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01
Introduction to Fourier Series
In general, curve fitting interpolation through a set of data points can be done by a linear
combination of polynomial functions, with based functions 1, x, x 2 ,......., x m . In this chapter,
and
however, trigonometric functions such as 1, cos( x), cos(2 x),......cos(nx),
sin ( x), sin (2 x),......, sin (nx) will be used as based functions. In the former, the unknown
coefficients of based functions can be found by solving the associated linear simultaneous
equations (where the number of unknown coefficients will be matched with the same number
of equations, provided by a set of given data points). In the latter, however, the unknown
coefficients can be efficiently solved (by exploiting special properties of trigonometric
functions) without requiring solving the expensive simultaneous linear equations (more
details will be explained in Equation 6 of Chapter 11.05).
Introduction
The following relationships can be readily established, and will be used in subsequent
sections for derivation of useful formulas for the unknown Fourier coefficients, in both time
and frequency domains.
T
(1)
=0
2
2
sin (kw0 t )dt = cos (kw0 t )dt
T
2
(2)
(3)
(4)
11.01.1
(5)
11.01.2
Chapter 11.01
where
(6)
w0 = 2f
1
(7)
f =
T
where f and T represents the frequency (in cycles/time) and period (in seconds)
respectively. Also, k and g are integers.
A periodic function f (t ) with a period T should satisfy the following equation
f (t + T ) = f (t )
(8)
Example 1
Prove that
sin(kw t ) = 0
0
for
w0 = 2f
1
f =
T
and k is an integer.
Solution
Let
T
(9)
1
[cos(kw0 t )]T0
=
kw0
1
[cos(kw0T ) cos(0)]
A =
kw0
1
=
kw0
=0
Example 2
[cos(k 2 ) 1]
Prove that
sin
for
(kw0 t ) =
w0 = 2f
T
2
(10)
11.01.3
1
T
and k is an integer.
f =
Solution
Let
T
(11)
Recall
sin 2 ( ) =
Thus,
1 cos(2 )
2
(12)
1 1
B = cos(2kw0 t ) dt
2 2
o
1 1 1
= t
2 2 2kw0
Example 3
sin( 2kw0 t )
1
B=
sin( 2kw0T ) [0]
2 4kw0
T 1
sin( 2k * 2 )
=
2 4kw0
=
(13)
(14)
T
2
Prove that
sin( gw t ) cos(kw t ) = 0
0
for
w0 = 2f
1
f =
T
and k and g are integers.
Solution
Let
T
(15)
11.01.4
Hence,
Chapter 11.01
(16)
(17)
(18)
[sin( g + k )w t ]dt = 0
0
then
(19)
(20)
2C = 0 , since the right side of the above equation is zero (see Equation 1). Thus,
T
(21)
=0
Example 4
Prove that
T
for
w0 = 2f
1
f =
T
k, g = integers
Solution
T
(22)
or
11.01.5
Thus,
T
(23)
cos[(k + g )w t ]dt = 0
0
then
(24)
(25)
= cos[(k g ) w0 t ]dt
0
2D = 0, since the right side of the above equation is zero (see Equation 1). Thus,
T
(26)