chapter F unless tension field action is used, then the allowable shear stresses are given in Chapter G.
This chapter applies to singly or doubly symmetric beams including hybrid
beams and girders loaded in the plane of symmetry. It also applies to channels .
loaded in a plane passing through the shear center parallel to the web or restrained against twisting at load points and points of support. For members
subject to combined flexural and axial force, see Sect. H I .

F1. ALLOWABLE STRESS: STRONG AXIS BENDING OF I-SHAPED MEMBERS

AND CHANNELS
1,

Members with Compact Sections

For members with compact sections as defined in Sect. B5.1 (excluding hybrid
beams and members with yield points greater than 65 ksi) symmetrical about,
and loaded in, the plane of their minor axis the allowable stress is
Fb = 0.66 Fy
(Fl-1)
provided the flanges are connected continuously to the web or webs and the

Members (including composite members and excluding hybrid members and

members with yield points greater than 65 lisi) which meet the requirements
for compact sections and are continuous over supports or rigidly framed to columns, may be proportioned for 9/10 of the negative moments produced by gravity loading when such moments are maximum at points of support, provided
that, for such members, the maximum positive moment is increased by '/lo of
the average negative moments. This reduction shall not apply to moments produced by loading on cantilevers. If the negative moment is resisted by a column
rigidly framed to the beam or girder, the l/lo reduction is permitted in proportioning the column for the combined axial and bending loading, provided that
the stress f, due to any concurrent axial load on the member, does not exceed
0.15Fa.

..

BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL M t JERS

2.

[Chap. F

Sect. F l ]

Members with Noncompact Sections

ALLOWABLE STRESS

When

For members meeting the requirements of Sect. F1.l except that their flanges
are noncompact (excluding built-up members and members with yield points
greater than 65 ksi), the allowable stress is

For built-up members meeting the requirements of Sect. F1.l except that their
flanges are noncompact and their webs are compact or noncompact, (excluding,.
hybrid girders and members with yield points greater than 65 ksi) the allowable'
stress is

When

where

For any value of flr,:

kc =

4.05
if h l t , > 70, otherwise kc = 1.0.
(hlt,,,)0.4G
where
I = distance between cross sections braced against twist or lateral displacement of the compression flange, in. For cantilevers braced
against twist only at the support,, 1may conservatively be taken as the
actual length.
rr = radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange
plus '/3 of the compression web area, taken about an axis in the plane
of the web, in.

For members with a noncompact section (Sect. B5), but not included above,
and loaded through the shear center and braced laterally in the region of
compression stress at intervals not exceeding 76bfI-,
the allowable stress is

Fb = 0.60

(Fl-5)

Af = area of the compression flange, in.'

11;

F,

1 ,I.

Pi'

iIii

IiI

1i

C,,
3.

Members with Compact or Noncompact Sections with

Unbraced Length Greater than LC

For flexural members with compact or noncompact sections as defined in Sect.

B5.1, and with unbraced lengths greater than LC as defined in Sect. F1.l, the
allowable bending stress in tension is determined from Equation (Fl-5).
For such members with an axis of symmetry in, and loaded in the plane of their
web, the allowable bending stress in comuression is determined-as the- larger
.-,--,
F1-8), except that Equation (Fl-8)
%?%"flange that is solid and approximatkly rectangular in cross section and that has an area not less than the tension flange. Higher values of the allowable compressive stress are permitted if
justified by a more precise analysis. Stresses shall not exceed those permitted
by Chapter G, if applicable.

bit

1.75 + 1.05 (M,IM2) + 0.3 (MllM2)2, but not more than 2.3: where
MI is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at the ends of
the unbraced length, taken about the strong axis of the member, and
where M11M2, the ratio of end moments, is positive when M1 and M2
have the same sign (reverse curvature bending) and negative when
they are of opposite signs (single curvature bending). When the
bending moment at any point within an unbraced length is larger
than that at both ends of this length, the value of C, shall be taken
as unity. When computing Fbx to be used in Equation (HI-1), C,,
may be computed by the equation given above for frames subject to
joint translation, and it shall be taken as unity for frames braced
against joint translation. Cb may conservatively be taken as unity for
cantilever beams. **
d/~3
"h

&?('

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: - 2 2..

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

.....

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

-%&

SHEET NO.:

"t
_ .&-"z

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

C&g

*-=

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

P"

a&3

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

DATE

SHEET NO.:

x, '5

$ ?-_

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

DATE

Stiffener Requirements for Concentrated Loads

Stiffeners shall be placed in pairs at unframed ends or at points of concentrated
loads on the interior of beams, girders or columns if required by Sect. K1.2
through K1.6, as applicable.
,/If required by Sects. K1.2, K1.3 or Equation (Kl-9), stiffeners need
not extend more than one-half the depth of the web, except as follows:

If stiffeners are required by Sects. K1.4 or K1.6, the stiffeners shall be designed
as axially compressed members (columns) in accordance with requirements of
Sect. E2 with an effective length equal to 0.75h, a cross section composed of
two stiffeners and a strip of the web having a width of 25t,, at interior siifferers:
and i2t, at the ends of members.

33-

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY : .

DATE

....

..

When the load normal to the flange is tensile, the stiffeners shall be welded to
the loaded flange. When the load normal td the flange is compressive, the stiffeners shall either bear on or be welded to the loaded flange.
When flanges or moment connection plates for end connections of beams and
girders are welded to the flange of an I- or H-shape column, a pair of columnweb stiffeners having a combined cross-sectional area A,, not less than that
computed from Equation (Kl-9) shall be provided whenever the calculated
value of A,, is positive.

where

Fys,= stiffener yield stress, ksi

k
tb

= distance between outer face of column flange and web toe of its

fillet, if column is a rolled shape, or equivalent distance if column is a welded shape, in.
= thickness of flange or moment connection plate delivering concentrated force, in.

Stiffeners required by the provisions of Equation (Kl-9) and Sects. K1.2 and
K1.6 shall comply with the following criteria:
1. The width of each stiffener plus 1/2 the thickness of the column web
shall be not less than ?4the width of the flange or moment connection plate delivering the concentrated force.
2. The thickness of stiffeners shall be not less than one-half the thickness of the flange or p1,ate delivering the concentrated load.*
3. The weld joining stiffenbrs to the column web shall be sized to cany
the force in the stiffener caused by unbalanced moments on opposite
sides of the column.

3@2-

-2%

+..!?....
'8

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: ......

: ..-_._.......-...---me-.-

COMP'D BY :

CALC. NO. :

DATE

Stiffened Webs and Flanses Under Concentrated Forces

AlSC (ASD1 Specification : June 1989 : Section K1
Descriution

Grillage stiffeners

l n ~ uData
t
R r
Compressive Force
Enhancement Factor (for Pbf)
tw
Web Thickness
tf
Flange Thickness
Overall Member Depth
d
Flange Breadth
bf
r
Root Radius or Weld S~ze
Unbraced Length of Flange
I
End Distance
e
Stiff Bearing Length
N
FY
Yield Stress
Include One-Third Overstress? Yes

1961'k~

Factored Load
Web Depth
Clear Web Depth
(d - dc)l2

1.333 (Ref: K1.2)

19 mm
36 mm
200Q mm
-300 mm
10 mm
15110 mm
2990 mm
t32$, mm
345 N/rnmz

id

Pbf
h
dc
k

2614 7
928
908
46

kN
mm
mm
mm

Range Resbalnt

Tvoical St~ffenerGeometry
Local Member Checks

K1.2 Local Flange Bending

0.4

(Kt-1)

4 (Pbf 1 FY)=

34.82 mm

Compress~veForce: Sechon K1.2 is NIA

35 mm

K1.3 Local Web Yielding (Bearing)

R 1[tw (N + 5k)]=

(K1-2)

66.4 Nlmm2< 0.88.Fy

= 303.6

No Stiffeners Required
UC = 0.292 < 1.333

K1.4 Web Crippling (Buckl~ng)

(K1-4)

67.5 t d (1+3(Nld) ' (tw/tf)15)d(~~.tfltw)

=

4128.1 kN > 1961 kN

No Stiffeners Required
UC = 0.475 < 1.333

K1.5 Sidesway Web Buckling

(K1-7)

(dc Itw) I(I Ibf) =

9.56
> 1.7
6800 (MIh) 10.4 ' ((d~'tw)l(Vbf))~] = 121028 kN > R

No Sbffeners Required
UC = 0.016
< 1.333

K1.6 Compression Buckling of the Web

(K1-8)

4100 td ~'(FY)
1 Pbf =

524.7 mm < 908

No Stiffeners Required

Load applied to one flange only, therefore NIA

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

-.Adf~

JOB NO.

:_

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

....-

SHEET NO.:

242

....

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :

DATE

. .-

.......

A@&
I-.*..

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. : .DATE

.
.
.....

SHEET NO.:

A< r.....

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO.

: -.I_-------.-----..-.

DATE

.-

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY : .. ----CALC. NO.

DATE

.-

-&

SHEET NO.: --E%b-...-

I
-

_-

-- - -

~g$

~+J = " ?~: G ~~L isz~e"

J
~
P

&4

&A

8 1

Green Pin Standard' shackles

-

- -

: body and pin high tensile steel, quenched and tempered.

: 6 times WLL = minimum breaking strength.

Material
Safety factor
Finish
Standard
WORKING
LOAD
LIMIT

ANCHOR SHACKLE WITH

SCREW COLLAR PIN
IIYPE IVA. CLASS 21
G-4161

SAFETY ANCHOR SHACKLE

BOLT TYPE
-""E IVA. CLASS 31
G-4163

CHAIN SHACKLE WITH

SCREW COUAR PIN
I N P E IVB. CLASS 21
G-4151

SAFETY CHAIN SHACKLE

BOLTNPE
I N P E I V L CLASS 31
G-4153

6&

: galvanized.
: generally to U.S. Federal Specification RR-C-271.
DIA
PIN

DIA
BOW

INSIDE
WIDTH

WIDTH
OF BOW

INSIDE LENGTH

CHAIN
TYPE
C

tons

rnrn

mrn

rnrn

mrn

mrn

mrn

0.33
0.5
0.75
1
1.5
2
3.25
4.75
6.5
8.5
9.5
12
13.5
17
25
35
42.5
55
85
120

5
7
9
10
11
13,5
16
19
22
25
28
32
35
38
45
50
57
65
75
90

6
8
10
11
12
16
19
22
25
28
32
35
38
42
50
57
65
70
80
95

19
25
27
31
37
43
51
59
73
85
90
94
115
127
149
171
190
203
230
267

22
29
32
36.5
43
51
64
76
83
95
108
115
133
146
178
197
222
254
330
381

16
20
21
26
29
32
43
51
58
68
75
83
92
99
126
138
160
180
190
238

9.5
12
13.5
17

:: 1

36
43
47
51
57
60
74
83
95
105
127
146

APPROX. WEIGHT
EACH

ANCHOR
TYPE
C

2r

SCREW
PIN

kg
0.02
0.06
0.11
0.15
0.21
0.37
0.65
1.06
1.56
2.32
3.28
4.51
5.93
7.89
13.40
18.85
26.06
37.86
58.68

SAFETY
PIN .

kg
0.07
0.13
0.17
015
0.44
0.79
1.26
1.88
2.78
3.87
5.26
6.94
8.79
14.99
20.65
29.01
41.05
62.24
110

Heavv dutv Green Pin@

'Standard' shackles
*

Material
Safety factor
Finish
Proofload testcertificate
Forging tolerances
WORKING
LOAD
LIMIT

tons
HEAW DUTY
ANCHOR SHACKLE

Pa36

150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

'

: body and pin alloy steel, quenched and tempered.

:5 times WLL = minimum breaking strength.

: painted.
: Lloyd's Register of Shipping plus ultrasonic inspected.
: on inside width and length 5%.
INSIDE
LENGTH
ANCHOR
TYPE
C

WIDTH
OF BOW

APPROX
WEIGHT
EACH

2r

SAFETY
PIN

rnm

rnm

rnm

165
175
200
200
225
250
275
300
300
320
340

400
500
540
600
650
700
700
700
700
700
700

275
290
305
305
325
350
375
400
400
420
420

kg
160
235
285
340
560
685
880
980
1100
7280
1460

DIA
BOW

DIA
PIN

INSIDE
WIDTH

rnrn

rnrn

105
120
130
140
170
180
200
210
210
220
240

108
130
140
150
175
185
205
215
220
230
240

IN-LINE

Angle loads must

be applied in the
plane of the bow.

45

DEGREES

Side Loading Reduction Chart

For Screw Pin and BoltI Type Shackles Only t

Angle of Side Load
from Verticle In-Line of shackle
0" In-Line "

--

45" from In-Line '

90"from In-Line

Adjusted Working Load Llrnit

100% of Rated Working Load L~mit

70% of Rated Work~ngLoad Limit

50% of Rated Worktng Load L~mit

In-Line load is applied perpendicular to pin.

;DO NOT SIDE LOAD ROUND PIN SHACKLES
+

Shackles symmetrically loaded

with two leg slings having a maximum included angle of 120" can
be utilized to full MrorkingLoad
Lit.

Reduced Working Load Limits

When Pad Eye Less T h e %
of the Shackle Opening
1. Pad eye 60% of shackle opening
Workiig Load Limit = .87 X catalog Workin,o Load Limit.
2. Pad eye 40% of shackle opening
Working Load Limit = .80 X catalog Workiig Load Limit.
3. Point Load .
Working Load Limit = .70 X catalog Working Load Limit.

A
I
\y%RT&dT

CCI1M h i O 1994 Thc Crorby Group, Inr.

Resmd

AIPR~$,:~

rB

"WIDE BODY" SLING SAVER SHACKLES INCREASE SLING LIFE

NOTICE:All shackles are magnetic particle inspected.
Greatly improves wearability of wire rope slings.
Increase in shackle bow radius provides minimum 58% gain in
sling bearing surface and eliminates need for a thimble.
Increases usable sling strength minimum of 15%.
Pin is non-rotating, with weld on handles for easier use.
All ratings are in metric tons, embossed on side of bow.
Forged alloy steel from 75 through 300 metric tons.
400 through 1000
metric ions

Cast alloy steel !?om 400 through 1000 metric tons.

Sizes 400 tons and larger are tested to 1.33 times Working Load
Limit.
Sizes 300 tons and smaller are proof tested to 2 times the Working
Load Limit.

CONVENTIONAL
SHACKLE

All 2160 shackles are individud proof tested, Crosb certification available at time of order. 6ackles requieng A& D m ,
Llovds and other certifications are available upon special request
and must be specified at time of order.
Shackles are produced in accordance with certified lifting appliance requirements.

G-2160

"WDE ~ O D Y -

Non Destructive Testing

Serialization / Identification
* Material Testing (Physical / Chemical / Charpy)
* Proof Testing

Patented

SHACKLE

75 through 300
metric tons

All sizes Quenched and Tempered for maximum strength.

Bows and pins are furnished Dimetcoted. All Pins are Dimetcoted
then painted red.

Dimensions

Worklng Load
Limlt
t
t75
"25
t200
i300
ti400
Ti500
*6W
tt703
ti800
tT9w
ti1000

Imm)

G-2160
Stock
No-

Welght

Each
(kg)

1021290
1021307
1021316

45
73
7
368
477

346

105

400
508
591
715
789
846
917
991
1055
1115

130
150
185
220
250
275
300
325
350
380

1021325
1021334
1021343
1021352
1021361
1021254
1021389
1021370

614
831
1110
1358
1550
1824

+I 6.35

+I 5
54.0

1 65.0

85.0
102
131
142
154
168
183
198
212

70.0

80.0
105
133
160
180
200
215

230
250
270

121

325
405
533
667
655
720
800
843
865
883
895

64.0
80.0
110
140
160
170
185
200
210
220
230

290
365
480
600
575
630
700
735

120
150
205
265
320
340
370
400
420

92.5
110
138
160

111

25.5
27.0

76.0
75.0
110
112
120
125
138
151
156
154
152

145
185
235
280
318
350
376
400
430
450

1
(

750
757 - 4 4 0
460

760-

130
170
205
240
265

185
225
248
303
270
320
278 ( 334
385
293
308 1 4 0 7

1
/

1
1
1

32.0
38.0
38.0
41.0
44.5
480
48.0
51.0
51.0

98.5
118

465
576

146
175
197

222

313
380
495
601
690
790

248
273
286
318
330

865
940
975
1025
1075

1
)

758
950
985
1085
1200
1275
13231373
1405-

Ultimate Load is 5 times the Working Load Limit.

f Forged Alloy Steel. Proof Load is 2 times the Working Load Limit.
t f Cast Alloy Steel. Proof Load is 1.33 times the Working Load Limit.

Copyright O 1994 The Crosby Grorrp, Itlc.

All Ri.?Izts Reseried

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

..

5.a..

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO.

DATE

J M W f d T

Side Loading Reduction Chart For Screw Pin and Bolt Type Shackles Only 7
90

DEGREES

'

Angle of Side Load

from Verticle In-Line of shackle

Adjusted Working Load Limit

0" In-tine *

100% of Rated Working Load Limit

45" from In-Line '

70% of Rated Working Load Limit

90"from In-Line '

50% of Rated Working Load Limit

'In-line load is applied perpendicular to pin.

7 DO NOT SIDE LOAD ROUND PIN SHACKLES

I :=
4 4
-A-

- -

.k
.
t
,

;--

<-

--- - _ , * - -

f",

<
-=

Working Load Limit for

Shackles 85 tons and Larger
"
.
\

-..,

Reduced Working Load Limits

When Pad Eye Less T h m p %
of the Shackle Opening
Pad eye 60% of shackle opening
Working Load Limit = .87 X catalog Working Load Limit.
2 Pad eye 40% of shackle opening
Working Load Limit = .80 X catalog Working Load Limit.
3. Point Load
Working Load Limit = 7 0 X catalog Working Load Limit.
1.

k
'Z
z
2
Z

w
d
-.

F/B,

Is=%

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :

CALC.NO. :
DATE

_..

SHEET NO.:

_ 3-2 -

HEEREMA

PADEYE CALCULATION
Type of Padeyes
Although there are a large number of padeye shapes, there are in general
two main types:
a.

b.

Padeyes slotted through the load carrying members of the object.

Padeyes welded against the load canying members of the object.

ad a.

--

-. -

_ __ -

-__-

--

---....__I_--

-.

.,.

gs3
di4

El
HEEREMA

42

Eye Dimensioning
As an indication for the actual design, the main dimensions for the eye,
expressed in relation to the shackle pin diameter, are shown in the table:

d
rl
r2
tl
t2

=
=

=
=
=
=

1.04D
1.75 D
150D
0.25-0.40D
0.15 030 D
0.10-0.15D

'4

.
.
A

es need to be calcuIated:

0.40 Fy
A&'
1.1 =
&-

factor to account for schematization

54

El
HEEREMA

Eye Dimensioning (cont'd)

AL =
3.

/ ~ i d ~ OLE
b

rl*tl+2*r~*t2

Tension stress at d o n
F dl
Ft =

e'

p-h,

(wiU not be governing)

A
4.
,..,

P=

"r

area at section

0.45

St5
=
A292

dix? ?&a5

Fy

P-P
-

Shear stress at weld cheek plate main plate

2 * F'
Fs =

i
:
:

- %...

Aw

shape factor

2=r2*w*TT

5.

Tear out stress at

ion both tensile and shear stresses mur, and

es due to the lateral load, given formula will
tic stress check.

4.0

LIFT POINT DESIGN MIITlIOD

4.1

Lift point loud

The lift point lond (FI,) nod corresponding sling nngle rnngc (a+I-6) shall bc obtnincd by
applying SC-201 or SC-211 and SC-291 to the coa~idcrcdlift system.
The design load Fd) for dcsigtl in nccordnr~cewith the Working Stress Dcsign Method will
be obtained by multiplying S,by the applicable conscqucnce fnctor p ,r (Section 4.3).

4.2

4.3

Consenuencc Fnctor U ,,

I /

Adclltionnl lift point fond

An additionnl lift point lond (Fi) lras to be
tnkcn into nccount of minimum 5 % of Fdt
(8 % of FtIt in cnsc Ule rigging systcm
contnins a floating sprcadcr bur or floating
sprcnder fnmc). In case of pndeycs this
9
lond acts in the centre of thc pin hole
pcrpendiculnr to the rigging in the most
unfavournble direction. In casc of trunnions
this load acts nt thc centre of the trunnion.
perpendicular to the rigging. This ndditionnl
load accounts for:
Small ns-built misnlignmcnt bchvccn
the lift points and the nctunl sling angle.
Dynamic forccs perpendicular to tbe
rigging direction.
Figure 4.1 Londs or1 pnrlcyc
Whcn the misnlignmcot P of the lift point
(thc nnglc between the plenc of thc lift point arid the working line of the rigging) is more
&an 1'. F i shall be incrcnscd nccordingly (rct sections 5.1 nnd 6.1).

If ntorc titno one of the 6 cnscs is npplicnble ~ ! f t

tltc most onerous one is to be tnkcn into points
account.
1 Single cnoc lift systems
1.O
2 Dunl crnnc lift systems
I .O
( I lift points system nl one crnnc)
3 Dual crane lift systcms(l/213 lifl poiols
1.1
system nt one crnne)
4 Cast lifl poir~ls
1.1
5 Frcqucnlly used lifl points wit11NDP 1.1
6 Frcquently used liR poittts without NDT"'
1.35
Table 4.1 Conscqrrence rnctors

Elcmcn& framing
into lhe lift point

1
0111ercle~ncc~~s
(ransferringlift forccs

1.0

I .O
1.0

1.1

1 .O

N.A.
1.1
1.35

N.A.

1 .O

1 .O
1.0

Worldng Strcss Design

Thc nllowablc strcsscs for lift points and attncltments will bc in accordance with tile N S C
specifications, unlcss specified othcnvisc by thc client. No incrcasc of allownblc stresses
will be allowed.
Tltc allowable strcsscs ns n fnctor of tllc yicld strcss arc:
a,
(tension)
5
0.60 o,i,u
o.
(compression)
5
0.60 ayt,ld
ab
(bending)
5
0.66 ~yi61,r
7,
(shct~r)
5
0.10 oyicldrJJ
oar (bearing)
5
0.90 og,ld
o,
(combinctl)
5
0.66 ~,c,~d"'
o.
(buckling)
< nllowable strcsscs ncc. AlSC

Consequence factors
Dual c n n c I + 1, 1 + 2, 1 i3, 2 + 2, 2 .I- 3 nnd 2 + 4 lift points system$ (ref. SC-21 I)
hnvc for onc or two lift points system at one crane no possibility of rc-distributing the lift
forces in cnsc of a lift point failwc. For thcsc cnscs, to reduce the risk of progcssive
collapse, Ulc lift point loads hnve to bc multiplied by a consequence factor ( j f . , ) , ref.
table 4.1. Conscqucncc hctors shall niso be npplicd to cnst iifl points (ref. Section 7.2)
and ircqucntly uscd lift points.
Bccnuse singlc crane lifts ore gcncrnlly less cornplcx and nn ndditionnl distribution fnctor
is taken into account already (ref. SC-201), thc cor~scqucnccfnctor for n single cmnc lift
is 1.0, unlcss the lift points nre cast lift points or Gcqucntly uscd lift points.

For thrcc dimcnsionnl srrcss combinations:

VonMiscs

a,

,/(u:+u:+af

-0,

*a,-u,*o,-u,

*u:+3*(s,'+rj+riJj

whcre:
ox, oy nnd u, arc thc sum of thc nxinl and bcnding strcsscs in thc x, y and z directions
respcctivcly nrld -c is &c shcnr strcss iri x, y nnd z directions.

"' Applicnble for frcqucntly uscd lift points wiUt a N.D.T. check prior to cnclr lifl opcrntion.
")Applicable for frcqucntly uscd lift points wl~crca thorough N.D.T. cl~eckon Ute cntirc lifl point
structure will only bc mndc after n period of frequent use. This is oftc~rtl~ccnsc for lift points of
cquipmcnt.
"I Allowable sltcar stress is llased on tltc nvenge sltcnr stress across the section.
'"For tltc combined stress dtc forrntlln ofVon Miscs sl~allbe used.
Rcvision 0

SC-292

Pngc 9 of 29

Rcvision 0

SC-292

Page 10 of 29

PADEYE DESIGN CRITERIA

5.2

Pndeye Dirncnsinsing

Pacleyc design lontls

5.2.1

Pndeyc design rccotntrtcnclations

For thc design of a padcyc thc following rccommcndations sitall bc taken into account:
Roll direction of the mnin plate should prcfcrably bc pnrallcl to the mnin load
1.
direction. Rcfcrcncc is made Lo 1.IMC Specification 002.
Thc mnin platc pin hole shall not have more Utan onc load bcnring chcck plntc at
2.
cach sidc.
Thc ttuckncss of a load bcaring chcck platc shall not cxcccd thc lltickrtcss of tltc
3.
main plate.
Thc chcck plntcs should bc wcldcd lo thc mnin platc with nn all around fillet weld.
4.
A scnl weld insidc the pin hole scaling thc chcck plntc to tltc main plntc is
rccommcndcd to minimisc corrosion in bctweert mnin- and chcck platc.
Thc pin holcs should bc final linc bored nftcr welding of thc chcck plates and scal
5.
wclds.
Pndeycs should bc dcsigncd for tlse of 'Grccn Pin' heavy-duty shacktes unlcss
6.
'wide body' shncklcs nrc rcquircd 1 sclccted.
Crossing of wclds should bc avoided (use rat holcs).
7.
Tltc distancc bctwccn the centrclinc uf tbc pin holcs for double pudcycs should at
8.
lcasl bc taken as 4 timcs the diamctcr of the used shackle pin. Sling clcarnoccs
should be Llkcn into account.
For pndcycs with n capacity of less thm 150 mT, lltc usc of~chcekplates will be
9.
less cconomic and should be nvoidcd.

Flgnrc 5.lb Doable padcyc

Figure 5.13 Single pndcyc

Sinplc pndeyc:

F a = Fir * p ~r

FL= 0.05 (or 0.08) * F6$ifmisalignmcnt is lcss than I., otltcrwise

FL= (0.05 (or 0.08) .I. Lm(P)) * Fdl

whcrc:
FdI =
FIr =
FA =

design load (Scction 4.1)

lift point load (Scction 4.1)
additional lift point load (Section 4.2)
p ,r =
conscqucncc factor (Scction 4.3)
=
anglc of misnlipmcnt, the nnglc bctwccn thc plmc of tltc liR point and tl~c
p
working lioc of tllc rigging (scctiort 4.2)

Double pndeyc:
For a doublc p d e y c hpshall be distributed 60 % - 40 % ovcr the two pin holes to account
for friction of tlic sling bcnd ovcr Lhc crane hook prong. In case of n rotating sltenvc the
distribution can bc rcduccd. A friction loss nsscssmcnt should vcrify this reduction.
Fdll(ll= 0.60

* IZlp* p

OT 0.40

* Flp * P ~r

FAl,21
= 0.05 (or 0.08) * Fdll(:, if misalignment is lcss tbnrt I*, oll~cnvise

Rcvision 0

SC-292

Pngc l l of 29

Revision 0

SC-292

Page 12 of 29

Esd*

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.: .

*--f-.

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

'e
.....

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

-...-s%

PADEYE CAPACITY CHECK OF:

Acc. to Heerema Standard Criteria : SC-292

Allowable Stresses am. to : AlSC

INPUT
Pinhole Dim. = Dh =
Pin Dim. = . dp =

1,
i

;!

i1.04dpSdhSdpi4
1

'

"

i
i

OUTPUT
l a : Bearing at contact area:
Ab = dp(trn'+ 2tc) =
Fdl S 0 . 9 0 ~x ~
Ab =
1b : Herz Formula :
P= Fsi /(im+acj =

ratio j advised i
! 1.05 . j 0.k. 1
i! Ref. Formule l a i
!I 246
f 0.k. j
1.58 j 0.k j
1 0.44
0.k
026
0.k. Ii

KD = (dhxdp)/(dhdp) =
ob,act = 0.591 x sqrt{P x EIKD) =
ob,max.= -HB x 0.3 x at =
Fdl S (ab,m/ob,a) x Fsl =

1i

3135 [mm2].
973 FN]
6364
1140
640
823
n.a

t i

;,g

...

':m$<..'
. ........
:.
.[mm]
.;S?
-..
[mm]

Mainplate Radius = rrn =

..:. .: ..
[mm]
- !rm>1.75dp
1
Cheekplate Radius = rc =
li
-.i.. .- .
[mm]
I rc 1..50dp
00.30dp 5 trn S 0.50dp
Mainplate Thickness = trn =
2
..
[mm]
. ....
[mml
I
'020dp
dtm SO.35dp
Cheekplate Thickness = tc =
Cheekplate Fillet Weld Outside =?I.!@(=
[mm]
.- - :..
. . -.
i0.10dp S wl 5 020dp j 0.18
CheekplateWeld Inside =::?.-wl;'.
=
[mm]
b' .
(wt = throat / wl = leg)
280 . mm. (see 5.)
Approx. Section Length j'-j' = Lj 2
Young's Modulus = E = 2,S0Et05 N/mmA2
Min. Yield Stress = uy = ::&'(5.. I.NlmrnA2
Tensje Strength ut = : ..., ". . B E:.;. - NlmrnA2
Hardness Brinell Factor HB = : . .5ig. '
.
.
. .

irecommendations

'

i 0.k.

U.C. = 0.36

a'

Bearing Area

@\iii;itiitj Load per unit iengih

[~/mm'l
[~fmm'] Actual bearing stress
[NII'~~~] Max allowable bearing stress
FN]
U.C. =

ij

j
!

n.a.

2 : Shear at section a'-a':

i
i

4550 [mm2]
1142[kN]

Shear Area persection

Ab' = 2 x Ad =
FdlS0.45ayxAb'=

9100 [mm2]
1413[kl\C1

Total Area

3999
0
276
1012

Effective Weld Area Outside Weld 1 Cheekplate 1

Effectiveweld Area Inside Weld 1 Cheekplate . 1
Allowable Force / Cheekplate

Aa' = tm(m 0.5dh) + 2tc(rc 0.5dh) =

Fdls1.1~0.40oyx2Aa'=

U.C.= 0.31 !

3 :Tension at section b'-b':

4 : Shear at weld cheekplate mainplate:

Awl = (2rc x w x pi)/(2"0.5) =
;

Aw2 = (dh x w x pi)1(2"0.5) =

Fdl' = 0 . 4 0 ~
x 0.50
~ x ( ~ w+l~ w 2 )=
Fdl = Fdl' x ((tm + 2tc)Itc) =

5 :r

!!

I~waluation

-: - -

-1 -1

- --

Aj = tm x Lj (see above) =
Fdl' = 0 . 4 0 ~
x Aj
~ =

Fdl 5

[mm2]
[mm2]
FN]
[kN]
.

7000 [mm2]
966 FN]

966

kN.

U.C. =

U.C. = 0.35 1
-- -.- - - --- - - section area

U.C..
max. allowable load

~~tkfZ==

-1

522

Egb T d e (Fy = 355 I?/&)

a.
Standard ciimensions padeyes with &ef:kpIates.

5 2

__.-.,

C.,.:

I..

1.

High T d e (Fy= 355 N/&)

(e01zPa)
b. Standard d i i e d s m padeyes without c6etkplates.

'

HEEREMA

523

b w T d e (Fy = 235 ~jmrn*)

Standard dim'iions padeyes with cheekphtes

a.

35

30.5

100

85

15

10

70

55

55

37

125

105

20

15

88

68

85

42

140

120

35

15

98

78

10

120

50

165

145

40

20

115

95

12

150

56

190

160

45

20

134

104

12

200

175

40

20

140

115

12

162

127

15

172

137

18

(new>

150
(oldf

200

68

230

195

45

25

250

73

245

210

50

30
I

60
30
187
235
300
265
78
157 1
-------

18

400

91

305

265

60

40

214

174

25

500

96

325

280

65

50

229

184

30

600

107

360

310

75

50

253

203

32

700

112

375

325

85

55

263

213

35

800

115

385

330

90

65

270

215

45

70

285

225

45

75

295

235

5o

1
1

900

120

405

345

95

iooo

12s

420

360

100

su-

Luw Tazile (fg = 235 N/&)

(sonfa)
b. Standard diriiensions padeyes without cfittkplares

Pin Bearing

5.4

The following Heerema rule will be applied for pin bearing:

ahL7
,E

Fdl
.

fP=
fp

+ 2 * tc)

dp * (tm
=

Fdl =

dh

dp
tm
tc

=
=
=

,( 0.90

Fy

bearing stress at contact area

design load
diameter of pin hole
diameter of shackle pin
thickness of mainplate
thickness of cheekplate

The validity range of this Heerema rule can be determined from the
formula of ~e;, which can be found in numerous handbooks, for example
in Roark's formula's for stress and strain. s d h edition, Daee 651. case
t

F-

*I,/

fp

0.591

p
E

load per unit length (Fdl / (tm

modulus of elasticity

d & . ~ ~
I

'

< fp max

P*E
KD

+ 2 * tc))

dh * dp

KD =
fp rnax
fp max

dh - dp
=

2.8 HB for 10e7 - 10e8 load cycles

fi.;i?-=
I : < J ~

,-

-*

fp rnax

4.8 HB for 10e5 lOe6 load cycles

5.6 HB negligibIe permanent deformation

fp rnax

8.0 HB considerable permanent deformation

v
A

~
1

-/

m ;
._

-- .s= 5 : rx~a,'5 A rz
-. ie
- ,

%
;

n {TO

fP rnax reads ~ / m malthough

~
HB (Hardness Brinell)- is normally given
P

dimension-less.

For normal structural steel there is a relation between the tensiie

strength (ft) and the hardness:
For the design of a lift point it is not necessary to consider lifetime and
hence a high number of load cycles.
Therefore fp rnax = 5.6 - 8.0 HB can be considered.

352

gV

HEEREMA

Pin Bearing (cont'd)

5.4

Substitution of the Heerema rule in the He@ formula gives the following
validity ranges:

dh / dp

Materi a1

FY

Ft

N/rNnZ

N/m2

235

365-440

355

510-650

490

590-750

HB~

fp

0.90 Fy

fp

5.6 HB

fp

8.0 HB

120

1.0034

1.031

1.065

170

1.0045

1.041

1.088

200

1.0062

1.041

1.088

A
Typical average value

fp max = 5.6 - 8.0 HE3 can be considered for lift points. Hence the
Heerema rule can be applied with dh = 1.04 * dp; for operational reasons
with a minimum of dh dp >, 4 rnm.

Hertz stress check

When the ratio d/D exceeds 1.04, the bearing stress will be checked with the Hertz formula for
bearing stress.
The maximum occurring combined stress according to Hertz is:

The maximum allowable stress is calculated with the Brine11 hardness factor HB:

o,, z.2.9. HB

(lo7 -10' load cycles)

o,, = .4.8. HB
o,, =.5.6- HB
o,, z.8.0. HB

(10' -lo6 load cycles)

Negligible permanent deformation
Considerable permanent deformation

The Unity Check is the ratio of c r , / ~and should be equal to or less than 1.OO

Input / output units

The input can be specified in metric units as well as in imperial units. The units can be selected by
clicking in the appropriate tick-marks in the upper right comer of the spread sheet. When metric units
When imperial units are used
are selected, the dimensions are measured in mm and the forces in aT.
the dimensions are measured in inch and the forces in kips (kilo pounds).
As a default, the metric system is used.

Side load
In addition to the design load, which is acting in the plane of the padeye, a lateral load with a
minimum of 5 % of the design load shall be applied to the padeye. This load will effect the connection
between padeye and object. This spreadsheet is limited to the strength of the eye, for this reason
padeye 1 object connection should be calculated separately.
References
Heerema Standard Criteria SC-292: 'Criteria for padeye design', Rev. A, 16-03-1990.
Roark's Formulas for Stress & Strain, 6THedition, P. 650-651.

Heerema Pin Bearing Check

1.0
IPTTRODUCTION
When assessing contact pressures calculated by Hertz contact pressure equations (ref.. . )
difficulties arise when using standard MSClAPI bearkg code check ( 0 . 9 ~ ~This
) . is caused
by the high stresses which normally occur in contact areas. When the contact area is small
and there is no or small interaction with global stress, these stresses usually are not
governing for design.
The HMC SC-292 describes that when the holelpin diameter is larger than 1.04 the Hertz
check should be made for the contact area pin and hole. Due to the high stresses a code
check is presented which is different from AISCIAPI code. This is mainly caused by the lack
of coverage for this phenomenon in the AISCIAPI code.
This Memo presents therefore a background into the theory on which the KMC Hertz
assessment criteria are based.

2.0
COfvIPARISON WITH DIFFERENT DESIGN METHODS
-4llowable contact pressure is a prominent design criterion in gear design. Due to the contact
pressure and sliding of the contact surfaces of gear teeth, pitting occurs. This is the fatigue
damage of the gear contact surfaces. A gear is designed for a certain life and following
fatigue tests a "Pitting Resistance Life Factor" (usually denoted by the symbol CL is defined,
the S-N curve for contact surfaces. The allowable hertz contact pressure is then defined as
the C1 times the ultimate tensile stress. An example of the Pitting Resistance Life Factor is
shown below (ref. Mark's Fig. 8.3.27):

VCY:C.C
j.:c!o: c . ~ ! i s
. .
regimr. rli:;!u:e i.::tcr::!. ir!?~w!?!nt.~t;
<:f
:re2;s. mrrcri:+I d:~criiity. anti r'iscturs

20: :ppI> \$k:crc 2

Also the pitting resistance factor is presented.in

the NPS-5279:
.-..,.-- ., .
Volgtns prof. Horrowi& geldt voor (tand-) wieien de
formule:

k,

( 0,812- 0,0%g(n) , 0 2 7 )

Volgens Boestad geldi voor wentellageis:

Hierbij is n = aanial overroliingan.

In de onderskande tabel ziin wa; d e n voor k,,waargegeven in relatie tot n.

k . 1

0.812
0.742
0.572
0.502
0.532

100
1000
10.000

The picture below compares the HMC guideline with the values from NPS-5279 and from
Marks's:
I

+Kh tandwielen
+Kh lagers
--P- HMC

factor

Pitting resistance life factor

1.00E+00

1.00E+02

1.00E+04

1.00E+06

1.00E+08

Number of load cycles

The picture above shows a good analogy between the hTR, Marks' Life Factor (extrapolated
for cyles below 10e-4) and the KMC factor. It can therefore be concluded that the HMC
factor follows the standard practice in gear design.

recommendations for client questions

present extra gear design manuals
HMC method is simplification of common practice for gear design

3.0

BACKGROUND IS?;ORMATION
contact pressure in gear design mainly driven by pitting
pitting is 'surface fatigue' due to rolling'sliding contact in gears
pitting resistance mainly depends on 2 factors:
o material hardness (EB): the harder the material the better pitting resistance
o number of load cycles: fatigue
literature shows curves for HB 160-HB400 where values >250HB have been
especially heat treated for harder surfaces
normal use of materials for padeyes:
o padeye material: rolled steel in the range of S355-S690
o pin material usually shackle pins made of 34CrNiMo6 or 30CrNiMo8:
quenched and tempered materials
HMC only checks the padeye material as this is always governing above the pin
material, which has higher yield and tensile properties

4.0
JUSTIFICATION OF HMC METHOD
The HhfC guideline for assessing Hertz contact pressures is a simplified and practical
application of common gear design practice, which is based on theory as well as numerous
tests. Regular gear design engineering handbooks support this claim.

5.0
CONCLUSION AW RECOiMMEh~ATIONS
HMC SC-292 follows the standard practice in gear design for assessing the contact pressure
between two circular bodies. The practice is shown in many handbooks and directives and is
therefore considered valid. Care should be taken when high strength steels are used as it is
unknown whether these steel types still provide the required material properties concerning
the relation between tensile strength and Hardness Brinell.

6.0
REFERENCES
Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 9' Edition
NPR-5279
Ref. HMC SC-292 Attachment 3.

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,4

CONVAIR . ASTRONAUTICS

- Modulus
I.- .&anent of

Bf d a s t i c i t y ,

3-

of a cross section' of t h e rirrg.

fnef,ia

- Constant or coeffisisot.

r-

. .

Coefficient to be used in e h i r d n g deflection.

Coefficient to be used fi obteinin& mom&,

%- Coefficient t o Be uaed
W

- bent A n r i n g dne

fn o t h a i a i a g sheaz.

to.@xtempdlhGe

kf t Nomeat applisd t o t h e ring

aa

exteRel hat3,

- Axial load in rAag due t o axternel

- bab applied f o- - the

x-.
..._
_
p - Thrvling Iosd appUed t o t h e r9Pg In Ih. per degree -ar 2 . b ~
pzz~
radian consistent with the uni-t amad f a r T, P

-.

.-

Shsar ie r i n g dm to .eram.lpuld-

Phl

- In

@ Theta

. .

-.

..
.-. .

Angddz l o e a t i o n of ring e2oss s e c t l o n uder c a n r l d m t f o n

degmes .or radians from :a given base. ..

=ope

ip

radiansc

"5
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z r p A R E D B Y ..A...,-Q?~,

-4ECKED

*@EVISED

. . . . .. .

BY

C O

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2. / ; , ' c . ~ ~ j A , : ~

BY

......,-

PAGE

N V_A I R
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REPDR? NO
MODEL

A S T ~ O N P U ~ ~ C S

sT&yay LQ' 22:s

DATE

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MODEL A

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DATE 10-2+58

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CHECKED 5 Y
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REVISED
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BY

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=. &. . . ...
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PAGE
REPORT NO.

U -27436
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WECKEDBY
REVISED BY

c~-5")4
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......,. . -.....
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REPORT NO.
MODEL

32
~ ~ ~ - 2 y a i

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. DATE iO-2C-59

SHEET NO.:

-8%

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

-8%

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

<-a

x=7

"&

;-$q
CL

;2,

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JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

DATE

%....

SHEET NO.: _-

Project
Subject

no
Date

PROJECT
Subject
Job / Bid no.
06-Sep-07 I

Sheet

PLATE GIRDER PROPERTIES

Plategirder Description

section
no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Section
breadth
[mml
285.0
50.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Offset
Section
height
eY
[mml
[mml
50.8 1
0.0
400.0 1
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.6 /
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.0 (
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
0.0 /
0.0
0.0 I
0.0
41-54 1

Axial
area
[mm21
14478
20320
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Shear
area
[mm2]
2581
20320
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22901

' 1-1

Statical
moment
[mm3]
1 1.91E+06
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00
1 0.00E+00

Section Properties

Areas:

Dimensions:

AZ

34798 [mm2]
14478 [mm2]
22901 [mm2]

Y
Z

285.0 [mm]
450.8 [mm]

AX
AY

Weight
Distances to neutral axis:

ez (From bottom)
Z-ez
ey (From left)
Y-ey

2.7 [kNlm]
293.8
157.0
142.5
142.5

[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]

Section moduli:

Wy,min
Wy,max
Wz,min
Wz,max

2.39E+06
4.48E+06
7.18E+05
7.18E+05

Moments of inertia:
Torsional constant (torsional resistance):

1Y
Iz
It

7.04E+08 [mmA4]
1.02E+08 [mmA4]
2.99E+07 [mmA4]

Radii of gyration:

rY
TZ

Note -Torsional Constant I Resistance is only val~dfor open girders

Last Revision: May 98

[mm3]
[mm3]
[mm3]
[mm3]

142.2 [mm]
54.2 [mm]

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

: _-

COMP'D BY :

.._

CALC. NO. :
DATE

.-

and bv

c'
I-

II

- -&&

NOTES
SEE FOR GENERAL NOTES DUG

NL77-A-13

A L L H A r E R f A L S fO BE STEEL TYPE II ( U . N. 0. I
A L L H A f E R I A L S HARKED

TO DE STEEL TYPE I

REFERENCE DRAWINGS
DRAY I N G N o

EL. +6. 0 0 0

r -EL. r 0 . 0 0 0
.
----.
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.
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DESCRIPTION

4lNL77-A-13-100

STRUCfURAL

44NL77-A-13-111

E L E V A T I O N ROW B

DRAWING I N D E X

44NL77-A-13-120

P L A N A T E L . -44. 0 0 0

44NL77-A-13-121

P L A N A 1 EL. - 1 6 , 0 0 0

L GENERAL NOTES

L. A. T.

L
L
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.;.-

E L . -5. 0 0 0
EL. - 6 . 0 0 0

E L . -16. 0 0 0

MASTER COPY

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0
7

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AS RUILT

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19/12/99
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EL. -45. 6 0 0

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AS I N D I C A T E D

12/08/93

H 0

I S S U E FOR COMMENTS

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NOTES

SEE FOR GENERnL NOTES DwG. ~ ~ 7 7 - ~ - 1 3 - .

ALL HATERIALS TO DE STEEL I Y P E I! (U. N. 0.
ALL MATERIALS MARKED

TO BE STEEL TYPE I

14000

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(PILE

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OFF)

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REFERENCE DRAWINGS
DRAYING NO

DESCRIPTION

44NL77-A-13-100

STRUCTURAL DRAWING INDEX 6 GENERAL NOTES

4lNL77-A-13-110

ELEVATION ROW A

44NL77-A-13-111

ELEVATION ROW

44NL77-A-13-IIZ

ELEVATION ROW I

ll

44NL77-A-13-120

PLAN AT EL. -44.000

44NL77-A-$3-121

PLAN AT EL. -16. 0 0 0

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EL. +a. 0 0 0 L. A. T.
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EL. - 6 . 0 0 0

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01/08/00

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AS BUILT

15/12/99

H.0

APPROVED FOR CONSTRUCTION

00/10/99

N. D

AS INDICATED

12/08/99

H. 0

ISSUE FOR COMMENTS

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(LEG SIZES ARE TYPICAL)

SATELLITE PLATFORM K4BE

JACKET

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I
NOTES

SEE FOR GENERAL NOTES DUG.

NL77-A-13-

A L L M A T E R I A L S TO BE S T E E L T Y P E 11 <U. N. 0 . I
A L L N A T E R I A L S HARKED

TO BE STEEL TYPE I

ELEVATION

9
-

---

7
6

01/08/00

AS B U I L T

15/12/99

R. A
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APPROVED FOR CONSIRUCTLON

12/08/99

H. 0

I S S U E FOR COMMENTS

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SATELLITE PLATFORM K4BE

1 .

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+6,000
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C
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NL77-A-13-

ALL MATERIALS TO DE STEEL TYPE I 1 ( U N 0

19303

ALL HATERIALS HARKED

TO DE STEEL TYPE I

Ill52

R E F E R E N C E DRAWINGS
DRAY ING

No

44NL77-A-I3-I00
4eNL77-A-13-110

I
1
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DESCRIPTION

--

STRUCTURAL DRAWING INDEX b GENERAL

- NnTFC
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ELEVATION ROY A

ELEVATION

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SATELLITE PLATFORM K4BE

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ALL HENBERS TO DE 4 5 7 0 . D, x 19 V. T. ( U N. 0 .

NOTES
1. SEE FOR GENERAL NOTES DWG

~~77-A-13.

2. S T A I R ANGLE 6 3 DEGREES
3. FOR SECTIONS AND DETAILS REV. 5 SEE DUG. 5 5 - 1 0 4 - 0 6

KEYPLAN
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AS B U I L T

LIC*,

elf petroland bv
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SATELLITE PLATFORM K4BE

ru,*c,

JACKET
WALKWAY
AT EL. -1-6.000
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SEE FOR GENERAL NOTES DUG. ~ ~ 7 7 - A - 1 3 ALL H A r E R l A L s TO DC STEEL TYPE 1 1

(u.N. U. )

NL77-A-13-101
NL77-A-13-110

E L E V A T I O N ROW A

NL77-A-13-11!

E L E V A T I O N ROW

NL77-A-13-112

E L E V A T I O N ROW I

NL77-A-13-113

E L E V A T I O N ROW 2

NL77-A-13-120

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NL77-A-14-115-2

NUDHAT SECTIONS L E G A 1 AND A 2

A S DRAWPIG

KEYPLAN

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ALL HATERIALS TO BE STEEL TYPE I 1
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Of 5 0 0 n n

ALL L l F I l N G PROVISIONS TO BE DETERHINED B I

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JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

SHEET NO.:

.....................

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

....

.-

.........................

SHEET NO.:

:
1

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

SHEET NO.:

&.........

......

..

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: .......-2................

COMP'D BY :

CALC. NO.

DATE

......... -............ -.............................................

-.

STEM

m
r
n
1
M
i
SEA

(0 DEG.

PORTSIDE

BOW

1
I

XY

zv

Yv

BEAH SEA
(90 DU;.)

HEAD SEA

(180 D E , )

lr

STARBOARD

Project
Subject
Job / Bid no.
Date

Mardi Gras
PLET Transport
110184
01 -Aug-02

Sheet

1
1

TRANSPORTATION FORCES
Transportation Criteria
Roll:
20 [degl
70 [s]

Pitch:

12.5 [deg]
10 [s]

Heave:

(single amplitude)
(full cycle period) -

5 [ml
70 [s]

(single amplitude)
(full cycle period)
(single amplitude)
(full cycle period)

These criteria are

according to Noble Denton,
for large barges.

Cargo specification:
CARGO
Weight:
Mass moment of inertia about roll axis, Molx:
Mass moment of inertia about pitch axis, Moly:
X coord (from stem):
Y coord (from centerline) :
Z coord (from bottom barge):

) Bargelship information:

706
1070.6
1836.3
12.81
-6.875
8.5

[kN]
r-mq
r.m2]
[m]
[m]
[m]

BARGE

X - coordinate of the center of rotation:

45.75 [m]
2.75 [m]

Mean draft of barge:

F ~ r c e and
s Accelerations ( Static + Dynamic ) axerted by module on barge:

Roll to S B

R01l.to PS

Pitch to s t e m

Pitch to bow

Fv :
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (A)

-732
-298
148
142

[kN]
[kN]
[kN.rn]
[kN]

-1.04 g
-0.42 g

FV:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (A)

-595 [kN]
298 [kN]
-148 [kN-rn]
142 ' [kN]

-0.84 g
0.42 g

Fv:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (A)

-893
-188
-158
142

[kN]
[kN]
[kN.m]
[kN]

-1.27 g
-0.27 g

Fv:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (i)

-485
188
158
142

[kN]
[kN]
[kN-m]
[kN7

-0.69 g
0.27 g

0.20 g

0.20 g

0.20 g

0.20 g

Coordinates, and forces are according to Vle Bartmn axis system. Moments according to Right Hand Rule.
Last Revision: May 98

JOBNO.

: ..........................................................................

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

SHEET NO.:

..... .? ....

r'

&

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

DATE

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COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

DATE

..........................................................................

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JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

SHEET NO.: ....

.......... .

SHEET

NO.: .......k.!. . .

SHEET NO.: .......-.\@

.s
.....

JOBNO.

: ..........................................................................

COMP'D BY : ......................................................................
CALC. NO.

: .........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

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SHEET NO.: ..........

.....

JOBNO.

k
1.q

SHEET NO.: .......

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

DATE

. ................................. .................................. ...

,,

JOBNO.

: ..........................................................................

COMP'D BY :

SHEET NO.: ......f..g.

'u

SHEET NO.: .....$fa,....

JOBNO.
COMP'D BY
CALC. NO.

: .........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

TRANSPORTATION FORCES

~FGX)

The spreadsheet TRANSPORTATION FORCES' calculates the static and dynamic

transportation forces and accelerations. Parameters to be entered are transportation criteria,
cargo specifications and barge or ship information. Input and output of the spreadsheet are
consistent with the Bartran axis system. Angles and moments, however, are according
to the Right Hand Rule!

Transportation criteria
Input:
The single amplitude angle for roll, Om,, in degrees.
The full cycle period for roll, T,,, in seconds.
The single amplitude for pitch, 8,,, in degrees.
The full cycle period for pitch, T,,, in seconds.
siiigk ziiplitiide fcjr heme, A,,, in meters.
The full cycle period for heave, The,,, in meters.

The spreadsheet will automatically detect the Noble Denton criteria ('General guidelines for
marine transportations70014/NDI/JR- dec. 1986, section 5.2.1) and will prompt so on the
sheet.

Noble Denton Criteria are:

l ~ i n g l eamplitude

(10 sec full cycle period)

Type
Ismall barges
Larger barges
Small vessels

Roll

l~itch

I~ e a v e

125"
200

115"
12.5"
15"

15 m

30"

'

5 rn
5rn

Small cargo barge

( l e s s than 76 metres LOA
o r 23 metres beam)

Note that the 5 m heave at a 10 sec. cycle period accounts for a vertical accelerations of 0.2 g.

Cargo specificatio rzs

A suitable name for the cargo can be entered for reference purposes.

Input:
The weight of the cargo, Win kN.
The mass moment of inertia about the roll axis, MoIxin Tm2.
The mass moment of inertia about the pitch axis, MoIYin Tm2.
The x - co-ordinate of the cargo centre of gravity, xcoGin m.
The y - co-ordinate of the cargo centre of gravity, y,, in m.
The z - co-ordinate of the cargo centre of gravity, zcoGin m.

Barge /ship information

The name or description of the barge / ship can be entered for reference purposes.
Input:
The x - co-ordinate of the centre of rotation, xcoRin m. (Usually xcoR is a few meter shorter
than half the barge lengthj
The centre of rotation is on the waterlevel: z, = meandraft in m.
Note that by default the centre of rotation in y - direction is at half breadth of the barge.

Transportation forces and accelerations

The calculated transportation forces and accelerations are a combination of dynamic forces
and static forces on the centre of gravity of the cargo. The spreadsheet calculates the vemcal
force, the horizontal force, the moments and the heave in the centre of gravity of the cargo.
These forces and moment are calculated for roll to starboard and portside, and pitch to stem
anci bow. ~ o t e the
: output forces are exerted. by the moduie on the barge, their
workpoint is the module C.0.G. An example is given below for roll to starboard, roll to
portside and pitch are calculated in a similar fashion. Shown is the stem of a barge with
cargo:

Static

Dynamic

Roll
Static forces:

Fv,sralic = -W
= -W

Fh,s[a[jc

Dynamic forces:

* C O S ( B) kN'
~~~~
* sin(erO1[) kN'

W
--*
-

Fh,dynamic

- W
- -* (zcoG - Z C ~ R * - 0roll

9.8 1 YCOG *[Orol

9.81

Hroll

W
==*[Aherne

kN

( (EJ]~

*[zJ]

Mro = M o i * ( ~ r o l

Combined forces:

*[en

Fv,dynarnic

m m

*[el]

F ~= Fv,staric
, ~ +~Fv,dynamic kN
Fh,SB

= Fh,staric + lTh,dynamic

kN

Pitch
Below the forces acting at a module, and exerted on the barge, are shown for pitch to bow:

Pitch t o bow

Static forces:

Staik

Fv,srarjc

= -W

Fh,staic

* cOs(epirch1 kN
* sin(epi[ch) kN

Dynamic

Dynamic forces:

Fv,dyna,,lic

pitch

W
9.81

= -* ( x C O G

= Mo'y

W
p~tch
.

Combined forces:

Fv,stem
Fh,stem

*['pitch

'COR

)*

*[$I ]

*[?I]

= Fv,m,ic + Fv.riynamic
= Fh,sfatic + Fh,dynamic

kN
kN

kNm

JOBNO.

c1

SHEET NO.: ......d..!

....., ..

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

DATE

....................................,.,.,.................................

ME Seakeeping Analysis

Basic Input / Output Sheet

General Data
Client
Project Title
Job No./ Activity Code
Date prepared
Compiled by

Cargo Description
Location
Transport from
Transport to
Barge (name,cargo/launch)
t ran sport period
Rules & Regulations

Vastar Resources Inc.

Horn Mountain
U0 183 50DT600
August 9,2001
KNE
-

Buoyancy Cans and Flare

Mssisipi canyon block 1261127
To be nominated
Vastar Horn Mountain field
Crowley 407, cargo
June, July
I US Coast Guard

A hydrostatic analysis is performed to check the stability of the transport. The maximum dynamic
angular motions and accelerations have been determined through a hydrodynamic analysis. The
following seastates have been considered:

I ISSC
Spectrum type
Wave spreading
No
Sign. wave height (m)
3.66
1 6.9 <Tp < 10.5
Peak period range (s)
1 5.3 <To1 < 8.1
Used average period (s)
Wave heading
1 0,45,90,135,180,225,270,315
Wind velocity ( d s )
Intact ( 36 (70kn)
Damaged 1 25.7 (50kn)
Figure 1 shows the definition of chrecrions and motions.
Modeling Characteristics
A general arrangement of barge with cargo is presented in Figure 2.
Barge dimensions:
Barge Name
I Length
Width
I Depth

1
I

I Crowley 407
(m)
(m)

(m)

121.92
30.33
6.10

\~SSUSWRJ-MARlh2Enpq'U-O1
8 3 \ 5 0 D T 6 W \ B o y C 6 u 6 u s O O l e A d on byge.doc

Page 1 o i lW9108101

DIEFNTIBN OF CO-OKDICNA4TESYSTENI.
I

Heave

1.i

Roll

Surge
h,
....

'--@,.

0 Yaw

v..-'
Pitch
. ..";,
.'

Sway
0 degrees
ving Seas)

I Origin,located )

I on the keel at 1

(Beam Seas)
(Head Seas)
I

135 degrees
(Bow Quartering)

Horn :Mountain
SEAXEEPING ANALYSIS
JOB 1 BID NO.

4"25

i'?&4i4$3j
dl a. i.ii3.11

24-Aug-0 1

YO183

Figure 1

Hydrodvnamic analysis

Natural ~eriods:
Roll
(s) ( 5.5
Pitch
(s) 1 10.5

The maximum dynamic responses are surnmarised in the following table.

Heading
TP
(w ~ d )a
Hs = 3.66 m
YE"\-a)
(s)
(deg)
Total system angles and angular accelerations

d,.,,

(deds2)

x=

Ascomb

(ds2)

Lower
stem 6

x=

A x , c o ~ ~ (Ids2)
Ay,c0d
Az,wrnb

(ds2)
(mh2)

69.5

Upper
stems

x=

24.9

mr.

Ay,comb
&,comb

Can

x=

(m/s2)
AY,comb
(ds2)
A z . c o ~ ~(&s2)

z=

rn

7.5-8.1

12.1

rn

0.58

z=

8.6

0.52
2.46
4.74

7.5
6.9
6.9

3.21

y = -13.1

z=

7.1

y=

na

z=

9.1

315
90 1270
90

83.3

-6.3

y = -12.5

45
90 1270
270

x=

(ds2)
(&s2)
(&s2)

Lower
stem 8

AX,CO&

y=

135

745

0.76

Responses in Point sf Interests:

27.4

9.0

All
M&m

Flare

Maximum Single
Amplitude
Excl. wind I Incl. Wind

y=

3 15
90 I 270
90

K\p~U-O183\50DT603\Boy-C4O6Muxutir2001~nre~~Cj,~
on owge doc

12.1

7.5-8.1
6.9
6.9

0.54
2.68
4.63

10.9 m
7.5
6.9
6.9

z = 8.6
0.52
2.46
4.33

Pnge 5 of 11

3.01

2.81

e-7

JOBNO.

: .........................................................................

COMP'D BY : .................................... .....................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

...........................................................................

TP&~

~ y ~ l \ ~ FeR&E$
~ , . /
s__n__L___--__i

SHEET NO.:

/'

. $ '3

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

97 ..,........

SHEET NO.: . :.bi

&@

SHEET NO.: ......A.42.....

I n case o f s u r v i v a l i n f o l ? , o ~ ~ i nsge a the low a c c e l e r a t i o n f o r c e s w i l l o c c u r

i n Y-direction.
C o n s e r v a t i v e l y t h e a c c e l e r : ~ t i o n f o r c e s i n Y - d i r e c t i o n w i l l be t a k e n t o b e e q u a l
t o t h e X - d i r e c t i o n accele-.?!.i.on

forces'.

T h u s i n the d e s i g n o f s e a f a s t e n i n g s the f o l l o w i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n componen%s are

t o be u s e d .
i n 2-direction

1.26, x G ( i n c l . g r a v i t y component)

i n X-direction

0.22 x G (incl.
g r a v i t y co;;lpbnent)

i n Y-direction

0 - 2 2 s C ( i n c l . g r a v i t y component)

FR~f"li83

ACCELERATION FORCES DURING SURVIVAL CONDIT.ION

n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e North Sea i s

.The 100-year storm c o n d i t i o n i n ~e

d e f i n e d by :
5;r

=1/3

15.25'111 w i t h

T = 15 s e c ,

The s u r v i v a l t e s t s done a t Netherlands Ship Model

as in a t Wageningen Were

c a r r i e d o u t a t a d r a f t of 19 m i n one i r r e g u l a r s e a having a s i g n i f i c a n t
wave h e i g h t of 11.26 m and an average wave p e r i o d of 13.7 seconds a t t h r e e
h e s d i n g s ; 0,45 and 180 deqyces.
From t h e s e t e s t s t h e r e s p c : ) ~f u
~n c t i o n s were evaluated and with t h e s e response
f u n c t i o n s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t v a l u e s of t h e motions have been c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e
100 y e s r s storm c o n d i t i o n The s i g n i f i c a n t double ac;>l i t u d e v a l u e s f o r t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n components f o r
two l o c a t i o n s (c.0.g.

of I::odules) &ove deck l e v e l f o r two headings 0 and 45

the l a t t e r being t h e favoc:-zble s u r v i v a l . h e a d i n g f o r t h e v e s s e l , a r e given i n

t h e appendix.
From t h e s e d a t a t h e r n a x i ~ ~a c
e c~e l e r a t i o n s can be c a l c u l a t e d a s follows :

..

- :x
.

max

( 2 %a1/3 1

loo

y +
wav-2

/jl

test

where t h o maximum ampfitu?.:? has been taken t o be two times the s i g n i f i c a n t

value.
I n c a s e of s u r v i v a l i n follotqing s e a the 10; a c c e l e r a t i o n f o r c e s w i l l o c c u r
i n Y-direction.
C o n s e r v a t i v e l y t h e accele-.-\tion f o r c e s i n Y-direction w i l l be taken t o be equal
t o t h e X-direction

accele-.??.i.on f o r c e s .

Thus i n t h e design of s e a f a s t e n i n g s t h e following a c c e l e r a t i o n components are

i3
Y

G ( i n c l . g r a v i t y component)

i n Z-direction

1.26,s

i n X-direction

0.22 x G ( i n c l , g r a v i t y coxponent)

i n Y-direction

0-22 s G ( i n c l . g r a v i t y cor~ponent)

Si

SHEET NO.:

F
% ~

(I-

@t@g&l
u
Jms=-:

20

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

'-1

SHEET NO.: ....e................

-- .

STR ENGTH OF BAilGE, ' C A ~ G OAND SEAFASTENING

AS

Own Mass M o m e n t of Inertia

From Roll Motion:

L.

Barge;

I = 1

12

W(HZ

-+ 82) tm2

= mass distribution factor t a k e n as 1.27.

W = iightship displacement
t.
H = d e p t h of b a r g e
rn.
B = b r e a d t h of b a r g e
rn.
.
.
:

= = mass distribution f a d o r chosen by engineer.

For n o d u l e with substantial a m o u n t of

e q u i p m e n t , = taken as 1.10.
For m o d u l e containing iittie e q u i p m e n t ,
= t a k e n as 1.50.
W = t r a n s p o r t a t i o n weight

H = h e i g h t of object
8 = b r e a d t h of objeci

Eallast;

AL

m.
rn

= mass distribution factor t a k e n as 1.00.

t,
,
H = depth of tank
rn.
8 = b r e a d t h of t a n k
rn.

W = weight in t a n k (full)

;
r
e
;
:

P \TGH

k4eTi ehj

JOB NO.
.
COfvP'D BY
C.%C. NO :
DATE

Location on the barge

For the design of the grillage and seafastening, the location of the PLET 'on the R-302 is so
that the C.0.G. of the PLET is approximately located above frame no. 7 of the H 302. The
centreline of the PLET is located-6.875metres from the side shell of the barge (above the
longitudinal bulkhead). The barge lay-out is shown on drawing HP - 133 - 01 - 1 (ref.
appendix 5.1).

In correspondence with this, the following C.0.G. coordinates will be entered in the
transportation forces sprea&heet:

* 1.83 = 12.81 [m] (this is the location of frame 7 measured from the stem)

-6.875 [m] (distance from centre line to the portside longitudinal bulkhead)
5.5 + 3 = 8.5 [m] (height of barge plus estimated z coord.of PLET + @age

beams)

Barge information
The centre of rotation of the barge is assumed at the centre of the barge, which leads to an xcoordinate of 45.75 [m].
The mean draft uf the barge is assumed at 2.75 metres (half the height of the barge).

Seafastening plet.dcc

JOB NO.
:
COEVLP'D BY :
C.<C. NO :
DATE

4.1

Input for IPEX Transportation forces spreadsheet

The weight of the PLET is 72 [mT], not taking the additional pipe into account.

PLET mass moment of inertia around the roll (x) axis

In which:

Ix =
G=
H=
B=
a=

Mais moment of inertia around the roll (x) axis

Lightweight [mT]
Height [m]
Breadth [m]
Factor for mass distr. (equipment l.l<a<1.5 no eq.)

72
1.778
11.58
1.3

PLET mass moment of inertia around the pitch Q) axis

In which:

Iy =
G=
H=
L=
a=

Mass moment of inertia around the pitch (y) axis

Lightweight [mT]
Height [m]
Len,*
[m]
Factor for mass distr. (equipment l.l<a<1.5 no eq.)

Seafastening pletdoc

72
1.778
15.24
1.3

Project
Subject

Mardi Gras
.

PLET Transport

Job 1 Bid no.

1 / 0184
01-Aug-02

Date

Sheet

TRANSPORTATIICSN FORCES
Transportation Criteria
Roll:
20 [degl
10 [sl

(single amplitude)
(full cycle period)

12.5 [deg]

Pitch:

lo[sl
Heave:

5 [ml
10 Is]

(single amplitude)
(full cycle period)
(single amplitude)
(full cycle period)

These criteria are

according to Noble Denfon,
for large barges.

Cargo specification:
CARGO
Weight:
Mass moment of inertia about roll axis, Molx:
Mass moment of inertia about pitch axis, Moly:
X coord (from stem):
Y coord (from centerline) :
Z coord (from bottom barge):

Barge/Ship information:

[kN]
[T-rn?
[T.m2]
[m]
[m]
8.5 [m]

706
1070.6
1836.3
12.81
-6.875

BARGE

X - coordinate of the center of rotation:

Mean draft of barge:

45.75 [m]
2.75 [m]

F~rcesand Accelerations ( Static + Dynamic ) exerted by module on barge:

Roll to SB

Roll,to PS

Pitch to stem

Pitch to bow

Fv:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (k)

-732 . [kN]
-298 [kN]
148 [kN-m]
142 [kN]

-1 -04 g
-0.42 g

Fv:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (2)

-595
298
-148
142

[ki\l]
[kN]
[kN.m]
fkN]

-0.84 g
0.42 g

Fv:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (i)

-893
-188
-158
142

[kN]
[kN]
[kN.m]
[kN]

-1.27 g
-0.27 g

Fv:
Fh:.
Moment:
Heave: (if

-485
188
158
142

[kN]
[kN]
[kN.m]
FN]

-0.69 g
0.27 g

0.20 g

0.20 g

0.20 g

0.20 g

Coordinates, and iorces are according to the Bartran axis system. Moments according to Right Hand Rule.
Last Revision: May 98

JOB NO.

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CALC. NO.

DATE

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CALC. NO.
DATE

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SHEET NO.:

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DATE

SHEET NO.:

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>+

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: .....................................................................

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Einfeldtrager - beidseitig frei aufliegend

EiduijLnien der Momente und QuerhSte
Momentenlinien, Quer- und A~fla~erkriifte

ergibt in den Punkten die Momente

g7 +-

ergibt in den Punkten die Momente M=TW.g (q). l 2 (TW=Tabellen~vert)

-.-

uud die Querkrafte

Q =TW.P

M = TW . P .I (TW=Tabellenwert)

uud die Querkraf te

Q=TW.g(q).I

1
:
0

-r?

C1

gfq)

0.0450

0.0800

0.l050

0.1200

0.1200

0.1050

0.0i?~O

0.0450

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0.5000

-0.5~

e
JOBNO.

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: .........................................................................

DATE

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Einf eldtrgger

Einfeldtrager - - einseitig eingespannt

Einflu.hliniem der Momente ulnd Querkrae
Momentenhien, Quer- und Auflagerlir&e
ergibt in den Punliten die Moments M =TW . P . I (TW=Tabellenwert)
3

3,660

3,750

und die Querkrafte

Q=TW.P

10

Q.=A, /QE=-AE

g -----t: erg&t in den Punkten die Momente M =TW .g (q) .I "TW =Tabellenwert)

und die Querkrafte

Q=TW.g(q).l

3.-

3' gig)

0.0325

0.0550

0.0675

0.0703 ~

~ 0.0625
M

0.450

0.0175

-0.0200

-0.45

-0.1250

0.3750

-0.62%

2
JOBNO.

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: .......................................................................

DATE

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Einfeldtrager - beidseitig eingespannt

Einfluhlinien der Mornente und Querkrste
Momentenlinien, Quer- und Auflagerkrifte

Ein1.-.~hniender Momente
Montentenlinien

JOBNO.

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: ..........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

+-,

I +-

ergibt die Qner- nnd Auflagerkr&ft.e Q (A) = TW P

T1P7

(CITP = Tabellenwert)

ergibt die Qoer- rind Auflagerliriifte Q ( A ) = W g o . 1% ('IT' = Tabelleowert)

el

urgi1,t irr den I'enk<nn clic Monlnnto Mi-'l'W.g(p)

.I,? ((l'\V-:'r"tbcllutttvcrt)

JOBNO.

1.0. . . . . .

: ........................................................................

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3
101

~:--a-..nl:-:---

3 --- A ----- l - - Y L -

.UJ.ILILUJL~~~~~;U
uer

yU ~ T M - ~ ~ L G

Quer- und Auflagerkr8te

ergibt die Quer-undAuflagerh&fte Q (A) = 'IT' . f'

k-,

0.6272

!s

-0.3728

0.0910

0.09lo

-0.0182

0.4638

-0.1092

0.%04

-0.4896

0.1120

0,1120

-0.0224

0.6016

-0.1%

0.4791

-0.5209

0.1165

0.1165

-0.0233

0.633

-0.1398

0 . 3 2 ~ -0.6800

0.1283

0.1283

-0.0257

0.8083

-0.1%

0,2976

-0.7024

0.1280

0.1280

-0.0256

0.8304

-0.1536

0.a8

-~.7952

0,1190

0.1190

-0.0238

0.9142

-0.1428

0.1232

-0.8768

0.0960

0.0960

-0.0192

0.9728

-0.1152

-o.o&

-0.0640

0.8320

-0.1680

0.0320

0.8%

0.2000

-0.0770

-0.0770

0.7280

-0.2720

0.04%

0.8050

0.3210

-0.0801

-0.0801

0.637

-0.3653

0.0618

0.7148

0.4271

-0.0800

-0.0800

0.6160

-0,3840

0.0640

0.6960

o.&&

-0.0750

-0.0750

0.5000

-0,5000

0.0750

0.5750

0.579

-0.0640

-0.064a

0.3&

-0.6160

o.0800

0.4480

0.6960

-0.0618

-0.0618

0.3653

-0.637

0.0801

0.4271

0.7148

-0.d9o

-0.0490

0.2720

-0.7280

0.0770

0.3210

0.8050

-0.0320

-0.0320

0.1680

-0.8320

0.0640

0.2ooo

0.8960

19

1-0.019 -0.0150

0.0760

-0.9240

0.0390

0.0910

0.9630

20

12

a-

S-

(TW = Tabellenwert)

13.837

22

0
-.

o.mo

o.oooo

-too00

~ 0 0 0 0 0.0000

1.

0.0114

0.0114

-o.o!~~o

-0.0570

0.9456

-0.06%

1.0026

-0.0960

0.0192

0.0192

-0.0960

0.8768

-0.1152

0.9728

7
10.0238

0.023

-0.1190 -0.1190

0.7952

-0.1428

0.9142

0.0256

0.0256

-0.1280

-0.1280

0.7024

-0,1536

0.8304

0.0257

0.0257

-0.1283

-0.1283

0.6800

-0.1%

0.8083

0.0250

0.0250

-0.1250

-0.1250

0.6000

-o.ljm

0.7250

0.0224

0.0224

-0.1120 -0.1120

0.4896

-0.1344

0.6016

0.0182

0.0182

-0.0910

-0.0910

0.3728

-0.1092

0.4638

0.0128

-0.&

-0.0640

0.2512

-0.0768

0.3152

0.0066

-0.0330

-0.0330

0.1264

-0.0396

0.15%

0.0000

o.oooo

2
8
1 0.0128
2
9
1 0.0066
30

I-

g(qJ

0.0~0

0.~000

0.-o

ergibt die Quer- undbuflagerl;ri=ifte Q (4= TW . g ( p )

0 . b

0.4333

. - 7 / - 0 . 0 j o o

1I]:-pj

o.0000

0.0167

- 0 . h

-0.0%

0.0167

0 ~ 4 % -0.5500

0,5000

-0.Wo

0.0833

0.083

O . m

-0.0833
o.wm

-0.-

-0,0833
O.WW

0.6000

l.1000

0.6530

0.0jOo
7,eo
0.59

0.5w

0.w~

. 1,

1.1000
-0.1-

0.5j30
6,0.

, .o-

0.5530

(TT= Tabellen~rert)

0.5%

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....... B

1,

.........

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DATE

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kk3..........

SHEET NO.: .....

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i.2

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COMP'D
...............BY
................:.........
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: ..........................................................................

DATE

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tA

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a, BUCKLING STRESS CURVES (Compression)

b/t
Ratio
Crltical buckling compressive stress (o,,) for A-7 steel havlng a, = 33,000

Fig.5 Buckling curves for plates in edge compression

k = 4.00

k = 0.425

5
I

1 supported and 1 free

FIG. 6

10
~

15
I

20
I

30

25
I

35
~

I1 1 I

40
I1 1 I 1 ~
1

Ratlo b/t

Buckling stress curves (plates

in edge compression) for various steels.

Il

45
l iI l l I( k I= . ~
4 2 5I )

PSI

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: ---_.__..-.-.-.-.._....--.-v-

DATE

TABLE &Buckling
Stress Formulas
(Compression)

4. SUMMARY FOR DETERMINING CRITICAL

BUCKLING STRESS OF PLATE

Critical Buckling Compressive

Stress (cCr)
Determined by

1. The value of the plate factor ( k ) to be used in

AtoB

flfrom formula +5.

<
VT= cr,, this is the value of

Oto-

2. Solve for cr,/

a. If cr,,./

3820
G,,

\6

= d,
b/t

cr,

so
BtoC

b. If T , , . / ~> cr, go to step 3.

3. Insert this value (cr,,/ 16)into formula +6,
and solve for the critical buckling stress (cr,,).
4. After the critical stress (cr,,)
has been determined, the critical buckling stress of the given plate
(cr',, or T',,) is determined from the relationship shown
in the right-hand column of Tables 1, 2, or 3.
5. BUCKLING STRESS CURVES (Compression)

C t o D

3820

5720

fi

fi

uer = 1.8

-to -

where:

n = -

fi

Over

-n-

vc

vT
4770

I,$([

.=..=

5720
-

G,.

4434

The horizontal line ( A to B ) is the limit of the

yield strength (cr,). Here cr, is assumed equal to cr,.
The curve from B to C is expressed by-

ASTM -4-7 (mild) steel, having a yield strength of

has been superimposed on the Priest-GUgan curve for

All of this is expressed in terms of the factor

00

oy

fi

See Table 4.

FIG. 5 Buckling stress curves

for plates in edge compression.

b/t

Ratio
Critical buckling compressive stress (cI,,)for A-7 steel having

CI,
=

33,000 psi

C":

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r'

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%d
...............

ST. 83

PLAATFACTOR B I J P L A T E N , WAARVAN DE BELASTE RANDEN SCHARNIEREND Z I J N .

Project

Onderdeel

Exe~&;%g2F

K~

--*SYSI=

-q
!

4 blxX2.53

Opgesteld :

Datum :

Bladnummer :

5*\=Gzm

Rev. :

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO. :
DATE

. .-

..

SHEET NO.:

Project

PROJECT
Subject
Job I Bid no.
02-May-07

Subject
Job I Bid no
Date

Sheet

PLATING CAPACITY
BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF PLATES UNDER COMPRESSION
Support type:

Four sides supported

210000
0.3
I0
2000
1000
355

Modulus of elasticity:
Poisson's ratio:
Plate thickness:
Plate length:
Plate width:
Yield stress:
Plate factor k:
Design stress:
b(eff)/t:
Effective width:

C-D
57 [Nlmm2]

Design allowable load:

Design specific allowable load:

FAii.=

O#.D+~O%

944 [kN]
944 [kNlm]

-02&;b.j) r 57 Igpbhie xej~L.p5 %

LOAD

Yr

10 mm thick plate
Suppot?ed

t t T

LOAD

1000 [mm]

Calc Acc To Blodgett's Des~gnof Welded Structures, Pnest-G~ll~gan

curve
Allowable stress accord~ngto AlSC
Last Revision: July 99

(ZZ7i3ip)=

1~

Supported

(Loaded)

4.000
213.0 [N/mmz]
33.7
336.7 [mm]

Section of curve:
Critical stress:

34

[N/mm2]
[-I
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[N/mm2]

,,

3c

~,
5q
~ i~, 4 .
.d
8M

2000 [mm]

. ;-r

NEN 3851

NORMTEKST
2.6

Stabiliteit van platen (plooien)

2.6.1

Algerneen
Dit artikel beperkt zich tot vlakke, rechthoekige platen, die uitsluitend belast worden in het vlak van
de plaat en waarbij op ten hoogste twee evenwijdige randen norrnaalspanningen worden uitgeoefend.
De afrnetingen van een plaat of plaatveld worden als volgt benoernd:
a' is de lengte van de twee randen waarop geen norrnaalspanningen worden uitgeoefend,
b' is de lengte van de twee randen waarop de eventuele norrnaalspanningen worden uitgeoefend,
a'
a = b' '
t is de plaatdikte.
Voor de krachten en rnornenten op het beschouwde plaatveld rnoeten de waarden worden ingevoerd die
ontstaan ten gevolge van de rekenbelasting.
De norrnaalspanningen, veroorzaakt door rnomenten enlof normaalkrachten die op de randen b' aangrijpen, rnoeten rechtlijnig verdeeld over de lengte-b' worden aangenomen.
De schuifspanningen, veroorzaakt door dwarskrachten die op de randen b' aangrijpen, moeten gelijkrnatig over de lengte b' verdeeld worden aangenornen.
De schuifspanning op de randen a' rnoet gelijk gesteld worden aan die op de randen b'.
De norrnaal- en schuifspanningen rnogen worden berekend met de bruto-doorsnede. lndien de krachten
respectievelijk rnornenten op de beide randen b' niet even groot zijn, rnoet toch een uniforme spanningsverdeling worden aangenornen. Daartoe rnoeten de combinaties van krachten en rnomenten in respectievelijk de rniddendoorsnede (op afstand 0,s a') en in de doorsnede op 0,s b' van de zwaarst belaste
rand worden bepaald. De ongunstigste cornbinatie rnoet in rekening worden gebracht.
De normaalspanningen i n de rnaatgevende doorsnede worden als volgt benoemd:
a, is degrootste drukspanning aan de rand van de rnaatgevende doorsnede
a, is de spanning aan de andere rand van de maatgevende doorsnede
y =

--cr ,.
01%

Een en ander wordt verduidelijkt in fig. 15.

Fig. 15
Om t e controleren of de plooistabiliteit verzekerd is, moeten de aldus berekende spanningen worden
vergeleken met de kritieke spanningen okr en t k r die de grenstoestand van plooien bepalen.
Dit vergelijken kan geschieden op een wijze die in de volgende paragrafen nader wordt behandeld.
(Tkr en t k r volgen u i t de betrekkingen
Hierin is k een coefficient die afhankelijk is van de afrnetingen van de plaat, van de wijze waarop de plaat
langs de randen wordt gesteund en van de wijze waarop de plaat wordt belast. De bepaling van k wordt
i n de volgende paragrafen nader behandeld.
(TE is de Eulerse knikspanning van een plaatstrook met een kniklengte b' dus:

2.6.2

Langs v i e r r a n d e n s c h a r n i e r e n d g e s t e u n d e platen
a. Twee ronden (b') uitsluitend belast door normaalspanningen, de ondere runden (a') onbelost
In dit geval is 5 k r = k d o ~ .De coefficient k d mag worden bepaald met behulp van de grafieken van
fig. 16-a en 16-b, afhankelijk van de lengteverhouding cc en de spanningsverhouding yt.
Voor de kritieke spanning mag geen hogere waarde in rekening worden gebracht dan a k r = cr,.
De spanning ax rnoet voldoen aan de voorwaarde al
akr.

f..

..

NEN 3851
STANDARD PROPER

L E E 2

(1

3-

2
1

0
w-

2-

?
-r
0

l
0n 0
N
.

0
-- 0

0-

J. W C O +

0- 0- d 'I

+ ++*

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..

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PAx, =

@&

(c~&-~PC-)
t

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'h
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Voor a

> 1,

k, = 5.35 +

Voor a

< 1,

k, =

5,35

='

r 4.

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2. TRANSVERSE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS

Loads applied to beams and girders cause bending

moments along the length of the member. When these
moments are non-uniform along the length of the member, both horizontal and vertical shear stresses are set
up because shear is equal to the rate of change of
moment.
The horizontal shear forces would cause the flange
of a plate girder to slide past the web if it were not

for the fillet welds joining them.

These horizontal and vertical shear stresses combine and produce both diagonal tension and compression, each at 45" to the shear stresses. In steel
structures, tension is not the problem; however, the
diagonal compression could be high enough to cause
the web to buckle. StifFeners are used to prevent the
web from buckling in regions of high shear stress.
The ratio of web thickness to clear depth of web
in the older speci6cations was based on predications
of the plate buckling theory: the web being subjected
to shear throughout its depth, and to compressive bending stresses over a portion of its depth. See Figure 2.
The plate buckling theory assumes the portion of
the web between stiffeners to be an isolated plate;
however, in the plate girder, the web is part of a
built-up member. When the critical buckling stress in
the web is reached, the girder does not collapse. This
is because the flanges carry all of the bending moment,

Diagonal compression
from shear forces

Compressive
bending stress

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3
Diagonal tension field in web
Transverse stiffeners act as compression struts

the buckled web then serves as a tension diagonal, and

the transverse stiffeners become the vertical compression struts. This in effect makes the plate girder act as
a truss. See Figure 3.
The carrying capacity of the plate girder is greater
under this analysis, being equal to that supported by
the beam action shear (Fig. 2 ) and that supported by
the diagonal tension field in the web (Fig. 3 ) . AISC
Formulas 8 and 9 will meet this requirement. These
fonnulas appear further along on this page.

SHEET NO.:

CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

k4

__ _ _ _

......... ......................................,.....................

BUCKLING STRESS CURVES (Compression)

(Im

OY

FIG. 5

Buckling stress curves

for plates in edge compression.

b/t

= 33,000 psi

Critical buckling compressive stress (u,,) for A-7 steel having a,

BUCKLING STRESS CURVES (Shear)

Ratio

b/t

Critical buckling shear stress (T,,), for A-7 steel having a,

FIG. 10 Buckling

=:

33,000 psi

stress curves for flate plates in shear.

2.A

2.6.8

-7-

P l o o i v e r s t i j v i n g e n van p l a t e n langs v i e r r a n d e n s c h a r n i e r e n d g e s t e u n d
lndien een berekening volgens 2.6.2 uitwijst dat de plooistabiliteit van een plaat niet verzekerd is, kan
behalve door het kiezen van een grotere plaatdikte, door het aanbrengen van een of rneer plooiverstijvingen de plooistabiliteit van de plaat worden verzekerd.
De hier behandelde plooiverstijvingen lopen evenwijdig aan de plaatranden, zodat de plaat wordt verdeeld i n rechthoekige plaatvelden.
De verstijvingen kunnen aan 6Cn zijde van de plaat worden aangebracht of ter weerszijde van de plaat
(zie fig. 20).
De kenrnerkende grootheden van een verstijving worden als volgt benoemd:
A is de oppervlakte van de onverzwakte doorsnede van de verstijving (zie fig. 20),
A
-- is de oppervlakte-verhouding verstijvinglplaat,

b't
E l is de stijfheid van de verstijving,
I is het traagheidsmornent van de verstijving
volgens fig. 20,
.
El
I
=
p is de stijfheidsverhouding = -TE b t3
0,092 b't3
--

12 (I

-vq

zwaartelijn (Z-Z) van

de verstijvingsdoorsnede (A) valt sarnen
met het rniddenvlak
van de plaat

Fig. 20

zwaartelijn (Z-Z) van

de verstijvingsdoorsnede (A) valt niet
sarnen met het middenvlak van de plaat

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: .........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

c i-

SHEET NO.:

* rP

rs

JOBNO.

a/
SHEET NO.: ........!&.......

: .........................................................................

COMP'D BY : .........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

'

figuur 6

- doorsnecle

verstijving
doorsnede lijfplaat

figuur 7

wil zeggen, dat de invloed van de doorsnede

van de verstijving klein is t.0.v. de doorsnede van
d e te verstijven pleat.
Het minimaal benodigde traagheidsmoment van de
verstijvingen kan worden gevonden met behulp van
de formules:

P = O

a) Voor langsverstijvingen IVL=

y.b.GS

10,92

(.tie voor

figuur 7)
b) Voor dwarsverstijvingen IVD =

Y , a.63

w e voor

figuur 6)
Pas als deze waarden aanwezig zijn, mag voor de
lijfplaat met d e nieuwe a g a e k e n d worden.
y

JOBNO.

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COMP'D BY : .........................................................................
CALC.NO.
DATE

: ..........................................................................

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JOBNO.

COMP'D BY : .........................................................................
CALC. NO.
DATE

: .........................................................................

C j c

SHEET NO.: ........ &:&.

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SHEET NO.:

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COMP'D BY :

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X j! a

71i8x10
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A e c s R ~abJ&

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$9
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'=??

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\*..&

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CALC.NO.

C2@p*6: j

a &+d&~>

0 4 4 u 3a

a;:"
A ~ ~ \ y i e + ,d

$OD@

%
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x-7 r&%
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8 iFsrx =

g%c

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y k q

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-d

7 -::

JOBNO.

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COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

DATE

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JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

....................................

SHEET NO.: .......!..%..,

..

JOBNO.

&CL

SHEET NO.: .......G...........

COMP'D BY :

.
.

CALC. NO.

DATE

. .....................................................................,,...

JOBNO.

: .........................................................................

COMP'D BY : ........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: .......................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

SHEET NO.:

39
G;rY"

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY
CALC. NO.
DATE

..............................................,............,..............

".A
----

Project
Subject
Job I Bid no.
Date

PROJECT
Subject
Job / Bid no.
04-jan-05

Sheet

PLATING CAPACITY
BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF PLATES UNDER COMPRESSION

Support type:

Four sides supported

Modulus of elasticity:
Poisson's ratio:
Plate thickness:
Plate length:
Plate width:
Yield stress:

2 10000
0,3
20
750
2250
235

Plate factor k:
Design stress:
b(eff)/t:
Effective width:

11,I 11
141,O [Nlmmz]
41,4
827,6 [mm]

[N/mm2]
[-I
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[N/mm2]

(Loaded)

Section of curve:
Critical stress:
Design allowable load:
Design specific allowable load:

4467 [kN]
1985 [kNlm]

LOAD

20 mm thick plate
750 [mm]

LOAD

2250 [mm]

Calc. Acc. To Blodgett's Design of Welded Structures. Priest-Gilligan curve.

Allowable stress according to AlSC
Last Revision: July 99

:-

JOB NO.

..""..- -.. ..

,-,- . .- '4

bV,.II

"V

" I

CALC. NO. : -.
DATE

.-

SHEET NO.:

--

_____

Project
Subject
Job IBid no.
Date

PROJECT
Subject
Job I Bid no.
04-JuI-07

Sheet

PLATING CAPACITY
BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF PLATES UNDER COMPRESSION
Support type:

Four sides supported

[N/mm2]
[-I
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[Nlmm2]

Modulus of elasticity:
Poisson's ratio:
Plate thickness:
Plate length:
Plate width:
Yield stress:

210000
0.3
12
750
2250
235

Plate factor k:
Design stress:
b(eff)/t:
Effective width:

11.111
141.0 [Nlmm2]
41.4 k=4.0 is used for b(eff)
496.6 [mm]

(Loaded)

Section of curve:
Critical stress:

C-D
45 [N/rnm2]

Design allowable load:

Design specific allowable load:

1408 [kN]
626 [kNlrn]

.
LOAD

1 1Supported
1

7r

IT

12 mm thick plate

Supported

t t t

.
l

Supported

Supported

t t t

LOAD

2250 [mm]

Calc. Acc. To Blodgett's Design of Welded Structures, Priest-Gilligan curve.

Allowable stress according to AlSC

Last Revision: June 2007

750 [mm]

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :

CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

Project

PROJECT
Subject
Job 1 Bid no.
04-JuI-07

S~bject
Job 1 Bid no.
Date

Sheet

PLATING CAPACITY
BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF PLATES UNDER COMPRESSION

Support type:

Four sides supported

Modulus of elasticity:
Poisson's ratio:
Plate thickness:
Plate length:
Plate width:
Yield stress:

2 10000
0.3
15
750
2250
235

Plate factor k:
Design stress:
b(eff)lt:
Effective width:

11.111
141.0 [N/mm2]
41.4 k=4.0 is used for b(eff)
620.7 [mm]

Section of curve:
Critical stress:

C-D
70 [Nlmm2]

Design allowable load:

Design specific allowable load:

2344 [kN]
1042 [kNlm]

,;

?All.

[Nlmm2]
[-I
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[Nlmm2]

.i o
* s
Q & < l ~' ~+- ~
+ i ; ~ . & ~ ~ , ; ;g- 4
j ~%
A ,-?; rx.cd*~~zq
9 *--*7*2%
T
* &, *--

(Loaded)

,-

c4

C*

i02.j

LOAD

<

2 3 b a Y4

+ \'jig

1 1

1r

Supported

l~

15 mm thick plate
Supported

Supported

t t t

,,

Supported

t t

750 [mm]

LOAD

f 7"Xqp2
2250 [mm]

2340,i.~
A'sb,

ZgZ5a~
\S

reg*
=$\&Fad.

Calc. Acc. To Blodgett's Design of Welded Structures, Pnest-Glll~gancurve

Allowable stress according to AlSC
Last Revision: June 2007

-<,

Project
Subject
Job 1 Bid no.
Date

PROJECT
Subject
Job / Bid no.
04-Jul-07

Sheet

PLATING CAPACITY
BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF PLATES UNDER COMPRESSION

Supported Supported

Support type:

210000
0.3
20
2000
1000
355

Modulus of elasticity:
Poisson's ratio:
Plate thickness:
Plate length:
Plate width:
Yield stress:

[N/mm2]

[-I
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[N/mm2]

4.000
213.0 [N/mm2]
33.7
673.4 [mm]

Plate factor k:
Design stress:
b(eff)/t:
Effective width:

Section of curve:
Critical stress:

B-C
217 [Nlmm2]

Design allowable load:

Design specific allowable load:

3718 [kN]
3718 [kNlm]

7A \\,= q e r a ~ ; i
f

5134";.29i;.2'-;.,""c
k-'r
r =
F-=

<.-.

LOAD

'lr

(Loaded)

[-a.. R

+a0

,:7:

.s, =5< ? - E-.* --

&&=-I

c+

1
20 mm thick plate
2000 [mm]

Supported

Supported

t t t

t t t

Ah

t t

LOAD

1000 [mm]
'2

Calc. Acc. To Blodgett's Design of Welded Structures, Priest-Gilligan curve.

Allowable stress according to AlSC
Last Revision: June 2007

I,

1.

'roject

PROJECT
Subject
Job / Bid no.
04-JuI-07

Subject
lob IBid no.
late

Sheet

PLATING CAPACITY
BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF PLATES UNDER COMPRESSION

Support type:

Supported Supported

2 I0000
0.3
.lo
2000
1000

[N/mm2]
[-I
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
355 [Nlmm2]

Modulus of elasticity:
Poisson's ratio:
Plate thickness:
Plate length:
Plate width:
Yield stress:

(Loaded)

4.000
213.0 [Nlmm2]
33.7
336.7 [mm]

Plate factor k:
Design stress:
b(eff)/t:
Effective width:

C-D
57 [Nlmm2]

Section of curve:
Critical stress:
Design allowable load:
Design specific allowable load:

, ,y

\?

-4

55

O,b&k3h

7 g*>

<=

F "

A t

+%

.5

% 946,

227.i7'7

LOAD

1r

10 mm thick plate
2000 [mm]
Supported

t T t

Suppotfed

t T T

LOAD

1000 [mm]

Calc. Acc. To Blodgett's Design of Welded Structures, Priest-Gilligan curve.

I

Allowable stress according to AISC

Last Revision: June 2007

I
+

II

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.
DATE

p
SHEET NO.: .............! ..........

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

.-

SHEET NO.:

JOBNO.
COMP'D BY
CALC. NO.
DATE

SHEET NO.: ....................

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY : ........................................................................
CALC. NO.

DATE

: .........................................................................

........B................

?.-T

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.: ........ .............

COMP'D BY : ........................................................................
CALC. NO.
DATE

: ..........................................................................

JOBNO.
COMP'D BY
CALC. NO.
DATE

: ..........................................................................

e
l

SHEET NO.: ....... 3......... ...

JOBNO.

: ..........................................................................

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

. ......... ...............................................................

9r
drnB

Metrische schroefdraad

Voor uitvoerige gegevens zie NEN81-11,N E N 1649 en N E N 1870.

spoed
h
0,866~
60" = tophoek
30" = flankhoek

=
=

bout

moer

d
dl
d2

D
Dl
D,

buitenmiddellijn
kernmiddellijn
flankmiddellijn

De schroefdraad is getekend zonder minimum-flankspeling; met minimum-flankspeling

zijn d, d l en d2 kleiner ( D , D l en D, blijven onveranderd).
'

Tabel 18.1 Afmetingen (Nominule maren. Minimum-flankspeling = 0;passing H/h)

FUN (zie NEN 1870)

spoedrceks

GROF (zie NENSI-11)

aanduiding

d =D

dl

Dl

d2 = D2

A,')

mm

mm

mm

an

nun

mm2

1.5
1-75
2
2.5
2.5

10
I2
16
18
20

8.16
9.85
13.55
1493
1693

8 3
10.11
13.84
1529
17.29

9.03
10,86
14.70
16.38
18f 8

MI0
MI2
MI6

MI8
MZO

W:'

iI

x 1

58.0;

0,125
0218
0,553

84.2'

157

aanduiding

M:O x 1 2 5
MI2 x 1.25
MI6 x 1.5
MlZx1.5
&I20 x I3

d=D

dl

mm
~

mrn

ma

125
1.25
1.5
1.5
1.5

10
12
16
18
20

Hicrin is d, = spanningsmiddellijn = 0.5(dl + d2)

Gebruik bij voorkeur de vetgedrukte maten.

Gemiddelde spoedhoek

Bijvoorbeeld: Van M24 met p = 3 mm is a,z

/70

3lC

1.
,.

f___

2,j' ; nauwkeurig 2,48".

8,47<
10,478
14,1$
16.19
18,Iq

....... ..............,..

: Vf S A TETE HEXAGONALE
(Serie ANSI)

._--.-_-_-<

..: %.
......
....-.-:.
.
:_.

.
.

--

--

_
.I-.

1-

t31

..........

-.

: -HEXAGON HEAD BOLTS

i (ANSI
Serie)
__
-.
.

TYPE REG m A R

1 REGULAR TYPE

1970 Draft Revision o f ANSI 18.2.1. 1965

.. .Lz.+...y:.-;.
.
*_._-

.a,.--.:.-.:=-

,
L~_.ii_
.: -.>=..:

&
,;.---.:.. -- -. .
-. -.
.

--.

----I-.?

..

.>=A

Dia Nominal

& de

Nominalsize
or Basic Solt Dia

tige
Scdy Dia

>---.

7:s.y.

Max

: ..... E
.. : q - ~
..i.;-2zz::.
.-,,_,,-.,,,.
,.I.-.
. .-...... --.
........
z,
.--......
...
A
:
.
C

...*.-&,;I..

&.-....-.

1/4 0.2500
5/16 0.3125
318 63750
7/160.4375

hi-

2'1
,-.,,,....* '---=
-:x;.
5/8
-"=Z..&-i--.
.::TF-~T-~;:
... -.. -.
..5
----..-;
-.... ....&.%..
. . .-314
. c.,= . . ~ . ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ?/8

---.
-

-.

0.5000
0.6250
0.7500
0.8750

LSrners

0.260
0,324
0.388
0.452

1 :"2 1
0.515

0.895

Dim mr utgier;
Wa!h A o w s

D i m sur plats
Wfdth Across Flab

Basic

if

5/8

3/4
15/16
1-118
1-5/16

M a

0.438
0.500
0.562
3.625
0.150
0.936
LlZ5
1.312

I Min

Hauteur de !ate
Head height

Basic

1 1
1 1 1 1

11/64
7/32

Min

.Max

0.425
0.484
0.544
0.603

0.505
0.577
0.650
0.722

0.484
0.552
0.620
0.687

0.725 0.866 0.826

0.906 LO83 LO33
LO88 1.299 L240
L269 1516 1.447

- / TYPE EIEAW

1 Max 1 %
.
(
0.188
0.235
0268
0.316

19/64
1/4
11/32
27/64
3

byon
Radius

'

0.364
0.444
0.524
0.604

1 0.150

0.195
0.226
0.272

0.302
0.378
0.455
Io.531

Longueur met&
Thread Length
L<6"
1
L>6"

Max

Min

Zasic

Basic

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.750
0.875
1.000
1.125

1.000
1.125
L25O
1.375

0.03
0.06
0.06
0.06

0.01
0.02

L250
LSOO
L750
2.000

1 :" 1

1
'

1.500
1.730
2.000
2.250

1 HEAVY TYPE
1910 Dridt Revision of ANSI 18.2.1. 1965

Dia No&

N
W size
or Basic Bolt Dia

E
Dia de
ticre
Body Dia

Max

"
r

I .

1 Max /

Min

Max

NOTE: FBetage UNC, UNF ou 8.UNS, selon tableaux

prec6dents
-

-.

Min

I Max /

Basic

NOTE :UNC,
tables
-

-.

Rayon
&djm

:Hauteur de tBte
Head height

i j i r ~mr~ angles
math Across
Corners

Dim. sur plats

Wdth Across .%ts

Baszc

Min

I Max /

Min

X
hnguem file!&

'Ihread h q t h
Lc6"
1
L>6"

Basic

Bait

or 8.UNSthread according to previous

j0B NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

. ..................................

SHEET NO.: ...... 4 .... ......

JOBNO.

...................................

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC.NO.
DATE

SHEET NO.: ......@:...... .....

IXkN

b7iu: 199I - Biz. 15 1

NORMTEKST
BASISEISEN

Tabel 30 - Grenskrachten van bouten

Grensstuikkracht
Fc:":d =

2,5 ac a,,;,

A:, d,,

YM

= 2 ac a,,:,

A,

dbaom

. . . (13.3-5)

Grensafschuifkracht per afschuifvlak

Indien het afschuifvlak door de schacht van de bout gaat:
FWLd = O' 15 A:bd
Y M Ab = 0,48 J:a:aAb

. . . (13.3-6)

Lndien het afschuifvlak door de draad van de bout gaat:

FV;u;d =

Fv;u;d =

A:,,

07 6 a,

A,,

YM

A,:,

0.5 a,,

A,,

YM

= 0,48 ard:,f,:,.

800 N / m 2

. . . (13.3-7)

> 800 N / m 2

. . . (13.3-8)

A,, als

= 0,40 aredir Abiaals fCbid

Grenstrekkracht
FLu:d

FlWd 5

079 a d 2 fr:b:d Ab;r

YM

= 0, 72 ad;z f t b : d Abis

096 x dm t, A:,

YM

. . . (13.3-8a)
. . (13.3-8b)

In forn~ule(13.3-5) tot en met (13.3-8) is:

de rekenwaarde van de treksterkte van het materiaal van het te verbinden onderdeel;
ft;d
de rekenwaarde van de treksterkte van het boutmateriaal;
t
de dike van het beschouwde plaatdeel;
de oppervlakte van de spanningsdoorsnedevan een bout;
Abis
de oppervlakte van de doorsnede van de schacht (gedeelte zonder draad) van een bout:
Ab
A ~ =
4 - d'!b;nom
~
db;nom de nominale boutmiddellijn;
y ~ - de modelfactor; y~ = 1,25;

a,

de stuikfactor en is de kleinste waarde van:

dgpom de nominale gatmiddellijn;

e m de kleinste eindafstand die in de boutgroep, waartoe de bout behoort, voorkomt;
Sl;rnin de kleinste steek die in de boutgroep, waartoe de bout behoort, voorkomt;
dm
de kleinste waarde van het gemiddelde van de rniddellijnen van de in- respectievelijkomgeschreven
cirkel van de boutkop, de moer en de onderlegring (indien aanwezig);
tp
de kleinste waarde van de plaatdikten achter de boutkop en de moer;
ared;1 de reductiefactor voor e2 en s2:
ared;l= 1 indien de randafstand e2 en de afstand s2 voldoen aan: e2 2 1,5 dgLnOm
s2 1 3 dg:norn;
q e d ; l = 0,67 indien de randafstand e2 isZgereduceerdtot e2 = 1,2 dg;nomedof de afstand sz wordt
gereduceerd tots2 = 2,4 dg;nom.
Voor tussenliggende waarden van e2 respectievelijk sz mag bij de bepaling van
lineair zijn
gei'nterpoleerd;
ared;2 de reductiefactor:
voor bouten met gerolde draad;
ar,d;2 = 1
ared;2= 0,85 voor bouten met gesneden draad.
OPMERKING
1 . De rekenwaarde van de treksterkte van het materiaal Ucd)is gegeven in 9.1.1.2;
2. De rekenwaarde van de treksterkte van he&boutrnateriaal Cfr;b;d)
is gegeven in 9.2.1.2.

13.3.3

Overlapte verbindingen van strippen met PPn bout

In een asymmetrische overlapteverbinding met $en bout (figuur 56) moeten onder boutkop en moeronderlegringen zijn aangebracht. Deze verbinding moet zijn getoetst volgens 13.3.2. In formule (13.3-1) mag voor de
grensstuikkracht geen grotere waarde zijn aangehouden dan:

&\
"

LYfil\

",

IU.1YYl

01'.

'+l

NORMTEKST
BASISEISEN

9.1.2

Representatieve waarden

9.1.2.1

Vloeigrens en treksterlcte

9.1.2.1.1 Cortstructiestaal volgens NEN-EN 10025*

Voor de representatieve waarden van de vloeigrens en de treksterkte geldt tabel 2. Deze waarden zijn afhankelijk van de staalsoort en van de dikte t van de betreffende platen, flenzen e.d.
Tabel 2 - Representatieve waarden van de vloeigrens fy:,ep en de trek~terkteA:,~,in ~ l m m ~
Staalsooa volgens 7.1.2a

t540mm

40mm<t5100mm

100mrn<t5250rnm

fy :rep

&rep

fy:rep

Arep

fy:rep

S 235

235

360

215

340

175

320

S 275

275

430

255

410

205

380

S 355

355

510

335

490

275

450

&;rep

waarin:
t is de dikte van een plaatdeel.
V o ~ r f ~ ; ,mogen
,~
in afwijking van de in tabel 2 gegeven waarden, ook de gegarandeerde rninimumwaarden
volgens tabel 5 van NEN-EN 10025*, zijn genomen.
9.1.2.1.2 Consrructiestaal volgens NEN-EN 10113*
Voor de representatieve waarden van de vloeigrens en de treksterkte geldt tabel 3. Deze waarden zijn afhankelijk van de staalsoort en van de dikte t van de betreffende platen, flenzen e.d.
Tabel 3 - Representatieve waarden van de vloeigrens fytRp en de trek~terktef,;,~,in N/mrn2
Staalsoort volgens 7.1.2b

t S 4 0 mm

40rnm<tI70mrn

fy;rep

ft;rep

fy;rep

&rep

S 275

275

360

255

360

S 355

355

450

335

450

waarin:
is de dikte van een plaatdeel.

Voor fyirep mogen in afwijking van de in tabel 3 gegeven waarden, ook de gegarandeerde minirnumwaarden
volgens tabel 3 van NEN-EN 10113-2" (normaal-gegloeidelnormaliserend gewalste staalsoorten) onderscheidelijk tabel 3 van NEN-EN 10113-3* (thermomechanische gewalste staalsoorten) zijn genomen.
9.1.2.1.3 Overige staalsoorten
Als representatieve waarden voor staalsoorten met mechanische eigenschappen die voldoen aan de voorwaarden van 7.1.3, moeten zijn aangehouden de gespecificeerde waarden van de (onderste) vloeigrens en de treksterkte met een 2,3%-onderschrijdingskans bij de betreffende materiaaldikte, bepaald bij een betrouwbaarheidsniveau van 75 %.
Voor het vaststellen van de rnechanische eigenschappen geldt het gestelde in 7.1.4.
9.1.2.2

Elasriciteitsinodulus
De representatieve waarde van de elasticiteitsmodulus van de constructiestaalsoorten, die voldoen aan 7.1 is:
Ere, = 2 10 000 N/rnrn2

9.1.2.3

Afschuiviizgsnzodulus
De representatieve waarde van de afschuivingsmodulus van de constructiestaalsoorten, die voldoen aan 7.1
is:

Voor de juiste uitgave van deze norm, zie bijlage A.

NEN 677U:lYY/ - filz.43

NORMTEKST
BASISEISEN

9.1.2.4

9.1.2.5

Poissonfaetor
De representatieve waarde van de Poissonfactor van de constructiestaalsoorten,die voldoen aan 7.1 is:
YE, = 073
Lineaire uitzettingscoeflcient
De representatieve waarde van de lineaire uitzettingscoefficient van de constructiestaalsoorten, die voldoen
aan 7.1 is:

9.2

Bouten

9.2.1

Rekenwaarden

9.2.1.1

Vloeigrens of 0,2%-rekgrens voor bouten

Voor de rekenwaarde van de vloeigrens of 0,2%-rekgrens van bouten geldt:

waarin:
fyibirep

y,

9.2.1.2

is de rekenwaarde van de vloeigrens of 0,2%-rekgrens van schroefbouten;

is de representatieve waarde van de vloeigrens van schroefbouten volgens 9.2.2;
is de materiaalfactor;y, = 1.

Treksterkte voor bouten

Voor de rekenwaarde van de treksterkte van bouten geldt:

waarin:

ft;b;d is de rekenwaarde van de txeksterkte van schroefbouten;

frZbirep is de representatieve waarde van de treksterkte van schroefbouten volgens 9.2.2;
is de materiaalfactor;y, = 1.
Representatieve waarden van de vloeigrens of 0,2%-rekgrens en de treksterkte voor bouten
Voor de representatieve waarden van de vloeigrens of 0,2%-rekgrensfy;b;,ep en van de treksterktefr;b;,,p voor
bouten geldt tabel 4.

y,

9.2.2

Tabel 4 - Representatieve waarden fyibiRp

9.3

Sterkteklasse

4.6

5.6

6.8

8.8

10.9

fy:b;rep

240

300

480

640

900

ft;b;rep

400

500

600

800

1000

Overige materiaaleigenschappen
Hiervoor geldt hoofdstuk 9 van NEN 6772*

"

van bouten, in ~ / r n m ~

Voor de juiste uitgave van deze norm, zie bijlage A.

JOB NO.

.k% ...........

: .........................................................................

SHEET NO.: .......

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: .......................................................................

DATE

bout

p = spoed
h = 0,866~
60" = tophoek
30" = flankhoek

moer
buitenmiddellijn
kernmiddellijn
flankmiddellijn

JOB NO.

i.3......

: .........................................................................

SHEET NO.: ........

COMP'D BY : .........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ........................................................................

DATE

,+-. ,
-

& \ 3 ;+:%&-:

-=-I

Mi-

.-

VW;5.p-'

tflw
\ p ~+4
gy-

->

*
,
A
Z
k
4 $6

-$
cTg
s

$t-i

P--"
KG&

k,%

d
.
J

t/

j *@
fq 'a
@*@S

g%22

sss

$.r.LJ11w3

r.5

&gJ

t -

L,

\kk\RGpJ2

, - l F Z q-'rea
g zcq&

JOBNO.

: ........................................................................

COMP'D BY : .........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: .........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

JOBNO.

\%.......

SHEET NO.: .......

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

a f s c h u i f v l a k door de -draad

__9

\ afschuifvlak

door de s c h a c h t

Figuur 55 - Afschuifvlak door draad en schacht

YM

is de modelfactor; y M = 1,25.

Figuur 56 - Asymmetrische overlapte verbinding met 6Cn bout

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

\.&

SHEET NO.: ......

...... . ,

1.

INTRODUCTION

In the recent past we had some jobs involving clamped and bolted
connections. One of these, involving a clamped brace to
strengthen a damaged platform, has been extensively discussed
within Marcon as well as with third parties ,
[Bureau Veritas)
This note is not intended to review all the wrong assumptions
that were made at one time or another. Rather this note is
intended to provide guidance in new applications of clamped
connections and pretensioned bolts.

PRETENSSONED BOLTS

The basic principle with regard to pretensioned bolts is outlined

on the basis of the example in illustration 1:

is an external force acting on the bolted eyepiece.

is the pretension force in the bolts.
FP
is the contact pressure between the wall and the eyepiece.
is the contact area between wall and eyepiece.
A
n
is the number of bolts.
For equilibrium of the eyepiece the following condition must be
satisfied:
n x F p + C x A + F = O
(1)
F

If F

= 0

then e x A is equal and opposite in sign to n x

Fp.

---

- - .-_- -- ..
- .

As long as the bolts are not elongated, F remains unchanged.

Consequently F, only ~ - e a s - wwhen
F excee8s n x F,. AS long as
F < n x F, the only change in the situation of the eyepiece is
that the contact pressure @ is reduced from n x F,/A to (n x Fp F)/ A *
Conclusions:
1.
Bolt tension is not increased unless the total outside
force exceeds and opposes the total bolt pretension.
2.
The contact pressure between two elements fastened by
-wetensioned bolts is affected by outside forces according
to equation (1)

3.

CLAMPED CONNECTIONS

It is assumed that the intention of a clamped connection is to

avoid movement between the elements that are connected.
Furthermore it is assumed that in a clamped connection the
transmission of forces and moments will be realized through the
creneration of friction between the clamp and the element to which
it is attached.
However, friction cannot cater for forces normal to the clamp
area, in which case equation (1) applies.
4.

FRICTIONS

Friction force may be considered a reaction force in the sense

that it is not a force as such but a resistance to movement
initiated by an outside force. As such friction force is the
maximum value of the outside force needed to overcome friction
and initiate movement between the elements which are connected.
This friction force may be calculated as follows:
F,

fads

(2)

For the situation where two flat plates are clamped together
(illustration 2). The friction force equals the
total force applied normal to the contact surface multiplied by
the friction factor (f).
Note that the shear strength of the bolts is not applicable on
this situation as friction is assumed to prevent all motion
between the two elements. Therefore the bolts are not subject to
shear load.
Friction area
It is important to consider the contact area which must provide
the friction force. In this respect the example in illustration
3A and B is revealing. The coathook in illustration 3A is clamped
to the wall by a bolt passing through it without a washer of any
significance. The bolt of the coathook in illustration 3 8 is
backed by a washer of the same size of the hook plate itself.
Application of equation (1) shows that the situation in

-F

-C-

Illustration 2
.-

. --

. ..

. .-. .

Illustration 3

illustration 3A and B are the same as far as the coathook is

concerned. If both bolts are pretensioned to the same tension the
pressure between coathookand wall is the same too. The maximum
allowable force parallel to the wall in both cases (if no
movement is allowed) ,istherefore the same too.
Only when the coathook slips (and the hole in the wall is large
enough to avoid shear in'the bolt) will the bediyng plate in
illustration 3 B assist to keep the coathook on place.
Conclusion:
if' we design to avoid relative movement between
the clamped elements then the friction force only
acts on the element which is loaded.

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.

...................................

SHEET NO.:

....................................

DATE

gebied waar de overdracht

van de kracht door wrijving
plaatsvindt (Zkrachten = F)

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

: .......................................................................

COMP'D BY : ........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: .....................................................................

DATE

.........................................................................

A. Voorspannen met b e h u l p . v a n momentsleutels.

a. Het g e b r u i k van een 2 . g . m e e t s l e u t e l .

Op de s l e u t e l b e v i n d t z i c h een w i j z e r d i e a a n g e e f t welk wringena koppel
men met de s l e u t e l u i t o e f e n t . F i g u u r 3.36 g e e f t een mogelijke ultvoeringsvorm. De vervorming van een b u i g s t a a f A t e n opzichte van een
o n b e l a s t e w i j z e r s t a a f 3 i s een maat voor de g r o o t t e van h e t uitgeoefende
aanhaalkoppel: h e t aanhaalmoment.

Figurn 3.36.
Uitvoeringsvo-m van een meets Zeute 2 .
b . Het gebruik van een z.g. m a x i m a a l s l e u t e l .
Een m a x i m a a l s l e u t e l kan men i n s t e l l e n op een bepaald u i t t e oefenen
aanhaalkoppel. O v e r s c h r i j d t men d i t k o p p e l dan s l i p t de s l e u t e l .
Figuur 3.37 g e e f t een mogelijke u i t v o e r i n g s v o r m . Via een h e f ~ o o m s t e l s e l wordt de v e r d r a a i i n g van de s l e u t e l d o p omgezet i n de indrukk i n g van een drukveer. Wordt de i n d r u k k i n g t e hoog dan k n i k t de veer

..-.

Figum 3.37.
Uitvoeringsvorm van een m~4maaZsZeute 2.

c . Het g e b r u i k van pneumatisch gereedschap

D i t z i j n i n wezen l u c h t b e k r a c h t i g d e m a x i m a a l s l e u ~ e l s . E r z i j n vers c h i l l e n d e uitvoeringsvormen, welke h i e r n i e t b e s p o k e n worden.
Ze worden aangeduid met pneumatische s c h o k m o e r s l e u t e l s .
De s p r e i d i n g van de voorspznning i s b i j e e n goede u i t v o e r i n g i n
d e z e l f d e o r d e van g r o o ~ t ea l s b i j methode b , omdat de g r o o t t e van
h e t a f s t e l k o p p e l op d e z e l f d e w i j z e berekend wordt.

zi

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.:

: .......................................................................

COMP'D BY : .........................................................................

CALC. NO.

: ................................... ......................................

DATE

..........................................................................

Figuur 3.38a g e e f t een indruk van de o p t r e d e n d e s p r e i d i n g b i j h e t

aanhalen van een M 12-bout met een m e e t s l e u t e l volgens h e t p r i n c i p e
van f i g u u r 3.36.

-voorspanning

in bout (N/rnm2 )

Figuu-r, 3.38.
a. Spreiding i n de aanhaalspanning
b i j 50 met een momentsZeuteZ
aangehaalde bouten, onder
dezeZfde omstandigheden. S t r e e f waarde 450 fl/nnn2. Boutafme t i n g
M 12 x 50, nedur 8.8.

Men b a s e e r t z i c h b i j de berekening van de v e r e i s t e g r o o t t e van h e t

aanhaalkoppel i n h e t algemeen op de gemiddelde waarden van de w r i j vingscoGfficiGnten v en pa. Door de g r o t e s p r e i d i n g i n de w r i j v i n g s c o e f f i c i g n t e n z a l b i j h e t aandraaien t o t d i t berekende koppel een
g r o t e s p r e i d i n g i n de voorspankracht kunnen o n t s t a a n , z o a l s i n
f i g u u r 3.38b i n h e t trekkracht-diagram van een hoogwaardig s t a l e n
bout i s aangegeven.

Momentsleutels z i j n dan ook a l l e e n g e s c h i k t a l s d e v e r e i s t e voorspankracht n i e t t e g r o o t i s ( b . v . maximaal g e l i j k aan de helf-t van

de b r e e k k r a c h t van de bout 1.

.e3
-&"C

JOBNO.

SHEET NO..

: ........................................................................

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

2 . Voorspannen met d i r e c t e c o n t r c l e van de voorspankracht FVL

B i j deze methode wordt de moer l o s j e s op de b o u ~g e d r a a i d . Door middel
van een h y d r a u l i s c h t r e k a p p m a a t , e a t a a ~ g e s l o t e nwordt op h e t boven de
moer u i t s t e k e n d e d r a a d g e d e e l t e en a f g e s t e u n d op de t e verbinden d e l e n ,
worcit d e v e r e i s t e voorspankracht opgewekt. Hierna wordt de moer v e r d e r
t o t op de t e verbinden d e l e n geschroefd. Ontkoppelt men h e t a p p a r a a t , dan
b l i j f t de voorspankracht aanwezig. Op deze w i j z e o m z e i l t men de' onnauwkeurigheden i n de w r i j v i n g s c o Z f f i c i E n t e n . De methode i s e c h t e r t i j d rovend en ongeschikt voor massmontage.
C. Voorspannen met behulp van een lengtemeting.

Volgens de wet van Hooke g e l d t i n h e t e l a s t i s c h e gebied t u s s e n boutverl e n g i n g en v ~ o r s p a n ~ k r a c hhte t volgende verband:

waarin:

AL
L

boutverlenging

= o o r s p r o n k e l i j k e l e n g t e van h e t g e d e e l t e waarin de
voorspankracht g a t t werken

E = elasticiteitsmodulils boutmateriaal

A = oppervlak dwarsdoorsneae.
De v e r a n d e r i n g van de b o u t l e n g t e i s dus r e c h t e v e n r e d i g met de voorspankracht

a . Het opmeten van b o u t l e n g t e v56r en na d e montage.

D i t i s een z e e r goede methode,
h e t g e e n u i t f i g u u r 3.39 b l i j k ~ .
De methode i s eveneens t i j a r o vend en vaak door de onbereikb a a r h e i d voor h e t meetgereedschap o n u i t v o e r b a a r .

Figuur 3 . 3 9 .
Spreiding i n de amhaalspanning
b i j 50 bouten tleZke t o t 0,7 mrn
verlenging u r n de bout z i j n
aangedraaid. Streefwaarde
4 50 fl/mm2. Boutafmeting
M 72 z 60, nedur 8 . 8 .
-voorspanning

i n bout ( ~ / r n r n)~

SHEET NO.:

JOBNO.
COMP'D BY : ........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

b . Het t o e p a s s e n van een bout met i n de kern een s p e c i a l e weerstandsdraad. Deze draad r e k t met de bout mee. Hierdoor v e r a n d e r t de elekt r i s c h e weerstand van deze draad.
Wanneer men stroom d o o r l a a t , i s de a a n w i j z i n g van een galvanometer
een maat voor de voorspankracht i n de b o u t .

D. Voorspannen met behuip van de hoekverdraaiingsmethode.

H i e r b i j wordt de moer met de hand a a n g e d r a a i d t o t d a t de d e l e n op e l k a a r
l i g g e n . Daarna wordt de moer met een s l e u t e l v e r d e r gedraaid over een
bepaalde hoek, waardoor de bout wordt g e r e k t . Hoekverdraaiing en r e k z i j n
r e c b t e v e n r e d i g . De methode g e e f t s p r e i d i n g e n i n d e z e l f d e o r d e g r o o t t e a l s
van
onder A. genoemd, hetgeen u i t f i g u u r 3.40a b l i j k t . Zie.- .ook: . Concept
-Normcommissie 1 0 4 , en de EuropZische R i c h t i i niZn &CM-X-70-8~

-0.' 35 -

I
I

-Y

C
01

I
I

$30-

Y.

20

95 10 -

5-

0 4~l

"

~ 0 ~ 0 u J 0 ~ 0 u J 0 m
~ m r n - ? * L n m m m e - a J a 3

-voorspanning

in bout (bJ/rnrn2

-Piguur 3 . 4 0 ~ ~ .
Spreiding i n de aanhaaZspanning
b i j 50 bouten weZh z i j n aangedraaid over 60 na hcndvast
aanzetten. StreeJ%aarde 450
iV/non2. Bov.ta$~eting: M 1 2 x 50,
nedur 8.8.
u

24

HL SERIES
BOLT TENSIONERS

.
g*
.
,
-A+
.
*>
:.

.+
s--

BOLT TENSIONERS
THE FAST SIMPLE SAFE AND
ACCURATE METHOD OF TIGHTENING
BOLTS AND STUDS

-4

VERSATILE COMPACT DESIGN

ENSURES MAXIMUM ECONOMY
OVER ANY GIVEN SIZE RANGE

TO FLAT

DIMENSIONS AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

1'1No.
Colour
Code

Boll
Dia.
in

Bolt
Dia.
mm

Max Work

Load
Ibs
(Tons)

1
30499
3/1" M I 8
(13.61)
M20
MAROON 718" M22
01
1"
M24
51176
DK. GREEN 1118" M27
(22.85)
I
M30
78303
1114'' M33
(34.96)
DK. BLUE 1318" M36
2
111P M33
96103
131~" M36
(42.90)
ORANGE 1112'' M39
3
1112" M39
132805
15/8 M42
(59.29)
BLACK
1~14" M45
4
15/6" M42 177126
1314'' M45
(79.071
171: ~ 4 8
.2
M52
RED
5
1716'' M48 222346
2Vd52
(99.26)
2114" hf56
GREY
6
2118 M56 286399
ME0 (127.86)
WHITE
2112" M64
7
2112" M64 358342
ME8 (159.98)
BROWN 2314" M72
8
2314" M72 411765
LT. GREEN 3"
M76 (183.82)
8.5
3"
M76 489462
M80 (218.51)
3114" M85
LT BLUE 3112" M9O
10
3314" M95 587655
4" MlOO (262.351
GOLD

kN

A
Ektive

O.D.
in

mm

136

2.10

1357

2.89

73.5

228

3.53

2277

3.39

86

348

P40

3484

4.21

107

428

6.63

4276

4.53

115

591

9.16

5909

5.28

134

788

12.21

7881

5.91

150

989

15.33

9893

8.57

167

1274

19.75

12 743

7.48

190

1594

24.71

15 944

8.19

208

1 832

28.40

18 321

8.74

222

2 178

33.75

21 778

9.41

239

2615

40.53

26147

10.87

276

02

Hydraulic
Pressure
Area
in'
m d

-~

B
Min
Pitch
in
mm

1.93
1.93
2.01
2.01
2.32
2.36
2.84
2.87
2.99
3.03
3.07
3.15
3.50
3.58
3.70
3.90
3.98
4.02
4.13
4.33
4.41
4.69
4.88
5.16
5.16
5.35
5.75
5.75
5.91
6.18
6.34
6.42
6.89
6.97
7.95
8.35

C
in

49 ,093
49 0.93
51
1.04
51
1.04
59 1.16
60
1.26
72
1.42
73 1.42
76 1.54
77 1.42
78 1.54
80
1.65
89 1.65
91
1.77
94
1.93
99
1.77
101 1.93
102 201
105 2.13
110 2.01
112 2.13
119 2.32
124 2.32
131 2.56
131 2.56
136 2.56
146 2.80
146 2.80
150 2.80
157 3.03
161 3.03
163 3.03
175 3.43
177 3.66
202 3.90
212 4.13

D
mm

in

mm

23.5
23.5
26.5
26.5
29.5
32
36
36
39
36
39
42
42
45
49
45
49
51
54
51
54
59
59
65
65
65
71
71
71
77
77
77
87
93
99
105

6.30
6.30
6.30
6.30
7.09
7.28
7.76
7.76
7.87
7.83
7.95
8.39
8.35
8.43
8.54
8.50
8.62
8.74
8.86
8.74
8.86
9.09
9.49
9.76
9.76
9.92
10.16
10.16
10.16
10.43
10.51
10.51
10.78
71.06
11.65
11.89

160
160
160
160
180
185
197
197
200
199
202
213
212
214
217
216
219
222
225
222
225
231
241
248
248
252
258
258
258
265
267
274
274
281
296
302

Weighl of
Head and
Bridge
Ibs
kg

3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
5.1
5.2
7.7
7.7
7.6
8.8
8.6
9.7
11.5
12.5
13.2
15.4
15.4
15.4
16.5
17.6
18.4
19.8
23.2
25.4
25.4
27.6
30.9
30.9
35.3
37.5
46.3
46.3
48.5
47.4
110.0
118.8

1.45
1.45
1.48
1.48
2.31
2.34
3.46
3.46
3.42
3.93
3.89
4.40
5.36
5.70
5.80
6.90
7.00
7.20
7.50
8.05
8.35
9.12
10.67
11.27
11.27
12.67
14.15
14.15
15.55
17.80
20.80
20.80
22.60
22.10
50.00
54.00

NOTES
'Ram Stroke is 15mm (0.59") Except 02 which is
6mm (0.24") and 01 which is 8mm (0.32"). Longer
stroke is available on request.
'All tools except N o 8.5. 3%" M 9 0 , and No. 10, are
designed to develop a minimum bolt stress of 432
N/mm2 (28 ton/in2) before transfer of the load
to the nut.

'Maximum working load is developed when an oil

pressure of I000 bar (14.500 p.s.i.) is appl~ed.

'7 hread engagement equals one x bolt diameter

minimum and chart assumes nut height is equal to
one diameter.

N O N STANDARD TOOLING The above range is for

customer guidance only Special designs and alternative
sizes are available ar no exrra c a r .
HTD 101 5/91

Hydra-Tight Limited -Product Sales Division

Head Offlce
M o u n t R o a d , B u r n t w o o d , Walsall,
W e s t M i d l a n d s W S 7 OA]. E n g l a n d
T e l e p h o n e : (0543) 6 7 7 1 5 1 . Telex: 9 3 1 2 1 1 0290 B T G.
T e l e f a x : (0543) 6 7 3 0 1 0 . E M a i l : 7 6 : F L L I 7 0 .

Aberdeen Office
W e l l h e a d s I n d u s t r i a l Estate. D y c e , A b e r d e e n A52 O G A .
T e l e p h o n e : (0224) 7 7 0 7 3 9 . Telex: 9 3 1 2 1 0 2 0 1 5 H A G .
Telefax: ( 0 2 2 4 ) 7 2 41 7 5
HYDRATIGHT" is rhe regisrered rrade mark of
Hydra-Tight Limited.

$8
m

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

SHEET NO.: .

,........

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

Tc~bel2.8 Geriliddelde +c~onrdeu

vnrl de ieoorspanh~nchtaj7lar1kelijl;
1>nr1de belnstilig per bout

pg

Gegevens scllroefbouten in r i ~ i m g
ea t e n

Gatmiddellijn:
d , = d 4 - 1 mm

Steelt:
"t = min. 2,5 d,
max. 7 d, of 14 s
normaal E 3 d,

Randafstand:
a1 = 1nl11.1,2 d,
max. 3 d,, of 6 s
normaal z (?,5
2)

d,
- ..............-.-

Spanningen:

_*

,__
_

Randofstand

--

- ---

- --- -

- ----

T o e l a a t b a r e lcracliten p e r schroefbout i n r u i t n e g a t e n

at $ 1

ltlasse 8.8, i n Fe 360,

als o I 2 1,s
C

.art)
* apt)
tccrnS1
.aeZ),
a, S 1,4
ncZ)
an 5 I,75 * ac7)

---- - --

(2) .
=,n ;A.a*

fl, = n

Fa

Ft = n . A, .at
Fc = 2 / F t Z $ 2 . F , , 2 = n - A s . a l

i n r i c l ~ t i n gvan boucas

bij comb. van Ft en Fa

.
-

afscl~uiving
-

--

,._.:\

-x

Rekenbelasting :

1.5

Voorspanltraclit:
i n clke bout

'

Aandraaimoment:
van elke bout
Toelaatbare kracht:
in richting 1boutas

M,

~II,

,i n richting van boutas '<irs

bij comb. van Fiv en FT

. (2) -

FN

. -h
f . (Fn. - F;,.)
FnI ger. = n - (2) .
v
= n 0,7

10

12

15

Pa

20

'

Pt

XN

ItN

Hierin is:
n = aantal boutcn
f = wrijvingsco8ffici$nt,
onbehandeld staal f = 0,3
door meclianisch stralen
gereinigd staal f = 0.5
v = veiliglieid
v = 1,25

'i -

o , FCI
~

I van boutas

Ioodrccl~top b511tos

'

~~3xgYx

MI2
MI6
M2O
L M22
~~
M27

--

volgcnde gevallcn:

f = 0.3 en v = 1,25
1~1.8.8
Itl. 10.9
enkcl- dubbel- enkel- dubbelsncdig snedig snedig snedig

drood

=n

ItN

Toefootbore kr ocht per voors~~onbout

in riclitirlg :

irt

FN.0,18-d

F,, z

Randafstand:
o l = min. 2 .-d

.0,8 .an,,

F,1 I
ItN

,. T o e l a a t b a r e l t r a c l ~ t e np e r voorspanbout 1

rekenbelasting bereltend met 11 = 1'5

= A,

dubbelsncdig

(!<(.-r.i3

---

enkelsnedig

trek

Frz35"l5&1=
'97GI
. - ...............

........-.

Gegevens voorspanbouten
Stcelt:
t = min. 3 . d

stctik
bij een plootdikte in mrn vorl

Scltrocfdrood

Voor spanningcn:
zie tabcl tiierboven
._

Gatmlddellijn:
d,=d$2mm

...

.....-...............

Toelootbore kracht per schroefbout indieri belost 01)

t-ticrin is:
11 = aantal boutcri

-.-............

dl,

...--....-.

.........

1) voor scl~roefboutenvan klasse 8.8 is a, = 560 N/mmE (zie voetnoot tabel a c pag. 45)
2) voor rnateriaal Fe 360 is a, = 240 N/mmz (zie tabel o o pag. 45)
Toelaatbare kracht:
i n ricliting 1 boutas

.-.....-...

--

-1- flanltmlddellijr~)

--

normale waarde

. (Iternrniddellijn

Sponnirtg

.r 5 0,7

a1 2 1,2 d,
01 2 1,s. d,
a 1 1 2 .d,
--

- --

1) d, = 0,5

f = 0.5 en v = 1'25
Itl. 8.8
ltl. 10.9
enkel- dubbcl- enkel- dubbelsnedig sncdig sncdig snedig

Itl. 8.8 ltl. 10.9

JOBNO.

FPIQ
SHEET NO.: ......&..& ..... .....

COMP'D BY :
CALLNO.

DATE

gebied waar de overdracht

van de krachl door wrijving

plaatsvindt (Z krachten = F)

=G

&,

JOB NO.

%A
SHEET NO.: ..............

: .................................... ....................................

COMP'D BY : .......................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ........................................................................

DATE

..........................................................................

WRIJVINGSCOEFFICIENT
Uit forrnule

ziet men dat de toelaatbare belasting

Ps

recht evenredig

is met de wrijvingscoefficient. Deze is sterk afhankelijk van de staalIwaliteit,

microvertanding - en de oppervlakte gesteldheid.

De contactvlakken rnoeten goed mechanisch gereinigd worden en daarna

vrij blijven van olie en verf (dus geen boorolie gebruiken bij het boren
van de gaten).
Eventueel gevormde vliegroest in de tijd tussen de mechanische reiniging
en het moment van monteren, moet verwijderd worden door middel van
bijvoorbeeld een schone staalborstel.
Bij dergelijke goed gereinigde contactvlakken mag men de volgende
waarde als wrijvingscoefficient aanhouden:
. . . . . . .
Voor St. 37
St.42
.
.
.
.
.
St. 50152 .
.
.
.
.
Voor onbehandeld staal geldt

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

p = 0.45
p=0.52
p = 0.60
p = 0.30

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

SHEET NO.:

F
&'

+!

f=

SHEET NO..

&$%

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC.NO.
DATE

SHEET NO.:

93

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.: ......3.9

.........

: .........................................................................

COMP'D BY : ........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: .......................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

Figuur 3 . 4 5
Vomercmdering boutverbinding onder
voorspanning en
bedri jfsbe lasting.

.n

I n , f i g u u r 3.45a i s een verbinding g e s c h e t s t bestaande u i t twee r i n g e n weike door middel van een bout met moer op e l k a a r b e v e s t i g d worden. Over h e t
g r o o t s t e g e d e e l t e i s de buitendiameter van de r i n g e n zo gekozen d a t de
boutkop en de moer de ringdoorsnede volkomen bedekken. S l e c h t s aan 'de eindviakken is een i e t s u i t s t e k e n d e kraag van t e verwaarlozen d i k t e aangebracht
met h e t doe1 de b e i d e r i n g e n vaneen t e kunnen t r e k k e n . De u i t g a n g s t o e s t a n d
k i e z e n we z o , d a t de moer de t e verbinden r i n g e n nog n i e t r a a k t .
D r a a i t men de bout v a s t dan z a l de voorspankracht Fv g e l e i d e l i j k worden
b e r e i k t i s . H i e r b i j r e k t de boutopgebouwd t o t de eindwaarde Fv
(eind)
s t e e l een bedrag ALb en worden de r i n g e n s t e r k opeengedrukt, waardoor hun
gezameniijkediktevermindert met een bedrag ALP, z o a l s i n f i g u u r 3.45b
i s aangegeven.
Zolang de spanning i n de c o n s t r u c t i e d e l e n beneden de v l o e i g r e n s o f de 0 , 2 r e k g r e n s b l i j f t kan h e t verband t u s s e n voorspankracht en l e n g t e v e r a n d e r i n g
beschreven worden door de Wet van Hooke:
<
.
Fv. ll

All

=- EA

en z i j n de b o u t v e r l e n g i n g en de r i n g d i k t e v e r m i n d e r i n g r e c h t e v e n r e d i g met de
voorspankracht. Het verband t u s s e n de voorspankracht Fv en de boutverl e n g i n g , r e s p . t o t a l e ringdikte-vermindering, i s i n f i g u u r 3.46a en b
.

JOBNO.

SHEET NO.:

: ...................................................................

COMP'D BY : ......................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

...........................................................................

Figuur 3.46.
KrachtverdeZing bedrijfsbeZasting
bij voorgespannen boutverbinding.
aangegeven. I n b e i d e diagrammen i s de eindwaarde van F

V(e i n d ) vanzelfsprekend evengroot (krachten-evenwicht). S c h u i f t men de diagrammen tegen e l k a a r

dan o n t s t a a t f i g u u r 3.46c, h e t 2.g. diagram van Rgtscher.

De waarden van AEb en ALP kunnen u i t de bout- r e s p . ringafmetingen gevonden

worden :

ALb -

(eind) ( 'steel

Eb

waarin :

t 'draad

As

Aste e l

= s t e e l l e n g t e bout i n ongespannen t o e s t a n d

'steel

'draad

l e n g t e d r a a d g e d e e l t e onder de t e verbinden d e l e n met

rakende moer i n ongespannen t o e s t a n d ( f i g u u r 3.45a)

= o p p e r v l a k t e s t e e l doorsnede
= spanningsdoorsnede d r a a d g e d e e l t e
Eb = e l a s t i c i t e i t s m o d u l u s b o u t m a t e r i a a l

Asteel
As

en

AR

'v( e i n d
P =Ep

S1

;(dr2 -

52

d 2;
g

waarin
sl en 5 2

r i n g d i k t e n i n ongespannen t o e s t a n d
( s l :' S2 =
'steel
'draad 1
+

= ringbuitenmiddellijn
d = gatmiddellijn
g
E = elasticiteitsmodulus ringmateriaal
d

&&

JOB NO.

: ....................................................................

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY : .........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: .......................................................................

DATE

..........................................................................

B e l a s t men vervolgens de c o n s t r u c t i e op de ringeindvlakken met een k r a c h t Fb

( b e d r i j f s k r a c h t ) , z o a l s i n f i g u u r 3 . 4 5 ~i s aangegeven , dan z a l de bout v e r d e r
gaan verlengen met een bedrag A t . Hierdoor neemt de b o u t b e l a s t i n g l i n e a i r
t o e met een bedrag AFb, z o a l s i n f i g u u r 3.46a i s aangegeven.
Tevens z u l l e n d e r i n g e n over d e z e l f d e a f s t a n d A R expanderen,
Daarbij z a l de a a n l e g d r u k ' i n de verbinding l i n e a i r met een bedrag AFb
afnemen, z i e f i g u u r 3.46b.
2
De b e d r i j f s k r a c h t Fb komt dus n i e t g e h e e l voor r e k e n i n g van de b o u t , noch
van de aanlegdruk t u s s e n de r i n g e n , doch wordt verdeeld.
I n h e t ineengeschoven diagram van f i g u u r 3 . 4 6 ~i s d i t sarnenspel d u i d e l i j k
aangegeven. I n deze f i g u u r moet gelden:

Uit deze l a a t s t e f i g u u r b l i j k t d a t de maximale b o u t b e l a s t i n g Fv(eind) +AFb

b e d r a a g t , t e r w i j l t u s s e n de ringen een aandrukkracht Fv(eind)

'AFb2 = F r e s t
b l i j f t b e s t a a n . Deze r e s t k r a c h t mag n i e t t e k l e i n worden, d i t om een goede
p o s i t i o n e r i n g van de d e l e n t e a l l e n t i j d e t e waarborgen en om b i j construct i e s d i e t e v e n s dwarskrachten moeten overbrengen deze door de w r i j v i n g Tuss e n de d e l e n o v e r t e kunnen dragen. Ook b i j f l e n s v e r b i n d i n g e n , w a a r b i j een
minimum aandrukkracht v e r e i s t i s voor een goede a f d i c h t i n g , s p e e l t deze
r e s t k r a c h t een g r o t e r o l .
Men k i e s t daarom b i j de ontwerpberekening de g r o o t t e van de voorspsnkracht
zodanig, d a t
I

De door de voorspankracht Fv(eind) veroorzaakte voorspanning i n de bout mag

d a a r b i j 70% van de 0,2-rekgrenswaarde bedragen :

Behalve door de t r e k s p a n n i n g t e n gevolge van de a a n h a a l k r a c h t en de wringspanning t e n gevolge van h e t aanhaalkoppel, wordt de bout e x t r a b e l a s t door
de b e d r i j f s k r a c h t , zodat de t o e l a a t b a r e waarde v a c a, 10% van de 0,2-rekgrenswaarde l a g e r genomen wordt dan b i j c o n s t r u c t i e s welke u i t s l u i t e n d i n
hun v l a k b e l a s t z i j n ( p a r a g r a a f 3.13).

3~~

JOBNO.
COMP'D BY
CALC. NO.
DATE

SHEET NO.:

3.f3

&a

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY :
CALC. NO. :
DATE

SHEET NO.:

-.-%........

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY : _---_

- ._..

CALC. NO. : __--_

_

DATE

. --

- - ------ ---

__

SHEET NO.:

A.s...

_--_
-_-_

- - --- -

5 . G

DF

f
4e\iSip+14
p =
/

0,Qd % ~ ~ 6 ~ 3

,? rn

h ~ ~
APT;by
~ ~ g

1B \ ~ H E R *@L\
F=l

4I

SHEET NO.: ..................

......

JOBNO.

COMP'D BY

CALC.NO.

DATE

SHEET NO.:

i n
-*L-

Lot no, mark

0u

DTI I N 5 T A L L A T I O N

Ga

snug t h e plies,
t h e DTI.
go home

Here's what you do: * ,ornp,ss

Grade Mark

~ i g . @ T h i 5 i 5 one way t o u s e a DTI:

applied
bolting

Make sure the bolt head

has been tensioned

Structural Bolt.

We recommend a
You don't actually
Use a 2 H o r DH n u t .
(avoid a grade "C" o r s o f t n u t )

Fig.

stick through...
but a little is good*
nut with any
Just overcome t h e turning resistance.

This is another way t o use a DTI

sometimes referred by steel erectors

(In the pa$, this use the be the last resort. Not any more, Our DTI's
are designed t o be p u t here. 50, go ahead, p u t r t on the n u t s~de!)

-------

You can also use DTI 5 on zhe head end of a boli when the head is iurned,
ano you can use a Dm wi~ha iu~rst-offbolt - cal! for special insTruct~ons

I f you have any o t h e r qLestloris a b o u t D T I s In any application please call:

Applied B o l t i n g Technology P r o d u c t s Inc. 1 - 8 0 0 - 5 5 2 - 1 9 9 9

V i s i t o u r web s i t e @ w w w , a p p l i e d b o l t i n g . c o m

CINE M A N DTI INSTALLATION

7-\NO M A N DTI INSTALLATION

Ttte i r l s t r ~ ~ c t t o ~ j;tbo\re
:,
nro sit'~t[)lifietinlirl rnny h;i,~f? to I)(?
niotlifiecl f()r ! ~ : t l \ ~ ~ ~ n l :1)olts
~ e t l ;inrl DTI':; Cortsltll
o t t t . rlet;rtlt:tf
itl:,l;~ll;tl~or~sllot?t p;~i:ko(l 111 r!vc!ry kog o f I l l l ' s
wlttclt I:; ;1vi1ilabll! on cjur weltstto at
I~tt),:llwww.n~~~lictlboltin~.c~m/fit~(?~,,rlrit.lt~rl
ant1 :+I littp:llwww.a~~plicdboltinc~.comlpdflit~st~orig.p~1f

(,I

--

G+- Standard DTl's

Standard and %elflndiceilng DTl's

Available from stock.

- Self-Indicating (Squirters)
Available from stock

@ - Both available from stock.

:Q- Standard DTl's

Manufactured. Not always in stock.

112"

a@-

Manufactured. Not always in stock.

AS
@

4 - Self-Indicating (Squirters)

1750

See Noie 1

518"

1250

Not available.

1750

1250

Ses Note 1
1

Manufacturing contemplated,
please inquire

Notes:
1. Available in A490 strength. made to

A325 dimensions.
Allow 4 weeks.
2. Available in 10.9 strength, made to
8.8 dimensions.
Allow four weeks.
3. M22 Grade 10.9 is virtually identical to
718 A490 in dimensions and
compression load capacity.

M 16
M20

See Note 1

1250
s e e ~ ~ 1t e

/ @ @ 1 7 5 0
See Note
12 @ / @Ses1
NOTE2 8 1

M22

M24

600

450

,,
@

Note 2&3

0 0 3 see600 3
See Note

N~~~

M27

Please see 1-1 18' A325 above

Please see 1-1 18' A490 above

M36

Please inquire

Please inquire

DTI INSTALLATION AND IN5PECTION

(the fine print)*
FOR IRONWORKERS AND OTHER BOLT INSTALLERS
1.

You can locate the DTI on either end of the bolt. Just make sure the DTI bumps bear against the underside o f t h e bolt head
Or against a hardened f l a t washer, never d i r e d y against t h e nut or t h e steel places.
2. Never never never grind t h e DTI bumps down by turning either the bob head or the n u t directly against the DTI- p u t a f i a t
washer in between.
3. AL\'JAYS snug an array 13bolts before final tightening, j u s t as you would when DTls are n o t used. Make sure you don'c iully
compress the DTI on the snug (first) pass. On the final pass, compress the D11s in the same sequence as you would ?there
kvere none pressnt - t h a t is, from he most rigid point outward.
4. If impam wrenches am used, final DTI compression should take less than 10 seconds, or perhaps 2 0 seconds for larger
A 4 9 0 bobs. Choose a wrench with suficient muscle (size, air pressure, condition) -L do this. Ocher types of wrenches are
also acceptable, such a s elemric or hydrzulic, but if they're non-impacting, ignore t h e "10 second rule".
5. Don't t r y GO use a feeler gage very much, Judge the DTI gap closure m a i ~ l yby eye. Remember, a "completely fiaE+ned" DTI is
okay for all but the larger A 4 9 0 bolts. Check whh the inspector, or call us for guidance.
6. You're not supposed to take more bolts out of their kegs than can be stuffed, snugged, and tightened In one shift (oh,
sure!). S u t j u s t in case keep some lubricant handy ?the bolts and nuts are getting t o o rusty w t i g h x n &ciently.
7. Remember, DTIs don't change the torque resistance of the bolt, and they don't change the (fiat) washer rea,uirements
either. (Regular thickness F 4 5 6 washers over shot slots or oversized holes, but e%tz thick 5/16" F 4 3 6 washers if the
bolts are A 4 9 0 larger than 1" dia.) Over a %andard size hole, the DTI can replace one f i a t washer if the design called for a
Rat washer under both t h e bolt head and the nut, If you have Squircrs on oversized or sloned holes, call and we can make
sure ail the washers are in the right spot.
8. A s with any approved bolt wnsioning mchod, don't forger; -a do the RCSC's Pre-Installasion \/erification -a make sure the
bolt assembly, the bolt ins-~ller,and the wrench all work w g c h e r -L get the right bolttension. If there's a Skidmore around,
you might trgl :his first on it and check the results. Show the inspector - helshe will be impressed. As with any approved bob
wnsioning m ~ h o ddon't
,
forget -a do the RCSC's Pre-Installasion Verification to make sure che bolt assembly, the bolt
installer, and the wrench all work t.2ge;her t o get the right boit tension.

FOR INSPECTORS
Check all bo;i, mt, Rat washer, and DTI c e ~ i f i c a ~ i o nfor
s conformance w$h t h e projem specifications, especially the romtional czpacky (KC) t c s t s , if appiicabie, for nut lubrication. (Remember, when DTI's a m used, every bolt gms an "in sku" KC
=st, because, no mamer ho:v much the boitlnut irimion farnor has deieriomted, if the DTI has been suficientiy compressed and the bolt has not broken, the rozational capacity of the assembly must be 04.)
Check the calibration of the Skidmore (if any) on the s i c , and use it to spot check the bolts and DTls. (see #4 below ) That
is, on the Skidmore, see how much compression of the DTI is indicative of correm bolt 'tension*.
Have some . O W andlor some ,005"feeler gages available which will fit inw t h e openings of the DTI benveen Che DTI bumps.
These are available free issue from Applied Bolting and are in every keg.
P u t s 311 on a bolt i n m the Skidmore, t i g h + ~ nit -a a bolt wnsion 5 percent higher than the required minimum, using a
manual wrench, and check Chat the residuzl D 7 aao ( as judged by a feeler gage) is bioaer than the oroject insoezion aav
which you will use up ir t h e s2elrvork.
Make sure t h a t the bolt i.istallers snug all the bo!ts in the connemion before final wnsioning. i i s w n :'or or otherwise i i w e
the final wnsioning opemtion. If impam wrenches are used the rule of thumb is 10 seconds or iess b u i let them go as long
a s 2 0 seconds for large A 4 9 0 bolts. If they're not able -L tigh-&n the bobs this quickly, tell them "a do betzr, It's imporare used, the "10 or 2 0 second rule" can be ignored.
t a n t f o r t h e health uf t h e bobs. If non-impaming
Check for too much thread eickout "above" the nuts - if it is more than half t h e bob diametLr, there MAY be insufficient
threads ahead o f t h e n u t for proper bolt ductility, and thread runout may prohibi proper compression of the D11s and be
the cause of bobs breaking. "Zero" stickout (bolt shank flush wkh t o p of nut) is ok.
WCh the bolts in place, check a sample of compressed DTIs using the proper thickness feeler gage. A-ctempc"a insert the
feeler gage benveen the compressed DTI bumps half way around the DTl (our DTls are marked only a t openings to help you
judge where t o t r y -c insert the feeler gage). If you CANNOT insert tht; feeier gage all the way inw the boic shank half way
around, T I E BOLT 15 OK. If you CAN i n s e s it all the way into the bob shank more than half way around, THE BOLT 15 NOT
OK. In the l a t x r case, ask the bolt installer to tighten the bob a little more. If the DTI is almost compressed enough, it's
probably OK. (Remember the Skidmore % s t in 4 above) Don'i over inspect t h e bolts. and don't use a -&roue wrench.
Remember, a "completely flattened" DTI is NOT cause for rejemiowexcepc by special edim of the engineer-of-record. It's pos"
DT15. A 4 9 0 DTl's probably should NOT be completely Ratiened, although this
sible and safe *a "compI&ely f l a t ~ n A325
occasionally happens. If in doubt, t r y fla;wning the DTI on a bolt in a Skidmore, and see how much boit tension %. produces.
Then disassemble the bolt after this x s t and run the nut down the threads of t h e bolt. If GOO much s t r e x h has occurred
in the bolt, the nut probably will not run more or less freely w the root of t h e thread. In this case, some caution should be
exercised t o limit the A 4 9 0 (and only ,4490) DTI compression.
i
,

ror a complete treatise on boit, nut, washer and DTI selection and installation, consult the Research Council on
StriiGura! Connemions Specification. If you would like to have your own copy ofthis, call us and we'll send it.
You'll be the s m a z e s t kid on the block.

"If you have questions abouv DTls in any application please call:

For more information about DTIS and how to use them, visit our web site @ www.appIiedboIting.com

Metrische schroefdraad (]SO)

Grove spoed
Nominale maten
IS0 Metric screw thread

NEN 81

- Coarse pitch - Basic dimensions

7e d ~ ksepternber
,
1982

-l

Vervangt NEN 87-1 en NEN 81-11

1

Onderwerp
Deze norm geeft d e nominale rnaten voor de metrische schroefdraad (IS01 .net grove spoed.

Toepassingsgebied
Deze norm is van toepassing o p rnetrische schroefdraad (IS01met grove spoed bestemd voor algemeen
gebruik.

= spoed
= hoogte van het scherpe
profiel = 0.866 025 p
t, = draaddie~te= 0,541 266 p
60" = profielhoek
30" = flankhoek

p
h

binnendfaad
buitenrniddellijn
buitenkernmiddellijn
flankrniddellijn draad
buitenmiddellijn
binnenkernrniddellijn
flankrniddellijn draad

zonder minimum-flankspeling
(passing H l h )

1) Zie

noot 2) OD

biz. 2.

met minimum-flankspeling
(passing Hlg)

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896' L
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LZV'L
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6~6'0
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618'0
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000'~~

Q = ir'~

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89 w
P9 VU
09 W
99 W

li
SIP
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a* w

C
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SL' L
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zs w

SP W
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EN
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1'2 W
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9'1 W
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1'1 W
LW

w-

(,6u!p!npuee

369

7.1

(Bladzijde 3 NEN 87)

B a s i s p r o f i e l M 1,7; M 2 , 3 e n M 2 , 6

= spoed
= hoogte van het scherpe
profiel = 0.866 025 p
4, = draaddiepte = 0.6495 p
60" = profielhoek
30" = flankhoek
p

binnendraad

buitenmiddellijn
kernmiddellijn
flankmiddellijn
afrondingsstraal kern
0,1082 p = la h

buitendraad

buitenmiddellijn
kernmiddellijn
flankmiddellijn

binnendraad

Maten i n mm

7.3

Toleranties M 1.7; M 2,3 en M 2,6

Voor toleranties zie NEN 3222.

Aanduiding
Metrische schroefdraad (ISO) met grove spoed volgens deze norm w o r d t aangeduid door vermelding van
de nominale middellijn, voorafgaan door de profielletter M. Aan deze aanduiding dient na een koppelteken, de tolerantieklasse en de ligging van het tolerantieveld te worden toegevoegd.
Voorbeeld: M 6

- 69

Oprnerking
lndien geen tolerantieklasse is aangegeven, geldt
voor middellijnen van 1 tot en met 1.4 mm:
voor binnendraad de klasse 5H.
voor buitendraad de klasse 6h;
voor middellijnen boven 1.4 mm:
voor binnendraad de klasse 6H,
voor buitendraad de klasse 69.

UDC 621.882.082

Unieschroefdraad (ISO) grof

-.

Nom inale maten

Unified screw thread coarse. Basic dimensions

3c druk, november 1970

1. Onderwerp

Deze norm geeit de nominale maren voor de unieschroefdraad (ISO) met g! we spoed.
2. Toepassingsgebied

Deze norm is van toepassing op unieschroefdraad (ISO)grof voor algemeen gebruik.

= spoed

= aantal gangen per inch

h 5 0,866025 p
t, = 0,541 266 p
600 = profielhoek
n

300

= flankhoek

4. Maximum-materiaal profieIen
binnendraad

binnendraad

d = buicenmiddellijn
4 = kernmiddellijn
4 = flankrniddellijn

D = buitenmiddeltijn
D, = kernrniddcllijn

4=
met minimum-flankspeling
(passingklassen 1A11 0, 2AI2B)

flankmiddellijn

zonder minimum-flankspeling
(passingklasse 3A/3B)

5. Nominale maten

Maten in mm, tenzij anders verrneld.

aanduiding

1/4-20UNC
20 1
18 j
5/le-18UNC
16 UNC
16 !.
---12 UNC
- 14 j
13 i
1/1-13UNC
B/ls-12 UNC
12 ._ i
. _.
-11 [
%-11UNC
10 UNC
10
- . -'I8 9 UNC
.-9. . .I
1
8 UNC
8 i
11/, - 7 UNC
7 1
11/, - 7 U N C
,
- -_____
lJ/,
- 6 UNC
11/,
6 UNC
is/,
- 5 UNC
-.-5 41/;
PI4 4l/, UNC
41' ,
2l/,
-...4----UNC -. 4
.-2y, - 4 UNC3
4 UNC
3lI4 -.. - 4--.
UNC
.jijz
4 UNC
4 UNC
4
4UNC

-__-

Y4 -

".fl-e

.*-

i
/

1,270
1,411
1,588
1,814
1.954
2.117
2,309
2,540
2,822
3,1%3,629
3.629
4;25
4.233
5.080

D=dl)
6,350
7.938
1
9,525
I_
-:
11,112
!
12,700
14,288
i
15,875
1 19,050
1. . 22,225
25,400
.
28,575
31.750
34,925
38.100
i 44,430

5,644

57,150

k,
!

97G-

:
3.

d2l)=Dz
5,524
7,021
8,494

1
'

11,430

12,913
-.

---

d,l)
4,793
6,205
737

8;887
10,302
11,692

14,376
17.399
..! ! . -20.35'
. 1- - .
:
23.338
26.218
!
29,393
4
35,349
41151
-1

13,043

:g9

'
.

DI
4.978
6,401
7,798
9,144
10.592
11.989

'

__ _

68,410

'

1'3,386 -

16,307
.
. . .-i 9 , i n
21,504
21.971
24,122
1 24.638
I
27,813
._ _
27,297
iK73l
1 50.353
32,906
33,528
38,217
38,964
---76..'
44.679
50,226
51.029

.L-

--

I)

_
-

69,317

De waarden van d, d, en d, gelden alleen voor de buitendraad zonder minimum-flankspellng (klasse 34. Voor de buittndrud
met minimum-ftankspeling (ftlusen I A en 2A) zzijn d e waarden kleiner, zie NEN 1250.

(Achterzijde NEN 7244)

6. T o l e r a n t i e s
Voor toleranties, zie NEN 1250.
De tolehnties worden bepaaid door de klassen 1, 2 en 3. Daarbij worden de klassen voor de buitendaad
aangeduid door 1A, 24 en 3A en die broor de binnendaad door lB, 2B en 38.

7. A a n d u i d i n g
Unieschroefdraad grof w o r d t aangeduid door vermelding van de nominale middellijn (d) i n inches. Deze
vermelding w o r d t na een koppelteken gevotgd door her aantal gangen per inch (n) en de toevoeging UNC;
hieachter volgt, na een koppelteken, de aanduiding van de toleantieklasse.
Voorbeelden: 11,
13 UNC 2A.

'1, - 13 UNC - 38.

./kc

-, ; :a

TABLE 13. PROOF LOADS FOR STEEL BOLTS AN? SCREWS

(coarsc pitch series)

4.6
Nornloal
du 01
boll

or

Tmzofla
~trplba

art11

urw

2 6

I I 1
1 1 1
1.8

1.6

2 8

1.1

6.6

,I

I?.

j4
<

TABLE 14. PROOF LOADS FOR STEEL NUTS

(conrsc

6.8

]TF[x
F
- --

8.8

pitch series)

1-1

SIX.

or out

stress undcr p r o o f l o ~ ~ x X t e n s i l strcss

c

loo0

NOTE 2. F o r strcss u n d e r p r o o f load. scc T a b l c 10.

arra~w~5$t

Strcma oo&r prool load k ~ l l r n m '

SIICU

arra 01
I*''

7 9

40

10

6II

10

I10

I40

P r w f load w l r l c toam lorca (1000 k g 0

------

M1.6
M2
M2.5
M3
M4

mr~i'
1.27
2.07
3.39
5.05
8.78

M5
M6
M8
M 10
M12

14.2
20.1
36.6
58.0
81.3

n~rn

II

t2

Tamil.

P r w f toad melrlc t o o forrr

~
(1000 k c 0

NOTE I. P r o o f l o a d =

b\-.."j<'4

Slreorth rra& &slmallm

Gtrru under p r w f load kpflmm'

4

0.051
0.083
0.136
0.201
0.351

0,064
0~10.3
0,170
0.250
0.440

0.076
0.124
0.203
0.302
0.527

0.102
0,165
0.271
0,402
0.702

0.568
0,804
1.46

0.710
1.000
1,850
2.90
4.21

0.852
1.21
2.20
3.48
5.06

1.1Q
1.61
2.93
4.64
6.74

1.70
2.41
4.39
6.96
10.1

1.99
2.81
5.12
8.12
11.8

2.32
3.37

0.152
0.248
0,407
0,604
1.05

0:lld
0.290
0.475
0,704
1.23

MI4
M 16
M18
M20
M22

115
157
192
245
303

4.60
6.28
7.68
9.80
12.1

5.75
7.85
9.60
10.2
15.1

6.90
9.45
11.5
14.7
18.2

9.20
12.6
15.4
19.6
24.2

13.8
18.8
2J.O
29.4
36.4

16.1
22.0
26.9
34.3
42.4

M24
M27
M30
M33
M36

353
459
561
694
817

14.1
18.4
22.4
27.8
32.7

11.6
23.0
28.0
34.7
40.8

21.2
27.5
33.7
41.6
49.0

28.2
36.7
44.9
55.5
65.4

42.4
55.1
67.3
83.3
98.0

49.4
64.3
78.5
97.2
114

M 39
M42
M45
M48
M52

976
1120
1300
1470
1760

39.0
44.8
52.0
58.8
70.4

48.8
56.0
65 0
73.5
88.0

58.6
67.2
78.0
88.2
106

78.1
89.6
104
118
141

117
134
156
176
211

M56
MGO
M64
M68

2030
2360
2680
3060

81.2
94.4
107
122

101.5
118
134
153

122
142
161
I81

162
189
214
245

244
283
322
36 7

I37
157
182
206
246
281
330
375
428

NOTE 1. proor load = stress ctndcr p r o o f l o a d x tcnsilc strcss arcs oC t ~ o l t

loo0
NOTE 2. F o r strcss undcr p r o o f load, scc Tablc 12.
NO'I'E 3. N u l s wit11 n spccificd p r o o f l o a d nbovc 15 mctric torlnc force
f r o m p r o o f l o a d testing, scc Clausc 15 a n d T a b l c 12.

~ t t u ybc cxcmptcd

F3/112

BEREKENEN VAN BOUWCONSTRUCTIES

Tubel 5.3 Re resentatieve waarden I ) van de vloeigrens voor diktes

f/ttz 40 mlxl 2.f'

'

s taalsoortN4)

I;*;rcp [N/mm21

Tabel5.5 Grenskrachteii van bouten y, = 1,2

A;rep [N/mm21

] grens-

'
-

2,

'1
4,

Voar het toepassen van andere rekerlmodcllen dan eerste-orde elastiscl~is een
classiGcatic naar klasse I tin1 4 noozakelijk (zic N E N 6770, tabel 6). ,
Voor diktes > 40 en < 100 mm waard- met ca. 10% verlagen.
Volgens Ettronorrn 2 5 - 7 2 j N E N - E N 1W13(1991).
Voor rtiet geriocrnde soorten geldt: minimum vloeigrens (of 0,2% rekgreils), nlaar
we1 lloogsterls 8 0 % van tle treksterkte; representalieve waarde van de rek rla breuk
L;,el, 2 15'2.

7irDel5.4 Gegever~sborrftrrnterinnl')lrit tubel 5.5

I)

Uo~rlcrtell qtocren rlloctcil voldoen itall N E N - I S 0

898-1,

resp. NLN-!SO

898-2.

2ac'ared;1 .fc;d.db;norn'l

.--.

grellslrekkracl~t

Ft;l;ll;d = 0 1 7 2 q . c c ~ ;.2h i b i d . A b ; .

penssfschuikracht

liv;o;d = 0 v 4 8 / ( ; b ; r e p A b

--

Fv;tr;d

~ . ~ ~ c L 'T
f c c; b~; d; ' Ab;s
z

Fv;u;d

= 0~40%crl;2'/(;tr;d.~b;a

schuifvl~rsnijdt
d e scl~roefdraadnicl
schuifvlak snijdl, de
scllroefdraad en
hibid
< 800 N/mm2

Verbinrii~igenmet schroef2outen in
ruime gate11

Fc;u;d

~tuikkraclit

5.5

bijzonderheden

grenskrocl~t

raid van de

btlsrtitrg

,
I)

%cd;z

= 0,85

voor botiten met geroltle draad

voor bouterl met gesr~ederldraad

---

schuihlak snijdt de
schroefdraad en
Libid
> 800 N/mmz

.-

F3/114

BEREKENEN VAN BOUT

STAALCONSTRUCI'IES

,\ISTRUCTIES

Tabel 5.7 Grenstrekkracht

hoehtalen )

Tabel 5.6 Minimale en maximale eindafitand, randafitand, steek

en afstand tussen boutrijen [mm]
rnndnrstand

stcck

afsta~~d
tur~tn
boutrijcn12

3 3d,;,o, of
< 3dg;nom en
2,4d,,,,,

A,

cccrde grensstuikkracht

;15

cindarsland

--

van rnet kkn jlerls aarzge.sloteri

F:,;,;,

'

'

met gereduceerdc grensstuikkrachl

maximale maten corrosief

oppervlakte van de
doorsnede naast
het gat

Fl;u;c~
=

.A;,

< 2,5d,;,,,
a 5 4 ;no,,

0,4

< 2,51~,,0,,,

097

3 5 4 ;,,,I,,

,= O,8&. A,,,

F, ;,I;

F,;";,= 0 , 8 & . A ,,

sf;;',

.A;,

0,5

--

(2 boutcn)
(3 boutcn)

druk
---

trek

.t
gelijkzijdig hoekstaal: A,,, = (2b - t ) t - d
ongelijkzindig hoekstaal: bepaal equivalent gelijkzijdig hoekstaal met afmetingen van de zijden gelijk aan die van de kleinste
zijde, daarna A,,,, als gelijkzijdig hoekstaal

buitenste
l~outrij:
< 141 en
< 200

-,

I)

ntaxi~nalemalen

- niet-corrosief

druk

4x2,plant en
< 141en
6 200

buitenste
I~outrij:
i2lier1
G 300
bir~r~crlsle
Iwutrij:
< 421 en
6 600

Zie voor gatverzwakkirlg bij srrippen NEN 6770, artikel 13.

--

BEREKENEN VAN BOUV

F3/116

fibel 5.8 Grenskmc/tten bouten (y,

ISTRUCTIES
=

1,25)

Tnbe15.9 Crertsstuikkruchter1 bouten (y,

plaatl

10

12

16

1,251' )
24

20

30

boul

boutkwaliteit 4.6; gerolde draad;

I;,;u.,l
lkNl
-sc~iroefdreadriiet
- scliroefdraad we1

boutkwaliteit

'.

9,66
7.56

a,,,:, = I ;

15,07
11.19

"asneden draad;

- scllroefdraad wcl

6;43

21,70
16,27
= 0,85;

9;51

13[83

= I;

/;;,:,,,,

38.59
30,29

= 400 N / n ~ l n ~

60,29
47,28

86,78
68,l 1

lkNl

&;18.d

- scllroefdraad niet
- scl~roefdraadwe1
-

---

/tibircp= 400 N/nim2

25175

40118

57?!0

bo~itkwaliteit818; gerolde draad;

135,74
I08,25

92,01

/,;,;,,,
= 800 N/intnz

1y.32
15,13

30,14
22,38

boutkwaliteit 8.8; gesiieden draad;

43.39
32,53

77.18
60,59

120,58
94,55

173,57 271,49
136,23 216,50

a,,,:,

= 0,85; j;;b;rep
= 800 ~ / r n r n ~
---.

FI;~;,, IkN]

19,19

28.40

41,27

76.87

119.95

172,UJ 21467

Fv;u.cl IkNl
- schroefdraad niet
- scllroeftlraad we1

19,32
12,116

30,14
19,03

43,39
27,65

77,18
5 1,50

120,58
80,37

173,57 271,49
1 15.80 18.1,03

boi~tkwalitcit10.9; gerolde draad;

~V,I,.'l

IkNI

24,14
l5,69

'a,,,:,

37,68
23,22

boutkwiiliteil 10.9; gesnedeii driiitd; a,.,

--h;u;d

IkNl

4
6
H

-27,52
- - - - - - -34,40
----

41,28
55,04
68,80
82,56
103,20
137,60
l72,0O
206,40

10

- sc~trocl'tlraatlrliet
- scllrocfdraad wcl

FeE 275 /,;,,, = 430 ~ / r n n l ~

23,99

35,50

0,85; /,;,:,,,

54,24
33,75

96,48
62,85

I;

51,59

25
30

FeE 355 A:,,,,

55.04
82,56

>10,0_8137,60
165,12
206,40
275,20
344,00
412,80

5 10 N/mmz

= I000 N/mtn2

150,72
98,08
=

96,08

12
IS
20

51,60
68.80
86,00
103,20
129,OO
172,OO
215,OO
258,OO

41,28
L-$L,Y_282,56
103,20
123,84
154.80
206.40
258,OO
309,60

2I6J6
I 4 1.31

I000 N / I I I I I ~ ~
4

216,04

.j.W,Jb

224,511

'IJ3,JJ

--

L - Scl~1rilkr;icl1t,dubbclsnedig, geroldc draacl.

Iloutkwaliteit 8.8.

68,RO
82,56
103,20
103,20
123,84
154,XO
206,140
137,60
105,12
258,OO
L - -17200
_ ' - - 206,40
206.40 L -247,hR
--- 3OY,60
258,00
309,60
387,OO
344,OO
4 12,80
5 16,OO
430,OO
516,OO
645,OO
5 16,00
619,20
774,OO

'

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QUAYSIDE

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' I

PLAN

CHECK QUAY LEVEL L BARGE ALIGNMENT

ELEVATl ON

q l 4~

WATER DEPTH

JDAl RANGF

clyn_VjlDE STRENGTH .
yREAI)FR BFA*

[FABRICATION AND LOADOUT]

ms
FLARE

BOOM

TYPICAL SECTION

BARGE BULKHEADS

SPREADER
(GRILLAGES)

FRAME^
FLARE LOADOUT PLAN

FLARE

BOOM

lfaangedreven platform wagen combinatie

!If propelled modular transporter

Voor combinatie van bovenstaande 4- en 6-liner

zie tabel.
For combination of above 4- and 6-liner see table
below.

20
22
24
24
24
26
28
28
30
32
36
72
Max. 110

4+4+4+4+4
6+6+6+4
4+4+4+4+4+4
6+6+4+4+4
6+6+6+6
6+6+6+4+4
6+6+4+4+4+4
6+6+6+6+4
6+6+6+4+4+4
6+6+6+6+4+4
6+6+6+6+4+4+4
8x6+6x4
llx6+11x4

640
704
768
768
768
832
896
896
960
1024
1152
2304
3520

Mammoet Stoo
Veilingkade 15
4815 HC Breda (Holland)
P.O. Box 3469
'@C~LW:=-~_-(HW~~T?~)
Tel. 076-879215,Telex 54291
Fax: 076-71 21 64

Project

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lnput for P E X Transportation forces spreadsheet

The weight of the PLET is 72 [mT], not taking the additional pipe into account.

PL;ET mass moment of inertia aro-id the roll (x) axis

In which:

Ix =
G=
H=
B=
a=

Mass moment of inertia around the roll (x) axis

Lightweight [mT]
Height [m]
Breadth [m]
Factor for mass distr. (equipment l.l<a<1.5 no eq.)

72
1.778
11.58
1.3

PLET mass moment of inertia around the pitch Q axis

In which:

Mass moment of inertia around the pitch (y) axis

Lightweight [mT]
Height [m]
Len,@ [m]
a = Factor for mass distr. (equipment l.l<a<1.5 no eq.)

Iy =
G=
H=
L=

72
1.778
15.24
1.3

-1

ujelji

iubjecl

Mardi Gras
PLET Transport

ob 1 Bid no.
)ate

11 01 84

01 -Aug-02

Sheet

TRANSPORTATION FORCES
Transportation Criteria
Roll:
2 0 [degl
1 0 [s]

(single amplitude)
(full cycie peiodd)

12.5 [deg]
10 IS]

(single amplitude)
(full cycle period)

5 [ml

(single amplitude)
(full cycle period)

Pitch:

Heave:

1 0 [s]

I
These criteria are
according to Noble Denton,
for large barges.

Cargo specification:
CARGO
Weight:
Mass moment of inertia about roll axis, Molx:
Mass moment of inertia about pitch axis, Moly:
X coord (from stem):
Y coord (from centerline) :
Z coord (from bottom barge):
Bargelship information:

706 [kN]
1070.6 [T.m2]
1836.3 [Tarn2]
12.81 [m]
-6.875 [m]
8.5 [m]

BARGE

X - coordinate of the center of rotation:

Mean draft of barge:

45.75 [m]
2.75 [m]

=orcesand Accelerations ( Static + Dynamic ) exerted by module on barge:

Roll to SB

Roll.to PS

Pitch to stem

Pitch to bow

Fv:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (I)

-732 . [kN]
-298 [kN]
148 [kN-m]
142 [kN]

-1.04 g
-0.42 g

Fv:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (A)

-595
298
-148
142

[kN]
[kN]
[kN-rn]
[kN]

-0.84 g
0.42 g

Fv:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (I)

-893
-188
-158
142

[kN]
[kN]
[kN-rn]
[kN]

-1.27 g
-0.27 g

Fv:
Fh:
Moment:
Heave: (I)

-485 [ k ~ ]
188 [kN]
158 [kN-rn]

-0.69 g
0.27 g

142 [kN]

0.20 g

0.20 g

0.20 g

0.20 g

4
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PLATING CAPACITY
BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF PLATES UNDER COMPRESSION

Support type:

Four sides supported

Modulus of elasticity:
Poisson's ratio:
Plate thickness:
Plate length:
Plate .width:
Yield stress:

2 7 0000
0,3
20
750
2250
235

Plate factor k:
Design stress:
b(efT)/t:
Effective width:

11,111
141,O [N/mmZ]
41,4
827,6 [mm]

Section of curve:
Critical stress:

[N/mm2]

[-I
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[N/mmZ]

(Loaded)

C-D
125 [Nlmm2]

Design allowable load:

Design specific allowable load:

LOAD
l?

20 mm thick plate
750 [mm]
Supported

Supported

LOAD

-1

2250 [mm]

-----------+

Calc. Acc. To Blodgett's Design of Welded Structures. Priest-Gilligan curve.

Allowable stress according to AlSC

Last Revision: July 99

SL! ,334

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Calc. No. :

Sheet No. :Date

: Januari 199 8

&
Drawings / Sketches

H:\DEP\I\IOIW~iSEMrZSENRu'GREPORTDOC

19!11,97

I.AU

U I T m l A L TO BE ST^ WNIW
l l a S~
T R o t O W c 1 3 5 H~'u.N.o.
RATE HATERIAL TO 8~ I-n c t w p u r s s U.N.O.
3. ALL W M S I 0 OE I N ACCOROANE W l n l A.W.S.
NORMS tmM.
L ALL W
S 10 OE F L K L I PENETRATED W E 5 5 NOTED OTtERWISE.
5. WELOS TO OE INSPECTED ACCWOINO TO I E E R W A C SPECIFlCArlON OEN. F M . 01.001 mEV. 61 W l T l i A H l N l W H OF*
1 W X VISUAL INSPECTION AT ALL TIMES.
100 X UT AN0 100 X W I TO MI. PEhSlRATION WFU)S OF SEAFASTENINO. I 0 X UT M I 0 X WI TO ALL OTlER
PENETMTIDN WELDS.

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PFFFRFNCF DRAWINGS

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L A Y W T JACKET ON OAROE CROWLEI LW

SEMASTENINO JACKET A T EL. -120'-OSEAFASTENINO JACKET AT a -120.-0.

SEAFASTENINO JACKET AT EL. -230'-0.

I11 1 1 3 - 0 1 1
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SEAFASTENIN0 JACKET AT R.
SEMASTENINO JACKET AT EL.
SEWASTENIN0 JACKET AT EL.
SCMASTENtNO JACXET AT EL.
SEAFASTENINO JACKET AT EL.
SENASTENINO JACKET AT EL.
SIIIH PLATES FOR SKIOWAI W

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10. SEAFASIENING 1 0 flE A l l A C 1 6 D IN SEAOOING OALLAST CONOIIION.
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JACKET FAORICAIION YAIIO, tlLX.0 FOR ACCESS OCIAILS.
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FENFRAL NOTFS

REFFRENCF DRAWINGS

1. ALL WELOS TO BE F U t L PENETRATIMI UNLESS NOlEO OTICRWISE.

I.
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H I -1 23-03-1

P M T I N CUT W T

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SEAFASTMINO LAY-OUT JACKET

5EAFASIMINO JAMET A T EL. -120'-0.

PIPE

PUE INTO BEAM

SEAFASTENING JACKET AT EL. -120'-0'

SECTIONS B DETAILS

FFNFRAL NOTFS
I.FOR GENERAL NOTES AND IIEFCRENCE OnAWltJOS SEE l a

11-133-Or-I.

PEFFRFNCF DRAWINGS
W 1 - 1 23-02-1
tl l - I 2 3 - 0 4 - 2
11 I 1 2 3 - 0 4 - 3

JACKEI SEAFASTENNO LAY-OUT

SEAFASTENIN0 JACKET AT EL. -230'-0'SEAFASTENIN0 JACKET AT EL. -230'-0'-

SECTIONS AND DETAILS

SECTIONS AN0 DETAILS

I - &

DETAIL

FOR CONSTRUCTION

30' 0.0. x 1.250- W.T.

SEAFASTENING JACKET AT EL.-230'-0"

SECTIONS B DETAILS

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1

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SEAFASTENING JACKET AT EL. -230'-0"

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SECTIONS L DETAILS

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ENFRAL N O T E
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11 1 1 2 1 - 0 2 - 1
Ill - I 2 3 - 0 5 - 1

1-

JACKET SEAFASTENIN0 LAY-OUT

SEAFATENINO JACKET A 1 EL. -390'-0-

I
1-133-02-1

FOR CONSTRUCTION

SEAFASTENING JACKET AT EL. -390'-0'

SECTIONS B DETAILS

GENERAL NOTFS
1. FOR OCNERAL NOlES AN0 REFERENCE ORAWINOS SEk 11

11

1. SUWORf M I W E E N JACKEI AND SKIOSIiOE TO BE OESIL

3-01-1.
JACKEl FABRICATMI.

PFFERFNCF DRAWINGS
HI
H I

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DETAIL

- 123-02-1
- I ZJ-06-2

JACKET SEAFASTMINO LAY-OUT

SUFASrENINO JACKET A T EL.-LC?'-0'

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1-

SECTION

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I
I

SEAFASTENING JACKET AT EL. EL.-LL1'-0"

-1 : 5"

-1-"--I

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Ollshoro Inslollallon C o n l r o c l o r s

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FMI (IEHUUL NOTFS
NOTES AND R W E R E N E DMWINOS
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RFFFRFNCE DRAWINGS
HI-123-02-1
HI 123-06-1

JACKET SEAFASIENINO L A Y - W T
SEAFATOIINO JACKET AT EL. -&(I*-0-

FOR CONSTRUCTION

SEAFASTENING JACKET AT EL. -LLll-0"

SECTIONS S DETAILS