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10H
August 15, 2016
Abstract
This experiment was designed to acquaint students with the use of various
instruments and glassware in measuring a liquids mass and volume and to compare
the level of precision and accuracy of the data gathered. It is divided into two parts.
Part A used three types of volumetric glassware: graduated cylinder, pipet, and buret
with initial volumes of 0 mL. The mass of the water was measured under three trials,
with 10mL of water added to the container every time. The same procedure was
done in Part B for four sucrose solutions of different concentrations and two
unknown soda samples. Results showed that the buret exhibits the best precision
and accuracy, followed by the pipet and graduated cylinder respectively.
Furthermore, a linear relationship between density and percent by mass of a solution
was established. The higher the concentration, the higher would be the density.
Introduction
In science, the quality of data is described by precision and accuracy.
Precision refers to how reproducible a measurement is and can be viewed as the
spread of the measured data illustrated by standard deviation:
Equation 1.
s=
n ( x ix )
i=1
n1
Where:
is equal to each value in the data set
is the average or mean of
n is the number of samples/ trials
On the other hand, accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the
actual or true value and is expressed in percent error:
Equation 2.
Measurements of the two most common quantities, mass and volume, are
obtained through the use of instruments and glassware with varying precision.
Density, a characteristic physical property of a substance, quantifies its mass per unit
volume as shown below:
Equation 3.
The higher the amount of solute dissolved in a solution, the greater would be
the solutions density. The concentration is more conveniently expressed in percent
by mass (% m/m), which in fact has a linear relationship with the density of the
solution.
Methods
The experiment is divided into two parts. In Part A, the density of water was
measured using three different types of volumetric glassware: graduated cylinder,
pipet, and buret. The mass of the water and container was determined by means of
a top loading balance. Each measurement was repeated thrice and recorded. In
each trial, 10mL of water was added to the container with an initial volume of 0 mL.
Simple statistical analyses of the three data sets were then carried out in Microsoft
Excel to show the precision and accuracy of measurements for each glassware.
In Part B, the densities of five standard sucrose solutions were measured with
varying concentrations. Each measurement was done in duplicate with the same
process as Part A. These two quantities were plotted in Microsoft Excel to construct
a calibration curve, which in turn was used to calculate the % (m/m) sucrose of two
unknown soda samples.
Results
Table 1. Data on Density of Distilled Water Using a Graduated Cylinder.
Trials
Total Volume (mL)
Total Mass (g)
Mass of Graduated cylinder (g)
Trial 1
10.0 0.5
132.40
123.07
Trial 2
20.0 0.5
141.49
123.07
Trial 3
30.0 0.5
151.32
123.07
9.33000000000001
0.933
18.42
0.921
28.25
0.941667
Trial 3
30.00 0.05
97.84
67.92
29.92
0.997333
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
30.00 0.05
10.00 0.05
77.90
40.00 0.05
20.00 0.05
87.80
50.00 0.05
30.00 0.05
97.79
67.92
67.92
67.92
9.98
19.88
29.87
Density (g/mL)
0.998
0.994
0.995667
Trial 2
Trial 3
Mean
Density
(g/mL)
0.933 0.05
0.921 0.05
0.941667 0.05
0.93
0.010378039
6.431598
1.002 0.05
0.997 0.05
0.997333 0.05
1.0
0.002795499
0.284532
0.998 0.05
0.994 0.05
0.995667 0.05
1.0
0.002009238
0.005534
Density (g/mL)
Graduated
Cylinder
Pipet
Buret
Standard
Deviation
% Error
Graduated Cylinder
Density (g/mL)
Pipet
Buret
Trial 1
10.00 0.05
Solution 1 (5%)
Total Mass of
Density
Mass solution
(g/mL)
(g)
(g)
77.99 10.07
1.007
Trial 2
20.00 0.05
88.1
Total Volume
(mL)
20.18
1.009
Total Volume
(mL)
10.00 0.05
Solution 2 (10%)
Total
Mass of
Density
Mass
solution
(g/mL)
(g)
(g)
78.48
10.56
1.056
20.00 0.05
88.82
Solution 3 (20%)
20.9
Mass of
solution (g)
Density
(g/mL)
78.61
10.69
1.069
10.00 0.05
Solution 4 (30%)
Mass of
Total
solution
Mass (g)
(g)
78.94
11.02
89.45
21.53
1.0765
20.00 0.05
89.89
Total
Volume(mL)
Total
Mass(g)
10.00 0.05
20.00 0.05
Total
Volume(mL)
21.97
1.045
Densit
y
(g/mL)
1.0985
1.102
Trial 1
10.00 0.05
Unknown Solution 1
Total
Mass of
Density
Mass
solution
(g/mL)
(g)
(g)
78.29
10.37
1.037
Trial 2
2.000 0.05
88.60
Total Volume
(mL)
20.68
1.034
Total Volume
(mL)
10.00 0.05
Unknown Solution 2
Total Mass of
Density
Mass solution
(g/mL)
(g)
(g)
77.92 10.00
1.00
20.00 0.05
87.8
19.88
0.994
% (m/m)
sugar
5
10
20
30
9.55882
1.17647
f(x) = 0x + 1
R = 0.92
1.08
1.06
Density (g/mL)
1.04
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
10
20
30
40
% Mass Sucrose
In Part B, Table 7 proves that the density of the solution increases together
with its concentration, making these quantities proportional to each other. Deriving
from Equation 1, mass is equal to the product of the density and volume, which is of
the form y=kx for proportional linear relationships. The variable k represents density,
the slope which correlates mass and volume. Since % (m/m) is essentially the mass
of the solute relative to 100g of solution, density and % (m/m) also share a linear
relationship (AtQ 6). This is visually represented by Figure 2 with the equation y =
0.0034x + 1.003. The value of R is 0.923 and as it approaches 1, the relationship
becomes more linear.
Using the equation, the % (m/m) sucrose of the two unknown samples was
calculated. The first unknown sample contains 9.56 % (m/m) sucrose, resulting to a
density of 1.03 g/mL, while the second only has 1.18 % (m/m) sucrose and a density
almost of pure water. Soda is one of the most common beverages with a high
sucrose content and it may be the identity of the first sample. However, the 1.007
g/mL-density of the second sample implies that a lighter sweetener was used, which
leads to the assumption that it is a diet soda (AtQ 4). Diet sodas usually contain
aspartame, an artificial sweetener, while regular sodas use sugar (2). Since
aspartame is much lighter, diet soda has a different density than that of sugarcontaining beverages (AtQ 3).
Sample Calculations
1. mass of solution= mass of container with solution - mass of empty container
2. density of each trial = mass of solution / volume of solution
3. mean density = sum of densities in each trial / number of trials
4. standard deviation (used Microsoft Excel)
5. % error = [|mean density CRC density of water| / CRC density of water]x100
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded from the first part of the experiment The Density of
Beverages that the buret is the most precise and accurate for measuring density
among the three instruments used. As shown in the calibration curve constructed for
the second part, there is a linear relationship between density and percent by mass
of a solution. The equation derived was used to identify the possible identities of the
two unknown beverages.
References
(1) Modern Experiments in General Chemistry I. Quezon City, Philippines:
Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University; 2016.
(2) David R. Lide. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 53rd ed. Florida: CRC Press;
2004.