Chapter 1 Introduction of Physiology

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1.1 Organization of the Body: From cells to system

1.2 Homeostasis: A central organizing Principle of Physiology

1.3 The Diabetes Epidemic

Body Functions Are Integrated

Proper functioning of one part depends on the function of a different part or parts

Examples:
o Muscle requires oxygen provided by erythrocytes in blood that are
manufactured in bone marrow
o Erythrocyte synthesis requires erythropoietin, which is secreted by the kidneys
o Oxygen is extracted from air breathed in by the lungs
o Lung expansion is controlled by the nervous system
o Blood is pumped by the heart

Organized of the Body

Levels of organization
o Cell
o Tissue
o Organ
o Organ system

-The body has more than 200 different cell types

-Cells (and tissue)

-Classified into four groups
o
o
o
o

Neurons
Muscle cells
Epithelial cells
Connective tissue

Neurons and Nerve tissue

Location: brain, spinal cords

Function: Send signals

-Transmit signals for communication and muscles and other organs

-branches receive or transmit messages
-Receive info from receptors
-some neurons process info

Muscle Cells

Characteristics:
o Skeletal Muscle cell: located attached to bones
o Smooth muscle cells: gastrones, blood and every organ vessel functions
o Cardiac muscle cells: located in the heart

Epithelial Cells and Epithelium

Can find them in skin, blood vessels, digestive system

Filtering: sweep what you inhale from your lungs; barrier

-Epithelium: sheet-like layer of cells

-External body surfaces

-Hollow organs or vessels or glands
-Functions as a barrier and transport

Connective Tissue
(where are they found)
-Blood cells: Tendents and ligaments
Bone cells: Blood
Fibroblasts: Bone EVERYWHERE

Organs and Organ systems

Organs: composed of at least two tissue types performing specific functions

Organ system: Collection of organs performing a particular task

Body fluids and compartments

-Body is divided into compartments

Contain fluid

Separated by semipermeable epithelial membranes

Transport occurs between compartments

Total Body Water

TBW= total body water= 42L

Consists of water and dissolved materials

Body fluids and compartments

ICF= intracellular fluid (compartments)= 28L

Fluid inside cells (cytoplasm)

Body Fluids and compartments

ECF=extracellular fluid= 14L

Fluid outside cells but within body

Subdivisions

Homeostasis
-Ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
-components of the internal environment that are regulated

Temp

Volume

Composition

-Requires organ systems integration

Homeostasis: Terms
-Regulated variable: speed of car
-Examples: blood glucose concentration, blood pH, plasma levels of sodium

Set point

-expected value of a regulated variable;

o Core body temp: 37c
o Blood glucose (sugar)= 100mg/dL
o Blood pH: 7.4

Error signal
o Difference between the value of the set point and the value of the regulated
variable

Homeostasis: Components

Structure enabling homeostasis

o Examples:
-Receptors
-Integrating centers
-Effector

-Signals

Types of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus
o Type 1 or type 2

Gestational Diabetes
o Subclass of DM type 2
o Affects 4% pf pregnant women
o May develop DM type 2 post pregnancy

Diabetes insipidus
o Insipid urine
o Unrelated to DM
o Affects antidiuertic hormone (vasopressin)- aquaporin 2 system

TYPE 1: auto amune disorder (have to have insalin)

TYPE 2: adult (non independence insalin) do not require insalin to survive

Diagnosing Diabetes

Fasting plasma glucose test

o 60-100 mg/dL:Normal
o 100-125 mg/dL: Pre-diabetes
o >125 mg/dL: Diabetes

Oral glucose tolerance test

o <139 mg/dL: Normal
o 140-199 mg/dL: Pre-diabetes
o >200 mg/dL: Diabetes

Hemoglobin
o Estimates blood glucose for 2-3 mins

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

Variable symptoms
o Dehydration
o Fatigue, lethargy, coma
o Eyes, kidney microvasculature
o Heart, stomach
o Neuropathy
o Erectile dysfunction
o Atherosclerosis

Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Maintain blood glucose at less than 120 mg/dL reduces incidence of eye disease, kidney
disease and nerve damage

Diet

Insulin

Sulfonylureas and melitnides

o Stimulate pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin

Thiazolidinediones
o Enhance effects of insulin
o Decrease liver glucose production

The Diabetes Epidemic

Diabetes: Greek origin, meaning "to siphon"

Mellitus: Latin origin, meaning "honey sweet"

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease

o Blood glucose levels are elevated
o Urine glucose are elevated
o Plasma volumes are affected

Signs and symptoms:

o Excessive thirst
o Massive fluid loss

Diabetes mellitus after every organ system

Body mass (BMI)- a predictor for developing NIDDM

Measures weight relative to height

Used to define obseity

o Overweight: BMI 25-29

o Obese:BMI 30-39

Morbid obesity BMI> 40 (More than 100 lb overweight)

Types of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus type 1

o Lack of insulin
o Accounts for 5-10% of all diabetes mellitus cases

Diabetes mellitus type 2

o Impaired response to normal insulin levels

Pre-diabetes
o Blood glucose 100-125 mg/dL
o Affects 79 million Americans
o Most likely to develop DM types 2 in 10 years