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2 0
0
2 0 2
~
; ~
; ~
, ~ 2 , ~1
0
0
0
= 0
and is determined from pressure equation.
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1
+ 2 2
cos sin
0 + cos
= 0 (0 + cos )2 02 ()
Expanding in
= 0 + 1 , ; cos()~
= 0 +
1 ; =
= 0 + (0 )1
0
= 0 +
1 ; =
= 0 + (0 )1
0
gives
1
0
= 0 02 0 02 0 (0 )
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0 02 0 + 02 0 (0 )
1 20 0 cos 0
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Substituting the value of 1 from above expression in the equation for 1 gives
0
+
0
= 20 0
Using
0
= 0
the above equation can be rewritten as
0
2
2
0
=
20
0
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Shafranov Shift:
1 1 2
2
= 1 2 =
/
Gives
3
1
1
2
2
=
2 2
0
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2 0 2
=
2
2
=+1
0
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+
0
2
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=
=
0 + cos
with
0
= 0 ()
cos
= 0 () 1
+
cos
0
Using
0
2
2
0
=
20
0
=
+
0
2
and this then leads to the vacuum magnetic field,
= 0 1 + cos ;
= + 1
0
2
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0
80
0
80
1
=
0
2 +
1 + + 2 cos
2
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0 2
cos() = cos()
4 0
0
80
1
+
40
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1 2
20
=
+ 1 +
+1
cos
40
2 2
2
0
1
=
+ 1 +
40
2
20
+1
sin
2
2
= + 1
2
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ELECTRCAL FIELDS:
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10
In tokamak the behavior is complicated as the flows across the magnetic field are
determined by anomalous transport rather than simple resistivity.
In final steady state in plasma the magnetic field is constant and consequently there are
no flux changes in the plasma. From Faraday Equation, = 0 , using cylindrical
coordinate (R,,Z) the Z component of the equation give
where c is a constant.
The constant toroidal voltage, 2 is maintained by imposed flux change through
the torus.
Fraradays Law also gives a simple result for the poloidal electric field .
In steady state the toroidal field is constant and implies that
= 0
where the integral is taken around a poloidal circuit in the plasma. This does not ,
however, imply that itself is zero.
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Particle Orbits:
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= 0 ; = +
= =
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= ;
= +
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Particle Trapping:
The vacuum Toroidal Field varies as 1/R, the field is smaller on the outer
side than on inner side.
The particles in outer region, having small parallel velocity undergo a
mirror reflection as they move into the region of higher field.
In absence of collisions particles are trapped between reflection points,
undergoing repeated reflections as the bounce backward and forward
between the turning points.
The mirror force are given as
= ||
Where is the adiabatic constant
1
2
=2
=1+
0
Thus smaller is the pitch angle, smaller is the trajectory.
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The condition that the particle is trapped is clearly that, given its pitch
angle at the median plane, the magnetic field along the particular
trajectory reaches the value Bb required for reflection. An approximate
form of this condition may be obtained by taking vacuum value of Toroidal
Magnetic field
0
0 +
= 0
and
=
0
Trapping requirement, < can then be written as
2
||0
2
0
0
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||
=
2
||
1+
and substituting of the critical condition for from the
equation
||0
0
We get
1/2
2
=
0 +
For 0 = 7 , 50% of the particles are trapped.
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The bounce motion of trapped particles can be calculated using the force equation
= ||
0
= 0
=
1 + 0 cos
For strongly trapped particles 1 and large aspect ratio gives the parallel gradient of
magnetic field as
0 2 2
=
2
where the bounce frequency is given as
1/2
=
0 20
With = 0 /0 and thus the motion along field line is defined as
= sin ; = sin
For small bounce angles
1/2
|| 20
=
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The drift surface, on which the trapped particles orbit, is now obtained by including the
r component of the vertical drift due to the toroidal magnetic field. For || the drift
1
= sin
Leads to
1/2
2
= 1
0
The differential equation for the drift surface can the be written as
=
1 2 1/2
The integration of this equation gives the equation of drift surface
2
0 2 =
1
This surface has a shape of banana and therefore, these orbits are called Banana
Orbits. These orbits occur for strongly trapped particles with very small parallel
velocity in mid plane i.e. having very small pitch angles.
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Banana Orbits
The half width of the orbit is:
||0
=
=
The half width of these orbits is equal to Larmor radius of the particle
calculated from parallel velocity of particle in the Poloidal field.
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De-Trapping by Collisions
Let us determine the conditions of collisionality which allow
the particle trapping. The potentially trapped paticles have
velocities lying in velocity cone satisfying trapping condition.
Collisions allow these particles to drift and they can drift out of the
trapping velocity space in a time proportional to the square of
trapping angle, i.e.
2
0
where is the collision time for large angle scattering.
The condition for collisions to prevent trapping is that the collision
time be shorter than the bounce time given by inverse of bounce
frequency:
0 3/2 0
2
For typical tokamak geometry and plasma densities, this gives a
critical temperature of few hundred eV for both ions and electrons.
Below this critical temperatures collisions de-trap the particles.
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Potato Orbits:
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General Orbits:
The general particle orbits can be calculated using the constancy of
particle energy and canonical toroidal angular moment together with
adiabatic invariant .
A particles canonical angular momentum is
=
Taking = || /
+
|| =
Eliminating || above equations gives the equation of general orbit
2
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Plasma Rotation:
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0
where is the diamagnetic velocity, and are the toroidal
and poloidal components of ion velocity respectively, is the ion
pressure, and 0 is the maximum line averaged plasma density.
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Plasma Rotation
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