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Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

Q 1 : Using the Maclaurins series or otherwise establish the


series for the following functions :
(i)

sec2 x

(ii) log (1 + x + x2 + x3)

sec2x
Let y = sec2x
Integrating w.r.t. x both sides, we get
y dx

= sec2x dx + c

= tan x + c
y dx

= x + 1 x3 +
3

2
15

x5 + + c

Now differentiating w.r.t. x we get


y

= 1 + x2 + 2 x4 +
3

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

log (1 + x + x2 + x3)
Let

= log (1 + x + x2 +x3)

y
1 xn
1x

= xn1 + xn2 + xn3 + + 1


1 x4
1x

We get

1 x

1x

= x3 + x2 + x +1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3

log (1 + x + x2 + x3)

= log (1 x4) log (1 x)


=

x8
x 4
....
2

x2 x3 x4
x

....
2
3
4

=x+

x2
2

x3
3

+ x4

=x+

x2
2

x3
3

3
4

1 +
4

x4 +

log

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

Q 2 : Using the Machlaurins series prove the following :


(i)

1
2

If x = y
y=x+

(ii) tan1

x2
2!

y2 +
x3
3!

1
3

y3

1
4

y3

1
4

y4 + then

+ and viceversa.

x sin

=
1 x cos

x sin +

x2
2

x3
3

sin 2 +

sin 3.

(i) Given that x = y 1 y2 + 1 y3 1 y3 1 y4 +


2

Observe R.H.S. its log (1 + y)

x= log (1 + y)

Which is also, 1 + y= ex
or

1 + y= 1 +
y=

x
1!

(ii) Let y = tan1

x
1!

x2
2!

x2
2!
x3
3!

x3
3!

+ (series of ex on RHS)

x sin

1 x cos

tan y=

x sin
1 x cos

Now by Eulers formula for tan y


3

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

tan y

(e iy e iy )
i(e iy e iy )

(e iy e iy )
i(e iy e iy )

x sin
1 x cos

or

e 2 iy 1
e 2 iy 1

ix sin
1 x cos

Solved Problems

Using componendo and dividendo


i.e

Deno min ator Numerator


Deno min ator Numerator

e 2iy
1

on both sides, we get

1 x cos ix sin
1 x cos ix sin

1 xe i
1 xe i

e2iy=

or

2iy= log

1 xe i

i
1 xe

( ei = cos i sin )

= log (1 xe-i ) log (1 xei)


=

x 2 e 2 i x 3 e 3 i
i

xe

....

2
3

x 2 e 2 i x 3 3 ei
xe i

....
2
3

Taking common coefficients of x, x2, x3


4

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

= x (ei ei) +

x2
2

(e2i e-2i) +

2iy = 2i sin x + 2i sin

x2
2

Solved Problems

x3
3

(e3i e-3i) +
3

+ 2i sin 3 x +
3

(using the formula 2i sin n = ei ein)


y = x sin +

x2
2

sin 2 +

x3
3

sin 3

Q 3 : Expand the following functions into a series with a


minimum of three nonzero terms :
(i) tan1
Let

ax
ax
a x
a x

= tan1

Put x = a tan or tan1


Now,

= tan1

x
a

a(1 x / a)
a(1 x / a)

/ 4 tan
= tan1 1tan

tan / 4 tan

tan 1
4

= tan1 tan (/4 + ) = /4 +


=

+ tan1
= +
4

x
a

x

a

1 x

3 a

1 x

5 a

Expansion Of Functions

(ii) tan1
Let

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

1 x
x

1 x2 1
x

= tan1

tan

1 x2 1
x

Put x = tan or = tan1 x

(iii) tan1
Let

1 tan 2
tan

= tan1

y
=

1 cos

tan
sin

cos

2 sin 2

2
tan1
2 sin cos

2
2

1
2

= tan1

sec 1

tan

1 cos

sin

= tan 1

tan
2

tan1 x
1
2

1
2

tan1 x =

2x
1 x2

= tan1

= tan1 1 2 xx

tan1 1 2 xx

x3 x5
x

....
3
5

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

Put x = tan or = tan1 x

2 tan

1 tan 2

= tan1

= tan1 (tan 2)

=2

(iv) cos1 x x

= 2 tan1 x

= 2 x x3

x5
.....
5

x x 1

Let

y
=

= cos1 xx xx

x
1
cos
x

= cos1

1
x
1
x

1 x2

2
1 x

1
1

cos1 xx

2
2

Put x = tan or = tan1 x

= cos1 11 tan
tan

2
2

= cos1 (cos2) = cos1 (cos (2))


= 2 = 2 tan1 x

= 2 x x3

x5
.....
5

(1)

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

(v) cos1 (tanh log x)


Let

= cos1 tanh log x

Trick! Since
tanh

e e
e e

e 2 1
e 2 1

elogA

and

we get

= A,
y

e 2 log x 1
2 log x

= cos1

= cos1

e log x 2 1

e log x 2 1

<since =log x)
=

2
1 x 1
cos x 2 1

= 2 tan1 x
y

(vi) tan1
Let
p qx
q px

= 2 x x3

x5
.....
5

p qx
q px

= tan1

y
Tip 1
= tan1

q( p / q x )
q(1 p / q. x )

=
8

p
x
1 q
tan
p
1 .x
q

Tip 2

Expansion Of Functions

Since
p
q

tan1 A tan1B = tan1

x5
.....
5

AB
1 AB

= tan1

x x3

Solved Problems

= tan1

We get,
y
tan1x
Tip 3

p
q

Maclaurins Series

Tip 4

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

Q 4 : Find the series expansions of the following function :


tan1

1 x2 1 x2
1 x2 1 x2

Let

= tan1

1 x2 1 x2
1 x2 1 x2

Rationalizing denominator we get,


y

= tan1

( 1 x 2 1 x 2 )( 1 x 2 1 x 2 )

( 1 x 2 )2 ( 1 x 2 )2

= tan1

( 1 x 2 ) ( 1 x 2 )2

1 x2 1 x2

= tan1

(1 x 2 ) (1 x 2 ) 2 1 x 2 1 x 2

2x 2

= tan1 2 22 x1 x = tan1
4

1 1 x4

x2

Put x2 = sin or = sin1 (x2)

y = tan1 1

1 sin 2

sin

= tan1

1 cos

=
sin

= tan1

cot =
2

y =

tan1

2 cos 2 / 2

2 sin / 2 cos / 2

tan1 tan
1
2



2 2

sin1 (x2)

10

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

Using series for sin-1

y=

1 2 1 x 6 1 3 x 10 1 3 5 x 14

.....
x

2 3 24 5
24 6 7
2

Q6:
Expand the function in an ascending powers of x to a
minimum of
3 nonzero terms

1 sin x

Solution:

Let

y=
y=

1 sin x

y=
or

sin 2

x
x
x
x
cos 2 2 sin cos
2
2
2
2

sin 2

x
x
x
x
cos 2 2 sin cos
2
2
2
2

y = sin x + cos
2

x
2

Now using the series for sin x and cos x we get


x 1 x 3 1 x 5
y= 2 3! 2 5 2 ....

2
4

1 1 x 1 x ....

2! 2
4! 2

Collecting the coefficients we get


=1+ x
2

x2
8

x +
48

x4
384

11

x5
3840

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

Q 7 : Expand the function in an ascending powers of x to a


minimum of 3 nonzero terms excosx.
Solution.:
Using the series for ex where x has to be treated as xcosx
y
cos x +

x2
2!

= 1 +

cos2 x +

x3
3!

=1+

cos3 x +

x2 x4
1

.....
2! 4 !

x
1!

2
4
x2 1 x x .....
2! 4 !

1
2!

2
4
x3 1 x x .....
2! 4 !

1
3!

=1+x
+

x2
2

x3
6

x3
2
x4
2

+x
24

=1+x+

x3
2

+ x3

=1+x+

x2
2

1
2

1 1

2 6

x3 +

12

x
1!

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

Q 8 : Expand in powers of x, ex sin x.

Solution :
Let x sin x = y
y2 y3 y4

....
2! 3! 4 !
1
1
1 x sin x (x sin x )2 (x sin x )3 .....
2!
3!

e x sin x e y 1 y

e x sin x

x2

x3 x5
x3
x3
x
x .... 3 ....
1 x x

.....
.... 2
3! 5 !
3!
3!

2!

x 2 2 2x 4
x3
x3 x5
x6
x

1 x x

....

....
(x ....) 3 ....
2
3
!
5
!
2
!
3
!
(
3
!
)
3
!

x4
x6
x4 x6 x6

....
3! 120 2! 3! 3!
1
1 6
1 x2 x4
x ....
3
120
1 x2

Q 9: Expand in powers of x,
x
2

Hence, prove that

x
e 1
x

ex 1
1 2
1
x
1
x
x 4 ....
12
720
e 1

Solution :
We have
x

e 1
x

x
x3

.... 1
2! 3!
x

2
3
x
x
x4 x5
x

....
2! 3! 4 ! 5!
1 x

13

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

1
x x

x3 x4

....

2! 3! 4 ! 5!

x x 2 x 3 x 4
1

....
2! 3! 4 ! 5!

x x2 x3 x4
x x2 x3

....

....
2! 3! 4 ! 5!
2! 3! 4 !

x x2
x


.... .... ....
2
!
3
!
2
!

x x2 x3
x4
x2 x3 x4 x4

....

....
2 6 24 120
4
6 36 24
x3 x4
y4

....
....
8
8
16

Now,

x x2
x4

....
2 12 720

x e x 1 x e x 1 2 x
2
x
x
1 x
2 e 1 2 e 1 2
e 1

x
x
x
2 e 1

x ex 1 x
x x2
x4
x2
x4
x
1

.... 1

....
2 e 1 2
2 12 720
12 720

14

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Q 10: Show that log (x + h) =

log h

Solved Problems

x
x2
x3

....
h 2 h2 3 h3

Solution :

x
x

log(x h) log h 1 log h log 1


n
h

Using the expansion of log (1 + x)


x

log(x h) log h log 1


h

log h

Q 11 : Expand

1 e x

x
2e

x x2 x3

....
h h2 h3

1 /2

Solution :
1 e x

x
2e

1/2

1
1
e x
2
2

1/2

1
1
x2 x3
1 x

....
2! 3!
2
2

x x2 x3

....

2 4 12

1/2

1/2

1 x x2

1 x x2 x3
1

.....
.... ....
2 2 4 12
82 4

[by Binomial Theorem]


1

x 3x 2

....
4
32

15

Expansion Of Functions

Maclaurins Series

Solved Problems

Q 12: Expand log (1 + x + x2 + x3) up to x8.


Solution :
log (1 + x + 2x + x3) = log (1 + x)(1 + x2)
log(1 x x 2 x 3 ) log

(1 x )(1 x 2 )(1 x )
1 x

1 x4
log
1x

log(1 x 4 ) log(1 x )


x8
x 2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8
x 4
... x

...
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Q 13 : Prove that

x 2 x 3 3x 4 x5 x6 x7 3 8

x ....
2
3
4
5
6
7 8

log(1 x x 2 x 3 ) x

x2 x3

....
2
3

Solution :
log(1 x + x2 x3)
= log (1 x) (1 + x2)
= log (1 x)+ log (1 + x2)
x

x2 x3
x4

.... x 2
....
2
3
2

x2 x3

....
2
3
16

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