B2 Keeping Healthy

Further guidance
B2 Keeping healthy Higher Workbook answers
A1

Missing words: (top left) poisons, toxins; (bottom left) cell; (box) damage, symptoms

Warm, moist, nutrients

Any bacteria on the food would only divide once in first 30 minutes but in three hours each bacteria
could divide to produce 512 bacteria, increasing the risk of food poisoning.

131072

B1

Missing words: antigens, white, antibodies, engulf, digest

B2 a

No because each patient has a microorganism with a different antigen marker on its surface, or
yes, because each patient has a different strain of the same microorganism with a different antigen
marker on its surface.

Most likely found in patient C because they are antibodies that attached to the antigens on the
microorganisms surface to attract white cells to kill the microorganism.

Likely to die.

Memory cells in the blood rapidly made antibodies and killed the microorganism before it had a
chance to multiply and produce symptoms of the disease.

C1 a

For example:
White blood cells recognise foreign antigens from the microorganism in the vaccine. They
produce antibodies against this type of microorganism. The child is now immune to this
microorganism.
White blood cells that recognize the invading microorganisms are already in the blood.
They detect the microorganisms immediately. The correct antibodies are quickly produced.
The antibodies destroy the invading microorganisms before they can reproduce and cause
illness.

C
2

bi

Flu virus mutates and antigens on its surface change so new antibodies are required to kill the new
flu virus.

ii

Parts of the microorganism that have antigens, but microorganism must be dead or inactivated.

Measles virus does not mutate and Robins antibodies remain effective.

There are genetic differences between people that make them react differently.

B, D

A, C, E,

c
i

Statement 3 because the consequences of not vaccinating are more expensive than the
cost of the vaccines.

ii

Deciding whether or not a child should be vaccinated.

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Further guidance
di,i
i

If 95% of the population were vaccinated the chance of a healthy unvaccinated person
coming into contact with someone who has measles is low.
If fewer children are vaccinated, then large numbers of the disease-causing microorganisms
will be left in infected people. There are lots of unvaccinated people who could contract
measles. So the chance of a healthy unvaccinated person coming into contact with someone
who has measles is much higher than if 95% of the population were vaccinated.
There are disease-causing microorganisms in infected people; these are passed on to healthy
unvaccinated people so the microorganisms survive.

Arguments for:

if lots of children are not vaccinated, this puts others at risk

almost everyone who has the vaccination notices no harmful effects

if they do, the effects are usually very mild

if they are not vaccinated and get measles, they could be severely disabled

measles can be fatal, so vaccination can save lives

an outbreak of measles would be costly to the NHS and to society

Arguments against:

a very small number of people do have serious harmful effects from a vaccine

parents should be able to decide what is best for their child.

f

D1 a

They are more likely to have them vaccinated because the risks from catching measles far
outweigh the negligible risk of side effects from the vaccine. So the benefits of the vaccination far
outweigh the risks.
Diagram in 2 some bacteria drawn in the circle (not as many as in circle 1);
missing word: kills
Diagram 3 no bacteria drawn in the circle; missing word: all

b
D2 a

B2-F2

Chest infections are usually caused by bacteria which can be killed by antibiotics. The common
cold is caused by a virus that cannot be killed by antibiotics.
The microorganisms in a population are not all completely identical. There is some variation
between the microorganisms caused by mutation.

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bi

ii

There are two different types of bacteria, one resistant and one not.

iii

Much more effective in killing the bacteria especially if some of them are resistant to one of the
antibiotics i.e. they are killed by the second antibiotic.

This way you will kill all the bacteria. If you dont, then those bacteria that are more resistant to the
antibiotic will survive. The infection may come back.
The antibiotics wont work because colds are caused by viruses.
Over-use of antibiotics increases the chance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria growing. So in future,
the antibiotics would not have an effect.

E1

How safe the drug is

How well the drug works

4
c

May take a long time for side effects to appear.

Many more people are involved and rare side effects may show up.

di

Open-label
Blind
Double-blind

ii

The patient cannot know or consciously affect their cholesterol levels so an open label trial is the
best to use.

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Further guidance
e

Best available treatment treatment that uses tried and tested existing drugs
Control group the people that are not given the trial drug
Placebo treatment that appears similar but does not contain the drug under test
Random groups groups selected without considering any particular characteristics

To compare the effectiveness of a placebo with an actual drug.

To encourage a person to use their own healing powers to get better.

F1

F2

F3

If the patient was seriously ill and another effective drug was available.

ai

Arrows drawn in to show blood flowing away from the heart through arteries and back to the heart
along veins.

ii

The heart has a pump to the lungs and one to the rest of the body.

bi

Labels: Artery (left); Outer wall (middle top); Muscle and elastic fibre (middle bottom); Vein (right)

ii

To stop the blood flowing backwards.

iii

To withstand the high pressure created in the blood by the heart.

iv

Capillaries are very thin walled and very narrow. Because they are narrow they can supply small
groups of cells with blood containing oxygen and glucose. Their thin walls allows oxygen and
glucose to diffuse from the bllod to the tissue fluid that surrounds each individual cell.

The heart is a muscle so it will need a supply of oxygen and glucose. The muscle is too thick for
oxygen and glucose to diffuse into the muscle from the blood inside the heart. By having its
own blood supply with capillaries each muscle cell in the heart can be supplied with oxygen
and glucose.

Fatty deposit stops blood flow along the coronary artery so that the capillaries that supply the heart
muscle cells are starved of blood carrying oxygen and glucose.

ai

Usually caused by genetic factors.

ii

Usually caused by lifestyle factors.

iii

Not normally caused by microorganisms.

High-fat diet your blood cholesterol increases

High-salt diet your blood pressure increases
Smoking your blood carries less oxygen (also your blood pressure increases)
Being overweight your heart has to work harder
Drinking too much alcohol your weight increases and you may be less active
Stress you may eat, smoke, and drink more

B2-F2

Exercise

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Further guidance
F4

Missing words: heart rate, minute, artery, contracting, lower, relaxing, increase, increase

G1 a

Missing words: increases, increases, correlation, cause

Correlation between amount of fat around the waist and diabetes/heart disease
Cause chemicals produced by fat cells with can raise blood pressure and increase cholesterol
levels in the bloodstream

G2 a

The lower the income, the greater the risk of heart disease.

At each income level, men are more likely to get heart disease than women.

No because it is a correlation and not a cause.

Eating fatty foods because more cholesterol deposits in the coronary artery can block it causing a
heart attack.

H1 a

Receptor 1
Processing centre 5
Effector 4
Response 3

H2

What it does

stimulus

Causes a response. (A stimulus is a change in the

environment.)

receptor

Detects changes in the environment. The changes may be

inside or outside the body.

processing centre

Receives information from the receptors and processes it

(controls what needs to happen in response).

effector

Carries out the response.

response

An action or behaviour that is caused by a stimulus.

Ticks in 2nd and 5th boxes.

I1

I2

Part

Conditions

Concentration
of blood

Level of
water in
urine

Concentration
of urine

cold day, staying inside

low

high

dilute

hot day, playing sport

outside

high

low

high

eating lots of salty food

high

low

high

drinking lots of liquids

low

high

dilute/low

Alcohol causes greater volume of dilute urine to be produced.

Ecstasy results in a smaller volume of less dilute urine.

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Further guidance
I3

Top half of diagram:

Increase in blood salt levels caused by: eating salty foods, excess sweating, not drinking
enough water

Receptors: in the brain (hypothalamus) are stimulated

Processing centre brain (hypothalamus)
Name of effector pituitary gland
Action of effector secretes more ADH

Result of effector action kidney walls become more permeable to water, so more water is
reabsorbed into the blood and less passes out in the urine (urine is more concentrated)

Bottom half of diagram:

Decrease in blood salt levels caused by: drinking lots of water, not sweating, eating very little
salty foods (very rare as many foods contain salt already)

Receptors in the brain (hypothalamus) are not stimulated

Processing centre brain (hypothalamus)
Name of effector pituitary gland
Action of effector secretes less ADH

Result of effector action walls of kidney become less permeable to water, so less is reabsorbed
into the blood and more is passed out in the urine (urine is dilute)
b

B2-F2

The effector (pituitary gland) responds to a rise in blood salt levels by producing more ADH. This
causes the blood salt level to fall. If it drops below normal, the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to
produce less ADH, so the blood salt level rises back again to normal.

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