Plantation Crop refers to monoculture crops which are cultivated on an extensive

scale in a large contiguous area, owned and managed by an individual or a company.

Monoculture crops are plants planted in single stand one after another land
during the same year or termed as a sequential cropping.
Contiguous area adjacent area (not patches).
Extensive scale planted in big area by hectares.

Classification of Plantation Crops they are categorized according to its main product
or purpose.
1. Oil crops they are plants which are grown or processed mainly for its oil
content.
Oil is a substance which are typically viscous liquids or easily liquefiable
solids and they are insoluble in water.
Kinds of Oil crops:
a. Coconut palm
b. Oil palm
c. Jathropa plant
d. Castor oil plant
e. Sunflower
2. Fiber crops they are plants which are grown for its fiber content.
Fiber is a thread-like substance from plants or animal of origin. It is
measured by its tensile strength expressed in lbs. per square inch or
kilograms per square meter.
Tensile strength is the ability of the fiber to resist breaking under tension
or stress.
Kinds of Fiber crops:
a. Abaca the fibers are stripped-off from the leaf.
b. Konaf the fibers are stripped-off from the stem.
c. Cotton the fibers attached to the seed.
d. Kapok the fibers attached to the seed.
e. Ramie, Maguey, Sisal these fibers are stripped-off from the leaves.
3. Beverage crops are plants which are grown or processed for its seed of the
fruit to serve as drinks.
Kinds of Beverage crops:
a. Coffee
b. Cacao
c. Cola nut
d. Tea
4. Sugar crops are plants which are grown or processed mainly for its sucroses
sugar content.
Sugar are generally sweet, tasty, dissolve easily in water and form white
or clear crystals when purified.
Kinds of Sugar crops:
a. Sugar Cane
b. Sugarbeet

5. Rubber crops are plants which are grown or processed for its latex content.
Latex is a milky white liquid that contains 30% rubber with very small
particles suspended in water.
Rubber referred to the natural elastic product obtained from the
secretion of the plant.
Kinds of Rubber crop:
a. Rubber tree
6. Root crops are plants which are grown or processed mainly for its edible starch
roots or tuber.
Kinds of Root crops:
a. Cassava
b. Sweet potato
c. Yam
d. Yautia
e. Gabi
7. Fruit crops they are fruit bearers or plants which can be consumed or eaten in
fresh form or in processed form.
Kinds of Fruit crops:
a. Jackfruit
b. Durian
c. Citrus
d. Rambutan
e. Mango
f. Mangosteen
g. Banana
h. Pineapple
i. Cashew
8. Vegetable crops are herbaceous plants that are eaten in whole or a part which
may come from the stem, the fruit, or the roots of the plants.
Kinds of vegetable crops:
a. Onions
b. Pechay
c. Tomato
d. Garlic
e. Bittergourd and etc
9. Cereal crops are plants belonging to the grass family that are grown for their
edible starchy seeds called grain.
Kinds of Cereal crops:
a. Rice
b. Corn
c. Wheat
d. Oat
e. Barley
f. Sorghum

Plant Propagation

Vegetative propagation had been practiced in the Old World centuries before the
birth of Christ. Propagation by suckers, cuttings and layering were already known during
those days. However, such methods had been improved until the past two decades
when research and the new technologies were put into practice.
Plant propagation is the process of multiplying or increasing the number of plants
of the same species and at the same time perpetuating their desirable characteristics.

Purposes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

To retain the desirable characteristics of the mother plants.

To increase or multiply the number of plants rapidly
To shorten the bearing age of plants, especially in fruit trees.
To prevent the plant species from being lost or extinct.
To produce superior strains and disease-resistant plants that will be best suited
under a given climate and soil conditions.

Methods of Plant Propagation

Plants may be propagated under two (2) general categories: sexual and
vegetative or asexual propagation.
1. Sexual Propagation is the common method of reproduction and multiplication
of plants. This is usually done with the use of seeds and spores. Garden
vegetables like tomato, eggplant, pechay, radish, carrot, mustard, and legume
crops (cowpea, mungo and peas) are generally propagated by seeds. Fruit trees
such as caimito, avocado, santol, jackfruit, guava, mango, etc. are also
propagated by the use of seeds, although in some cases, the resulting plants
may not come true to type and do not have the same characteristics as the
parent plants.
Seeds are still the most economical and fastest means in the
reproduction of plants. However, some plants like fruit trees produced for seeds
vary in their characteristics, hence, we cannot always expect the desirable
qualities as to size, shape, vigor, quality, and yield of the parent plant in their new
off-springs or progenies.
Ferns and mosses are by nature propagated by spores.
2. Asexual Propagation is the development of a new plant natural or artificial
without the use of seeds, since it does not involve the function of sex, it is
commonly referred to as asexual.
Advantages:
1. Desirable characteristics of the parent plants are retained.
2. Grafted and budded plants bear fruit early.
3. Trees are generally, low, thus labor cost and time in the maintenance and
harvesting are economical.
4. There is a uniform appearance of the trees and more number of trees can
be planted per unit area.

Disadvantages:
1. There is a possibility of disease being transmitted from the parent to the new
individual plant.
2. Some source of certified scion or budsticks is a usual problem.
Methods of Asexual Plant Propagation
a. Vegetative or natural propagation is the perpetuation and multiplication of
plants by mean of the growing parts like crown, suckers, bulbill, tubers, root
stock, corns, runners, rhizomes, slips, etc. Gabi, sweet potato, Irish potato,
strawberry, pineapple and garlic are some of the plants that may be reproduced
vegetatively.
b. Artificial propagation is a method of asexual propagation in which new plants
are produced and multiplied by the use of parts and buds of the selected mother
plants and employing several methods as cuttings, layering, inarching,
marcotting, grafting, and budding.
Cutting, marcotting, and layering are mostly used in the multiplication of
ornamental plants, grapes, and black pepper. Inarching, marcotting, grafting, and
budding are generally used in the reproduction of fruit trees which are very
important to a horticulturist and orchardist.

Aseptic micropropagation
Propagation of plants starting from very small plants grown aseptically
in test tube or other container.
Methods of Artificial Propagation
1. Cutting is a detached portion of the selected mother plants intended to be
multiplied, of which at least one-third to one-half of the length is inserted in the soil
or rooting media with the sole purpose of producing new plant. Cuttings may be
divided into three classes.
Root cuttings made from matured roots as in the case of Rimas
Leaf cuttings as in Begonia
Stem cuttings soft wood cuttings may either be made from young and
immature parts of the plants as in the case of Gumamela, San Francisco,
and Papua. Hardwood cuttings are made from matured twigs of the plants
intended to be produced as in the case of Bougainvillea. Lately, success
has been made in producing rooted Chico and citrus with the use of
cuttings dipped in root hormone solution.
2. Marcotting is the process of inducing branch of twigs to produce roots while still
attached to the parent plant.
Procedure:
Make a notch or girdle around the branch of about 1-2 cm wide or depending
on the size of the branch.
Scrape off the cambium layer completely to prevent the re-growth of the bark.
It may help to apply a rooting compound to the exposed stem.
Wrap the cut surface with about 2 handful of slightly moist sphagnum moss. If
the moss is too wet, the stem may decay. Some propagators do not cover the
ringed branch for several days. This practice favors rooting in caimito.
Wrap with a piece of plastic film about 15 x 20 cm around the ball of
Sphagnum moss and tie all around with cotton twine. The plastic film keeps
down loss of moisture from the moss.

As soon as you see enough roots throughout the plastic film, cut the
marcotted branch from the mother plant. This may be from 2-12 months after
marcotting depending on the crop.
Cutting may be done in gradual basis until it attains sufficient roots to live by
itself as indicated by a new flush of growth (a critical period for the new plant).

3. Grafting is the process of joining together a rootstock and a scion until they unite
permanently.
Types of Grafting:
Inarching or Approach grafting
Cleft grafting
Saddle grafting
Whip or tongue grafting
Splice grafting

Factors to be considered in grafting:

The weather conditions and the stage of plants should be considered for the
success in grafting. Grafting may be done at the beginning of the dry season and the
rainy season. The scion should be well-prepared from selected pedigreed trees, the
characteristics of which are to be perpetuated. In the same manner, the stock should be
healthy, vigorous and free from diseases and insect pests.
a. Inarching or Approach Grafting
Procedure:
Select an actively growing stock and bring it to the branch you intend to graft.
Cut a longitudinal section about 4-5 cm long and about half its thickness.
Make a smaller cut on the scion then fit together.
Tie firmly with a string or a cotton twine.
Cut the scion below the point of union of the scion and the stock if already
established.
b. Cleft Grafting
Procedure:
Select a healthy rootstock about the size of the ordinary lead pencil or slightly
larger.
Cut off the top of the rootstock to a desirable height where there is an active
growth.
Make a longitudinal cut at the center of the cut surface deep enough to
accommodate the wedge that may be cut on the scion.
Select healthy scion of the same size as the rootstock and cut about 10-45
cm long.
Hold firmly and make a wedge cut about 1-1.5 cm long on the basal section.
Insert the wedge on the rootstock and secure firmly with a plastic tape.
After grafting is done, cover the newly grafted seedlings with a plastic cover
(ice candy wrapper) to avoid exposure to wind and sun.
7-10 days operation unwrap the graft and air-dry for 10 minutes and cover
again the scion with plastic wrapper for 2-3 weeks.
On the 4th week from operation, a new shoot will appear. Remove the plastic
cover but retie the loose wind strip to hold the stem. (Not sure?)
c. Saddle Grafting
This is done in the same manner as cleft grafting. The only difference is that
with the saddle grafting the longitude cut is made on the scion while the wedge is
made on the rootstock.

d. Whip or Tongue Grafting

This method has distinct advantage of allowing a much greater area of
cambial contact than either cleft or saddle grafting.
Procedure:

Start in the same manner as cleft or saddle grafting.

After cutting back the rootstock, make a smooth slanting cut about 3-5 cm
long where you intend to make the graft.
About 1/3 from the cut surface, make a downward cut so it would form some
sort of a tongue that point upward.
Make similar but reverse cut on the scion.
Fit them together making sure their tongues interlock snugly and bind with a
plastic tape.

e. Splice Grafting
It is done in the same way as whip grafting except that the scion and the
rootstock are prepared without the tongue.
Procedure:

To bark graft, cut back the selected rootstock about one meter above the
ground.
Cut two vertical incisions as deep as the bark on one side where you intend to
make a graft.
Carefully peel off the bark away from the wood but make sure it remains
attended at the bottom.
Then make a smooth slanting cut at the base of the scion. This cut should
match the cut you previously made on the rootstock.
Opposite the first incisions, make a second cut but shorter to remove the
section of the bark that may be damaged or would interfere when the scion is
inserted into the rootstock.
After making the second cut, insert the scion underneath the bark flap of the
rootstock.

4. Budding
Is a form of grafting that makes use of single bud as the scion instead of stem
bearing several buds.
Types of budding:

Shield Budding is widely used in citrus.

Procedure:
1. Select an actively growing rootstock.
2. Make a vertical incision. 2-3 cm long as deep as the bark (4-6 inches
above the ground level.)
3. Make a cross cut above the vertical cut thus forming some kind of a T.
Some propagators make the cross cut below the vertical incision, thus,
forming an inverted T. Choose whichever is convenient to you.
4. Slice out smoothly a shield of bud including a thin layer of the wood from
the budstick.
5. Insert the shield into the slit made on the rootstock until it is even with the
cross cut.

6. Once set in place, tie securely with a plastic tape. Dont press the tape too
firmly against the inserted bud, as it will crush and destroy or even
mutilate the growing bud.
Patch Budding widely used on fruit trees with thick bark.
Procedure:
1. To chip bud, select surface on the rootstock where you intend to make the
graft.
2. On the same spot make a smooth slanting downward incision.
3. About 1.5-2 cm above the incision, make an acute angle cut to remove the
chip.
4. After removing the chip with the bud, insert it into the notch in the
rootstock.
5. Secure firmly into place by a plastic tape.

PLANTS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING METHODS OF PROPAGATION.

Fruit Trees
Atis
Avocado
Banana
Caimito
Cashew
Chico
Citrus
Duhat
Grapes
Guyabano
Guava
Jackfruit
Lanzones
Mabolo
Macopa
Mangosteen
Marang
Papaya
Pineapple
Rambutan
Rimas
Santol
Siniguelas
Strawberry

Scientific Name

Common Methods of Propagation

Anona squamosa L.
Persia americana
Musa sapientum
Chrysophyllum caimito
Anacardium occidentale
Manilkara zapota
Citrus sp.
Syzygium cumini
Vitis venifera
Anona muricata
Psidium guajava
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Aglaia domestica
Diospyrus discolor
Syzygium samarangense
Garcinia mangostana
Artocarpus odoratissima
Carica papaya
Ananas comosus
Nephelium lapaceum
Artocarpus communis
Sandoricum koetjape
Spondias purpurea
Fragaria chiloensis

Budding, inarching or seeds

Patch budding, cleft grafting or seeds
Sucker, rhizomes
Inarching, marcotting or seeds
Marcotting, inarching or seeds
Marcotting, inarching, cleft grafting or seeds
Shield budding, marcotting or seeds
Marcotting, inarching or seeds
Cuttings, marcotting or budding
Grafting, marcotting, or seeds
Marcotting, patch budding, or seeds
Marcotting or seeds
Cleft grafting or seeds
Grafting or seeds
Inarching, marcotting, or seeds
Seeds
Seeds
Seeds
Suckers, slips or crown
Patch budding, marcotting
Root cuttings or marcotting
Grafting, patch budding, seeds
Grafting, patch budding or seeds
Stem cuttings, runners