Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without

being consumes
DO NOT shift equilibrium, just reach it faster!
What are enzymes?
Very specific
most are proteins
Nearly all reactions
require enzymes
Why does the body need
enzymes?

Why do foods need

enzymes?

Digestion and
metablolism of carbs, fats,
and proteins
tenderize meat, ripen or
brown fruits, chill-proof beer
Cofactors:
inorganic component
needed to work
Minerals (Fe, Mg, Zn, Se)

What is the difference

between Cofactors and
Coenzymes?

What is the difference

between an Apoenzyme
and Holoenzyme?

Coenzyme:
organic component
needed to work
vitamins (Vit. B6, B12,
thiamin, folate, ribflavin,
biotin, niacin)
Apoenzyme:
protein part of enzyme
only
missing
cofactor/coenzyme
Holoenzyme:

 complete (active) enzyme

enzyme +
cofactor/coenzyme
What is Zymogen?
1) How do you recognize
an inactive enzyme
(Zymogen)?
2) How do you recognize
an active enzyme
(Holoenzyme)?
Naming enzymes is
based on:

enzyme precursor
(inactive) that must be
converted to active form

1) Begins w/ pro- or ends in

-gen
2) Ends in -in

What it reacts with

How it reacts
ends in -ase
1) Lactase: enzyme that
digests Lactose (milk
sugar)

Give two examples of

naming enzymes

What are the 6 enzyme

classifications?

1. How do enzymes work?

2) Alcohol Dehydrogenase:
enzyme that removes
hydrogen from alcohol to
form an aldehyde
1. Oxidoreductase
2. Transferase
3. Hydrolase
4. Isomerase
5. Lyase
6. Ligase

1. Enzymes contain an active site that

reacts with a specific substrate.

2. Show a generic reaction illustrating

this.

2. E + S <-> ES <-> EP <-> E + P

(ES <-> EP is the complex)

What are the two types of active

sites?

1. Binding site - holds substrate in a

proper place (weak, non-covalent
interactions b/t AA & substrate [LDF,
dip-dip, ion-dip, H-bond most
common])
2. Catalytic site - where reaction
actually occurs
1. Lock and key model (not very
common)

What are the 2 active site models?

2. Induced-fit Model (most common) more than one substrate can fit into
the enzyme b/c they have flexible
active sites

What is a:
1. Transition State
2. Activation Energy

Do catalyzed reactions
increase or reduce the
energy required for a
reaction to take place?

1. The place where the

reaction takes place
2. The amount of
energy it takes for a
reaction to occur

Reduce

1. Reaction velocity (Vo)

1. Number of reactions

catalyzed by enzyme per

second
2. Enzyme is completely
saturated with substrate
the larger the better
2. Maximum Velocity
(Vmax)
3. Michaelis constant
(Km)

What is the reaction

velocity (Vo) dependent
on:
1. [S] >> Km (leveling off
near the Vmax)
2. [S] > Km (between
Vmax and 1/2 Vmax)
3. [S] << Km

3. Affinity for binding

(least amount needed for
the reaction to happen)
amount of substrate
required for 50% of
enzyme to be bound
1/2Vmax or 1/2
saturation
the smaller the better
50% bound to
substrate, 50% not = 1/2
efficient
1. Vo is dependent on
[E]
enzyme is saturated
with S
as [E] increases the
amount of product
increases
2. Vo is dependent on
[E] and [S]
not completely
saturated
as [E] & [S] increase so
does the amount of
product
3. Vo is dependent on
[S]

 as [S] increases so
does the product