2 PreLab Flame Test (Quantum Mechanics and The Color of Fireworks)

de Castro, Krystel Iris M.
10H
Experiment 2: Quantum Mechanics and the Color of Fireworks
August 22, 2016
Objectives:
To observe the single color emitted when elements or their salts absorb energy in
the form of heat and excited to a higher electronic energy level
To identify an unknown substance based on observations from the flame tests
Safety
precautions
and first aid
measures
Reagents
Physical and
Chemical
Properties
chromium;iron;nickel
(2), nichrome wire
Silvery
colored wire.
Odorless. (13)
sodium;chloride (3),
sodium salt
solution
potassium;chloride
(4), potassium salts
/ solution
Clear
Colorless
liquid, Slight
Odor, Saline
Taste
pH: 7, neutral
(15)
White solid /
liquid,
Odorless,
strong saline
taste
Molecular
Weight: 74.55
Waste
disposal
Wear goggles.
Avoid contact
with the skin and
inhalation of the
fumes. Use the
hood.
Substance is not
considered
hazardous.
Eye or External:
Immediately flush
with fresh water
for at least 15
minutes.
Internal: Call a
physician or
poison control at
once.
Slightly
hazardous in case
of skin contact
(irritant,
permeator), of
eye contact
(irritant), of
ingestion.
Slightly
hazardous in case
of skin contact
(irritant), of eye
contact (irritant),
of ingestion, of
inhalation.
Follow
federal,
state, and
local
regulation
s for
waste.
In case of
contact,
immediatel
y flush
eyes with
plenty of
water for
at least 15
minutes.
Wash
irritated
skin with
soap and
water and
cover with
dichlorocopper (5),
copper salts /
solution
g/mole
Specific
Gravity: 1.987
(19)
Bluish-green
Solid
crystalline /
liquid,
Odorless
Molecular
Weight:
170.48
g/mole
Specific
Gravity: 2.54
(20)
an
emollient.
Very hazardous
and Corrosive to
eyes and skin.
strontium;dichloride
(6), strontium
salts / solution
Solid.
Molecular
Weight:
266.62
g/mole (16)
Very hazardous in
case of ingestion.
Hazardous in
case of eye
contact (irritant),
of inhalation.
barium(2+);dichloride
(7), barium salts /
solution
Clear
Colorless,
Solid
crystalline
powder /
Hazardous in
case of skin
contact (irritant),
of eye contact
(irritant), of
In case of
contact,
immediatel
y flush
eyes or
skin with
plenty of
water for
at least 15
minutes.
Wash with
a
disinfectan
t soap and
cover the
contamina
ted skin
with an
antibacterial
cream.
Immediate
ly flush
eyes with
running
water for
at least 15
minutes,
keeping
eyelids
open. If
inhaled,
allow the
victim to
rest in a
well
ventilated
area. Do
not induce
vomiting.
liquid,
Odorless.
Easily soluble
in cold water,
hot water.
Soluble in
methanol.
Insoluble in
acetone (17)
lithium;chloride (8),
lithium salts /
solution
calcium;dichloride (9),
calcium salts /
solution
White solid /
liquid,
Odorless,
strong saline
taste
Molecular
Weight: 42.4
g/mole
Specific
Gravity: 2.07
(21)
Colorless /
White / Offwhite, Solid
crystalline /
liquid,
Odorless,
Saline Taste.
Molecular
Weight:
110.99
g/mole
pH: 9 [Basic]
ingestion. Slightly
hazardous in case
of skin contact
(permeator).
In case of
contact,
immediately flush
eyes or skin with
plenty of water
for at least 15
minutes. Wash
irritated skin with
soap and water
and cover with an
emollient.
Hazardous in
case of skin
contact (irritant),
of eye contact
(irritant), of
ingestion, of
inhalation.
In case of
contact,
immediately flush
eyes or skin with
plenty of water
for at least 15
minutes.
Wash with a
disinfectant soap
and cover the
contaminated
skin with an antibacterial cream.
Hazardous in
case of skin
contact (irritant),
of eye contact
(irritant), of
ingestion, of
inhalation.
Slightly
hazardous in case
of skin contact
(permeator).
Specific
Gravity: 2.15
(18)
chlorane (10),
concentrated
hydrochloric acid
Colorless to
light yellow
liquid.
Odor:
Pungent.
Irritating
(Strong)
pH (1%
soln/water):
Acidic.
Soluble in
cold water,
hot water,
diethyl ether.
(14)
In case of
contact,
immediately flush
eyes or skin with
plenty of water
for at least 15
minutes. Wash
irritated skin with
soap and water
and cover with an
emollient.
Very hazardous in
case of skin
contact
(corrosive,
irritant,
permeator), of
eye contact
(irritant,
corrosive), of
ingestion.
Slightly
hazardous in case
of inhalation
(lung sensitizer).
In case of
contact,
immediately flush
eyes or skin with
plenty of water
for at least 15
minutes.
Oxidane (11),
distilled water
Appearance:
Colorless
liquid
Odor:
Odorless
pH: 7
Molecular
Weight: 16
Specific
Gravity:
Wash with a
disinfectant soap
and cover the
contaminated
skin with an antibacterial cream.
No emergency
care anticipated.
(H2O=1) 1
Flash point:
Nonflammable
(12)
Apparatus:
Bunsen burner, test tubes and rack, nichrome wire, cotton buds
Procedure:
Option 1
Light the
Bunsen
burner.
The tip
of the
blue
cone
must be
evident.
Clean
the
nichrom
e wire
with
soap and
distilled
water.
Dip the
wire in
a test
tube
with
2mL of
HCl.
Repeat
for the
5 test
solution
s.
Place in
rack.
Obtain
the
unknown
solution.
Label.
Pour
2mL of
each
salt
solution
into test
tubes.
Repeat
if
yellow
flame is
observe
d.
Record
the
color of
the
flame
produce
d.
Place
the
loop of
the
wire at
the tip
of the
blue
cone.
Subject
the loop
to the
tip of
the blue
cone.
Dip the
loop in
the test
solutio
n.
Option 2
Soak cotton swab in
distilled water.
Repeat for all salts.
Prepare a new swab.
References:
Shake of excess water.
Dispose swab.
Coat the end of the swab

with a small amount of
dry salt.
Hold near the flame.
Record the color of the
flame produced.
(1)
Abenojar, E.C., et al. General chemistry 2 laboratory manual. Quezon

City, Philippines: Chemistry Department, Ateneo de Manila University; 2007.
(2)
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound
Database [Internet]. Maryland: U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2004
October 26 [updated 2016 August 8; cited 2016 August 20]. Available from:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11571850
(3)
2005 March 25 [updated 2016 August 7; cited 2016 August 20].
Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sodium_chloride
(4)
Available from:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/potassium_chloride
(5)
Available
from:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Copper_II__chloride
(6)
Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/61520
(7)
Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/barium_chloride
(8)
Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/lithium_chloride
(9)
2005 September 16 [updated 2016 August 7; cited 2016 August 20].
(10)
(11)
(12)
Qi Analytical [Internet]. Washington: Decagon Devices Inc.; 2007
February 28 [cited 2016 August 20]. Available from:
http://www.qia.cz/shop/pdf/40464msds.pdf
(13)
Flinn Scientific, Inc. [Internet]. Illinois: Flinn Scientific, Inc.; 2011
October 19 [cited 2016 August 20]. Available from: http://emcmsds.com/chemdocs/35/35247.pdf
(14)
ScienceLab.com [Internet]. Texas: Sciencelab.com, Inc.; 2005 October
9 [updated 2013 May 21; cited 2016 August 20]. Available from:
http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924285
(15)
2005 October 11 [updated 2013 May 21; cited 2016 August 20].
Available from: http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927593
(16)
Available from: https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9925107
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
Available from: https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9923592
(21)
Data and Observations:

Element
Color of the flame

Option 1 (salt solutions)
Sodium
Strontium
Barium
Calcium
Potassium
copper
lithium
Option 2 (salts)
N/A
de Castro, Krystel Iris M.

10H
Experiment 2: Quantum Mechanics and the Color of Fireworks
August 22, 2016
Objectives:
To observe the single color emitted when elements or their salts absorb energy in
the form of heat and excited to a higher electronic energy level
To identify an unknown substance based on observations from the flame tests
Reagents
Physical and
Chemical
Safety
precautions
Waste
disposal
and first aid

measures
Properties
Oxidane, distilled
water
Appearance:
Colorless liquid
Odor: Odorless
pH: 7
Molecular
Weight: 16
Specific Gravity:
(H2O=1) 1
Flash point:
Non-flammable
(3)
chromium;iron;nickel
(2), nichrome wire
Silvery colored
wire. Odorless.
(4)
chlorane,
concentrated
hydrochloric acid
dichlorocopper (5),
copper salts /
solution
Colorless to light
yellow liquid.
Odor: Pungent.
Irritating
(Strong)
pH (1%
soln/water):
Acidic.
Soluble in cold
water, hot
water, diethyl
ether
Bluish-green
Solid
crystalline /
liquid, Odorless
Wear goggles.
Avoid contact
with the skin
and inhalation
of the fumes.
Use the hood.
Follow
federal,
state, and
local
regulation
s for
waste.
No emergency
care
anticipated.
Substance is not
considered
hazardous.
Immediately
flush with fresh
water for at
least 15
minutes. Call a
physician or
poison control
at once.
Very hazardous
in case of skin
contact
(corrosive,
irritant,
permeator), of
eye contact
(irritant,
corrosive), of
ingestion.
Slightly
hazardous in
case of
inhalation (lung
sensitizer).
Very hazardous
and Corrosive to
eyes and skin.
In case of contact,
immediately flush
eyes or skin with
plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes.
Wash with a
disinfectant soap and
cover the
contaminated skin
with an anti-bacterial
cream.
lithium;chloride (8),
lithium salts /
solution
sodium;chloride (3),
sodium salt
solution
potassium;chloride
(4), potassium salts
/ solution
calcium;dichloride (9),
calcium salts /
solution
barium(2+);dichloride
(7), barium salts /
solution
Molecular
Weight: 170.48
g/mole
Specific Gravity:
2.54
White solid /
liquid, Odorless,
strong saline
taste
Molecular
Weight: 42.4
g/mole
Specific Gravity:
2.07
Clear Colorless
liquid, Slight
Odor, Saline
Taste
pH: 7, neutral
White solid /
liquid, Odorless,
strong saline
taste
Molecular
Weight: 74.55
g/mole
Specific Gravity:
1.987
Colorless / White
/ Off-white, Solid
crystalline /
liquid, Odorless,
Saline Taste.
Molecular
Weight: 110.99
g/mole
pH: 9 [Basic]
Specific Gravity:
2.15
Clear Colorless,
Solid crystalline
powder / liquid,
Odorless. Easily
soluble in cold
Hazardous in
case of skin
contact
(irritant), of eye
contact
(irritant), of
ingestion, of
inhalation.
Slightly
hazardous in
case of skin
contact (irritant,
permeator), of
eye contact
(irritant), of
ingestion.
Slightly
hazardous in
case of skin
contact
(irritant), of eye
contact
(irritant), of
ingestion, of
inhalation.
Hazardous in
case of skin
contact
(irritant), of eye
contact
(irritant), of
ingestion, of
inhalation.
Slightly
hazardous in
case of skin
contact
(permeator).
Hazardous in
case of skin
contact
(irritant), of eye
contact
In case of contact,
immediately flush
eyes with plenty of
water for at least 15
minutes. Wash
irritated skin with
soap and water and
cover with an
emollient.
water, hot
water. Soluble in
methanol.
Insoluble in
acetone
strontium;dichloride
(6), strontium
salts / solution
Solid.
Molecular
Weight: 266.62
g/mole
(irritant), of
ingestion.
Slightly
hazardous in
case of skin
contact
(permeator).
Very hazardous
in case of
ingestion.
Hazardous in
case of eye
contact
(irritant), of
inhalation.
Immediately flush
eyes with running
water for at least 15
minutes, keeping
eyelids open. If
inhaled, allow the
victim to rest in a
well ventilated area.
Do not induce
vomiting.
Apparatus:
Bunsen burner, test tubes and rack, nichrome wire, cotton buds
Procedure:
Option 1
Light the
Bunsen
burner.
The tip
of the
blue
cone
must be
evident.
Clean
the
nichrom
e wire
with
soap and
distilled
water.
Dip the
wire in
a test
tube
with
2mL of
HCl.
Repeat
for the
5 test
solution
s.
Place in
rack.
Label.
Pour
2mL of
each
salt
solution
into test
tubes.
Option 2
Obtain
the
unknown
solution.
Repeat
if
yellow
flame is
observe
d.
Record
the
color of
the
flame
produce
d.
Place
the
loop of
the
wire at
the tip
of the
blue
cone.
Subject
the loop
to the
tip of
the blue
cone.
Dip the
loop in
the test
solutio
n.
Soak cotton swab in

distilled water.
Repeat for all salts.
Prepare a new swab.
Shake of excess water.
Dispose swab.
Coat the end of the swab

with a small amount of
dry salt.
Hold near the flame.
Record the color of the
flame produced.
References:
(1)
Abenojar, E.C., et al. General chemistry 2 laboratory manual. Quezon
City, Philippines: Chemistry Department, Ateneo de Manila University; 2007.
(2)
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound
Database [Internet]. Maryland: U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2004
September 16 [updated 2016 August 8; cited 2016 August 20]. Available
from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
(3)
Qi Analytical [Internet]. Washington: Decagon Devices Inc.; 2007
February 28 [cited 2016 August 20]. Available from:
http://www.qia.cz/shop/pdf/40464msds.pdf
(4)
Flinn Scientific, Inc. [Internet]. Illinois: Flinn Scientific, Inc.; 2011
October 19 [cited 2016 August 20]. Available from: http://emcmsds.com/chemdocs/35/35247.pdf
(5)
ScienceLab.com [Internet]. Texas: Sciencelab.com, Inc.; 2005 October
9 [updated 2013 May 21; cited 2016 August 20]. Available from:
http://www.sciencelab.com
Data and Observations:
Element
Sodium
Strontium
Barium
Calcium
Potassium
copper
lithium
Color of the flame

Option 1 (salt solutions)
Option 2 (salts)
N/A
What were the difficulties encountered in this experiment? What metal flame color
was most difficult to observe? Why? Can you suggest a solution or an alternative
method?
Cleaning the nichrome wires after each element tested especially if strong elements
were used first such as sodium. It would be hard to remove sodium since it is
present in a large quantity.
The most difficult metal flame color to observe was copper in the color of bluegreen. There are times when blue or green are hard to distinguish during the test.
Another color that was hard to observe was potassium with the color of lilac (pink)
since there are times that the flame test starts with the color of bright orange.
The electrons in the atoms once heated gets excited. The energy levels in atoms
and ions are the key to the production and detection of light. Energy levels or
"shells" exist for electrons in atoms and molecules. The colors of dyes and other
compounds results from electron jumps between these shells on levels. Typically,
the valence electrons are the ones involved in these jumps. Observations of light
emitted by the elements is also evidence for the existence of shells, subshells and
energy levels. The kinds of light that interact with atoms indicate the energy
differences between shells and energy levels in the quantum theory model of the
atom.
Dont use strong elements in the test at first so that the wire would be easier to
clean. Use a transluscent container such as a test tube to observe the color of the
flame so that other elements will not intervene.
What is the hottest part of the flame? Why is it necessary to hold the loop in this
part?
The hottest part of the Bunsen flame is the middle part which is the blue one. Blue
flames usually mean that it is where "the complete combustion" happens.
What do you think will happen if you perform the flame test on a solution with more
than one metal component?
The flame test will probably show a mix of the metal components. You would not
have an accurate reading on the color of the flame.
Aside from the qualitative analysis of metals, state another application of the flame
tests.
Flame tests are used widely in pyrotechnics to produce the range of colors seen on
fireworks display. It can also be used in salt analysis or qualitative inorganic
analysis
Will each and every metal emit a different flame test color (visible light)? Why?
Certain metal ions will turn the flame very distinctive colors, these colors intern can
help identify the presence of a particular metal in a compound. However, some
colors are produced by several different metals, making it hard to determine the
exact ion or concentration of the ion in the compound. Some colors are very weak
and are easily overpowered by stronger colors.

2 PreLab Flame Test (Quantum Mechanics and The Color of Fireworks)

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2 PreLab Flame Test (Quantum Mechanics and The Color of Fireworks)

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de Castro, Krystel Iris M.

Shake of excess water.

Coat the end of the swab

Abenojar, E.C., et al. General chemistry 2 laboratory manual. Quezon

Data and Observations:

Color of the flame

de Castro, Krystel Iris M.

and first aid

Soak cotton swab in

Shake of excess water.

Coat the end of the swab

Color of the flame

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