Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Copyright
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This document is in parts based on publications for the TERP10 course mySAP ERP
integrated business processes those parts are subject to the copyright of SAP AG.
All figures used within this course are created in the style of the TERP10 if not labeled
otherwise. Those parts are subject to the copyright of SAP AG.
All screenshots used within this document, even if displayed in extracts, are subject to
the copyright of SAP AG.
Distribution and reproduction of this document or parts of this document in any
form is prohibited without the written permission of Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger, Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Pouyan Khatami and Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Taymaz Khatami.
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Table of Contents
COPYRIGHT ........................................................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... 3
TABLE OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 5
LIST OF LITERATURE ......................................................................................................... 7
COURSE OUTLINE ................................................................................................................ 8
COURSE OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................... 8
STRUCTURE, NOTATION, AND ICONS ....................................................................................... 9
GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................ 11
1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 17
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Table of Figures
Figure 1: Annual Report 2011 (1) ............................................................................................ 20
Figure 2: Milestones of SAP .................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3: SAP R/3 modules: Nicolescu/Wittges 2006 ............................................................ 23
Figure 4: SAP ERP ................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 5: From SAP R/3 to SAP ERP ...................................................................................... 26
Figure 6: SAP ERP is a solution within SAP Business Suite .................................................. 27
Figure 7: Enhancement Packages ............................................................................................. 28
Figure 8: Quick Facts to enhancement packages ..................................................................... 29
Figure 9: Things You Should Know Before Installing SAP Enhancement Packages ............. 30
Figure 10: SAP NetWeaver ...................................................................................................... 31
Figure 11: SAP Enterprise Service Architecture...................................................................... 33
Figure 12: SAP NetWeaver ...................................................................................................... 34
Figure 13: Integration Levels of SAP: Employees, Customers and Partners - Functions of SAP
NetWeaver in the Area of User Productivity ........................................................................... 34
Figure 14: IT Practices ............................................................................................................. 38
Figure 15: IT Practices and IT Scenarios ................................................................................. 39
Figure 16: Advantages of SAP NetWeaver.............................................................................. 41
Figure 17: IT Scenarios: help.sap.com ..................................................................................... 46
Figure 18: IT Scenario Running an Enterprise Portal: help.sap.com ....................................... 46
Figure 19: Installable Units: help.sap.com ............................................................................... 48
Figure 20: SAP organizational structure: terminology ............................................................ 51
Figure 21: SAP organizational structure .................................................................................. 53
Figure 22: Plants in SAP ERP .................................................................................................. 54
Figure 23: SAP sales areas ....................................................................................................... 55
Figure 24: Purchasing organization in SAP ............................................................................. 56
Figure 25: Customer master records: example ......................................................................... 57
Figure 26: Master Data Example: Material Master .................................................................. 58
Figure 27: Transactions in SAP ............................................................................................... 59
Figure 28: Procurement: example process ............................................................................... 60
Figure 29: Engagement management: sample process ............................................................ 61
Figure 30: Reporting and Analytics ......................................................................................... 62
Figure 31: OLTP versus OLAP ................................................................................................ 62
Figure 32: Overview of IDES group areas ............................................................................... 71
Figure 33: IDES Company Codes ............................................................................................ 72
Figure 34: Company Code 1000 (Germany) ............................................................................ 73
Figure 35: Company Code 2000 (Great Britain) ...................................................................... 74
Figure 36: Company Code 2100 (Portugal) ............................................................................. 74
Figure 37: Company Code 2200 (France) ................................................................................ 74
Figure 38: Company Code 2300 (Spain).................................................................................. 75
Figure 39: Company Code 3000 (USA) ................................................................................... 75
Figure 40: Company Code 4000 (Canada) ............................................................................... 76
Figure 41: Company Code 5000 (Japan).................................................................................. 76
Figure 42: Company Code 6000 (Mexico) .............................................................................. 77
Figure 43: IDES Industry ......................................................................................................... 77
Figure 44: IDES Human Resources ......................................................................................... 78
Figure 45: IDES Financials ...................................................................................................... 78
Figure 46: IDES Sales and Distribution ................................................................................... 79
Figure 47: IDES Sales and Distribution details ....................................................................... 80
Figure 48: IDES Logistics ........................................................................................................ 80
Copyright Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger/Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Pouyan Khatami/
Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Taymaz Khatami
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List of Literature
This courses content is partially based on the following references:
1. Appelrath, Hans-Jrgen/Ritter, Jrg: SAP R/3 Implementation Methods and Tools,
Springer, 2000.
2. Brinkmann, Sandra/Zeilinger, Alex: Finanzwesen mit SAP R/3 - Betriebswirtschaftliches Customizingwissen fr SAP R/3 FI. SAP Press, 1999.
3. Brck, Uwe: Praxishandbuch SAP-Controlling. SAP Press, 2005.
4. Dickersbach, Jrg Thomas/Keller, Gerhard/Weihrauch, Klaus: Produktionsplanung
und -steuerung mit SAP. SAP Press, 2008.
5. Edinger, Jrg/Krmer, Christian/Lbke, Christian/Ringling, Sven: Personalwirtschaft mit SAP ERP HCM. SAP Press, 2008.
6. Forsthuber, Heinz: Praxishandbuch SAP-Finanzwesen. SAP Press, 2006.
7. Franz, Mario: Projektmanagement mit SAP Projektsystem. SAP Press, 2007.
8. Hellberg, Torsten: Einkauf mit SAP MM. SAP Press, 2007.
9. Maassen, Andr/Schoenen, Markus/Werr, Ina: Grundkurs SAP R/3 Lern- und Arbeitsbuch mit durchgehendem Fallbeispiel Konzepte, Vorgehensweisen und Zusammenhnge mit Geschftsprozessen. 3. Auflage, Vieweg 2005.
10. Moos, Eckhard: Kostencontrolling mit SAP - Business Engineering mit SAP-CO,
2002.
11. Nicolescu, Valentin/Wittges, Holger: SAP HCC Kurs NetWeaver 04 basierend
auf den SAP NetWeaver Ramp-Up Unterlagen, 2006. SAP-Archiv: mySAP ERP
Alle Neuheiten auf einem Blick, 2004.
12. Scheibler, Jochen: Vertrieb mit SAP. SAP Press, 2007.
13. Schrader, Heino/Weidner, Stefan: IDES Das integrierte Modellunternehmen fr
Forschung und Lehre 2005
14. Schulten, Ernst: FH Aschaffenburg Customizing in SAP R/3, 2005
15. Thome, Rainer: Vom Customizing zur Adaption des Standardsoftwaresystems R/3;
in: Schriften zur Unternehmensfhrung; Band 62, Wiesbaden 1998 SAP-Bibliothek
16. Weidner, Stefan: Fallstudie Customizing Mrz 2005 SAP-HochschulkompetenzZentrum Magdeburg
17. http://help.sap.com
18. SAP Education: TERP10 SAP ERP Integration of Business Processes. 2011
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Course Outline
This course deals with the leading standard software for Enterprise Resource Planning, namely SAP ERP. Covering the content of the SAP-owned course TERP10, this course gives attention to a bulk of SAP ERP, SAP analysis and the management solution SAP BW (Business
Information Warehouse). Aside from gaining in-depth theoretical knowledge regarding SAP
solutions and components, this course gives you the chance to practically apply your new
knowledge to the SAP system within case studies. The ultimate goal for students in this
course is to gain competencies in the area of SAP ERP standard solutions as well as receiving
a certificate issued by the University of Duisburg-Essen and to take (and hopefully pass) the
TERP10 exam by SAP.
Course objectives
As an SAP consultant, you focus on consulting, sales and implementation of SAP ERP components. Therefore, you will need to be familiar with the integrated logistical and financial
processes in SAP ERP and the utilization of analysis components like Business Information
Warehouse (SAP BW).
At the end of this course you will be able to:
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Conventional courses equip you with concepts, principles and theories by mostly using the
style of a lecture. These courses aim at knowledge transfer and of theoretical links. In Comparison to that, case studies will improve your capabilities of analyzing business problems,
developing solutions and decision-making.
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The main objective of this course is to give you an understanding of theoretical foundations
and practical application with the leading standard software for businesses. Thus, you will
develop competencies in the area of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). In addition to the
possibility of attaining a certificate by the University of Duisburg-Essen, this course serves as
extensive preparation for the SAP TERP 10 exam.
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elucidations is not primal for the SAP exam, you should consider it in your learning. I would
never recommend that you completely ignore the Elucidations. At least read them and try to
understand the content. Most of the content of the Elucidations are summaries of the Theory
chapters, anyway.
Sections labeled as Practice teach you how to apply theoretically gained
knowledge to the SAP ERP system using case studies to practically substantiate theoretical knowledge and enhance the total comprehension. Additionally,
you will receive a certificate for proper processing of all case studies issued by
the University of Duisburg-Essen. The practical chapters are not per se relevant for the SAP
exam, although they are crucial for understanding the theory.
The Excursus section consists of additional topics to ensure in-depth understanding. Although they are not relevant to the SAP examination, they will be of
great help in understanding the SAP ERP system.
In the Reflection section, you will answer questions concerning the covered topics for revision purposes. This section is not compulsory but highly advisable
with respect to the SAP exam.
Additionally, there are three further sub-icons that are used in this course within the different
parts (see icons above). The following sub-icons are accompanied with italic formatting:
The Note icon is mostly used in the theory parts. The icon indicates an additional
piece of information.
Caution is mostly used in the practical application parts. The icon is always used
in steps that are error-prone. If you see this icon, you should read the instruction
very carefully to avoid any mistakes.
Sometimes, in the practical parts, you will be prompted to accomplish processes
or individual steps on your own. In those cases you will receive a Hint on how to
solve the problem. Hints do not contain detailed information but an idea on how
to proceed.
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Glossary
This Glossary contains a variety of terms that are used in context with SAP
products. You do not need to learn those terms for the SAP exam. The Glossary
is only meant as a look-up table.
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CRM
CSS
CUA
Customizing
Digital certificate
DlAG
DME
Drag-and-drop
Drag-and-relate
Drag-and-relate servlet
EAI viewer
ECL viewer
EDI
ERP
ESA
ESS
EWB
Field attribute
Firewall
er. They are used to register user behavior (passwords, personal data, which
pages the user calls up most often). In the context of the Workplace, cookies
are one of the options for implementing Single Sign-On.
Customer Relationship Management: umbrella term covering all aspects of
business relationships with customers with the aim of fostering long-term
customer loyalty.
Cascading Style Sheet: enhancement that provides greater flexibility in the
design of HTML pages and enables you to define frequently-used format
templates and font types once only.
Central User Administration: a system group includes several SAP systems
with several clients. The same users are often created and the same roles
assigned in each client. Central User Administration is designed to perform
these tasks in a central system and distribute the data to the systems in the
system group.
Settings that you need to make when implementing a system, for example,
to adjust the company-independent functions provided to the business requirements specific to your company.
Dynamic Information and Action Gateway: protocol for communication
between the SAP GUI and the application server (also known as the SAP
GUI protocol).
Digital document that contains the information required to verify a users
identity and the keys used for encrypting and decrypting messages. The
most commonly used format for client certificates is the X.509 standard. In
the context of the Workplace, cookies are one of the options for implementing Single Sign-On.
Data medium exchange
You can use Drag & Drop to select objects in one area (source) with the
mouse and then move them to another area (target).
Browser-based navigation tool that enables you to link data from one application with another application. This includes both SAP applications and
applications on the Web.
Processes information requests that are launched in the mySAP.com Workplace system landscape from a source system using Drag & Relate.
Enterprise Application Integration is a set of technologies that allows the
movement and exchange of information between different applications and
business processes within and between organizations.
Optional component for visualizing files in cFolders
Electronic data interchange
Enterprise Resource Planning: ERP systems ensure enterprise-wide resource
planning by using targeted workflow management. ERP includes backoffice systems such as, for example, production, financial, human resource,
sales and materials management systems.
Enterprise services architecture
Employee Self-Service: enables employees to be actively involved in human resource business processes. Employees can display, create and maintain certain types of data, anytime and anywhere with an easy-to-use Web
browser.
Engineering Workbench
In Central User Administration, you can specify a field attribute for every
element of the user master data. This defines the system in which you must
maintain that field entry and how the entry is distributed to the relevant
component systems.
Protects a local network against unauthorized outside access.
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Flow logic
Frame
Front End
Global user manager
GSS-API
GSS-API V2
GUI
HTML
HTML Business
HTTP
HTTPS
IAC
IDES
Incoterms
Internet Business Framework
ISAPI
ITS
KW
LaunchPad
LIS
Logical system
LTI
Marketplace
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Migration
MiniALV
MiniApp
MPS
MRP
mySAP Business Suite
NSAPI
OLAP
OLE
OLTP
One-Step Business
Partner profiles
Plug-In
Portal
PortalBuilder
Profile (Authorization)
Protocol
Remote system
Repository
RFC
Role
Role maintenance
SAP
and products.
Data transfer from one software system to another (for example, master data
and transaction data).
List display in a small display area of the browser window. The MiniALV
(SAP List Viewer) can be used either as a MiniApp in its own right or as
part of another MiniApp.
Intuitive, easy-to-use Web application or Web document. When the user
starts the mySAP.com Workplace, MiniApps provide the user with an overview of and access to his or her most important information on the initial
screen. The WorkSpace can contain several MiniApps.
Master Production Scheduling
Material Requirements Planning
SAPs comprehensive solution concept for optimum integration of all relevant business processes on the Internet. mySAP Business Suite provides
seamless, complete integration between SAP solutions and non-SAP systems across all business processes, thereby, delivering a complete ebusiness environment.
Netscape Server Application Programming Interface: Netscape software
interface for application programs for creating Web applications.
Online Analytical Processing
Object Linking and Embedding: enables objects from one application to be
linked to another application.
Online Transaction Processing
Dovetailing of business processes between business partners, for example,
using a marketplace.
Definition of parameters for the electronic interchange of data with a trading
partner using the IDoc interface: which message is interchanged how in
which direction?
Additional program that enhances a software systems functionality.
Pages that serve as initial screens for Internet users immediately provide
relevant information and form a platform for visiting other Web sites.
ITS service responsible for the HTML page structure. The PortalBuilder
also takes over role-dependent administration of the LaunchPad and MiniApps. The PortalBuilder communicates directly with the Workplace Server
for displaying the Workplace on the front-end.
Summarizes authorizations. A user s authorization profiles are stored in the
user master record.
Collection of rules for formats and types of data transmission between different computer systems.
Independent system in a different location with which your system can
communicate.
Central storage facility for all ABAP Workbench development objects.
Remote Function Call: SAP interface protocol, based on CPI-C. An RFC
enables you to call and execute predefined functions in a remote system or
even in the same system.
In the mySAP.com context, a role is a collection of activities that are required for participation in a business scenario. The Workplace offers a rolebased view of all functions that the user requires for his/her business scenario.
You can use the Profile Generator to create authorization profiles based on
the activities (transactions) contained in a role.
English: Systems, Applications, & Products in Data Processing
German: Systeme, Anwendungen, Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung
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SAP DCOM
Session handling
Single role
Single sign-on
SIS
SMTP
SNC
SOAP
SSL
SSO
System infrastructure
TCO
TCP/IP
Template
Ticket
Transaction
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URL
User interface
User master record/
User master data
VBM
WAP
Web browser
WebDav
WebFlow
WebServer
WGate
Wizard
WML
Work item
Workflow
Workplace
Workplace middleware
Workplace middleware
Workplace server
WorkSpace
XML
address).
Uniform resource locator: internet address (e. g. http://www.mysap.com)
Work station
Records with important master data of a particular user in SAP. User master
records are used to assign user menus including particular authorizations for
activities to a user.
Value based management
Wireless Application Protocol: protocol that defines the transmission and
display of special Internet content on devices with limited display capabilities, for example, cell phones.
Tool for developing Internet applications driven by the Internet Transaction
Server (ITS). You can use the Web Application Builder to create all the
files required to run an application on a Web browser.
Simple navigation program with GUI interpreting and displaying html documents from the internet.
Web-based distribution authoring and versioning: http-extension enabling
the joint access of documents via internet.
SAP WebFlow enables the running of SAP business workflow via internet.
Server managing connections to the internet.
WebGateway: component of the internet transaction server (ITS); connects
the ITS with the web server. WGate receivers queries from the web browser
via web server and forwards them to AGate.
Software assistant displaying instructions for running particular actions
within applications.
Wireless markup language: internet standard language to characterize pages
for mobile WAP devices.
Runtime representation of steps to define a workflow or task.
IT-enabled processing of structured, interrelated and repetitive business
processes.
Role-based, personalized web browser portal for SAP systems, external
systems and internet applications.
Communication software on a server replicating, synchronizing, monitoring
and distributing data between the center (network) and external users, e.g.,
business warehouse or mySAP ERP system.
Part of the workplace architecture consisting of a web server, an internet
transaction server and optional drag-and-relate services.
Main server to store information about the workplace user roles.
Right hand side of the mySAP.com workplace browser window displaying
MiniApps, Transactions and web sites.
Extensible markup language: standard for the definition of individual display languages characterizing structured information with tags. Like html,
xml is a link-oriented language for internet content.
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Introduction
This introduction script will give you an overview of SAP ERP and the required capabilities
to deal with this complex standard software.
In chapter 2 Enterprise Resource Planning with SAP ERP, you will familiarize yourself
with
- the software producer SAP,
- the differences of SAP R/3 and its successor SAP ERP and
- the technical platform for SAP ERP, i.e., SAP NetWeaver.
In chapter 3 Overview of SAP ERP, you will get a short introduction to
- the SAP ERP organization structure,
- foundations of master data and transactions and
- the technical foundations of SAP ERP analytics.
Those remarks will enable you to process further units and case studies, since you gain basic
theoretical knowledge on the system.
In chapter 4 The Model Company IDES, you will find an excursus briefly outlining the
model company IDES. Being an SAP-created sample for education purposes, all relevant
business processes of SAP ERP can be implemented in IDES.
In chapter 5 Handling and Navigation in SAP ERP, you will be actively involved with
the SAP ERP system for the first time. You learn how to use the SAP Graphical User Interface (GUI) by using the different navigation methods and the integrated help function. Finally, you will work on a navigation case study that will enable you to process case studies on
your own.
Educational objectives in chapter 2:
- know SAP company and history
- list the differences between SAP R/3 enterprise to its successor SAP ERP
- explain SAP ERP architecture
- understand the core functionality of SAP ERP solution within the SAP Business Suite
- explain the purpose of Enhancement Packages
- describe the SAP NetWeaver platform
- list the IT Practices enabled by SAP NetWeaver
- describe the strategic advantage of NetWeaver
Educational objectives in chapter 3:
- explaining SAP ERP organizational model
- explaining functionality of SAP ERP master data and transactions
- explaining SAP ERP analytics
Educational objectives in chapter 4:
Copyright Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger/Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Pouyan Khatami/
Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Taymaz Khatami
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This chapter gives you an overview of the software producing company SAP and its main
product SAP ERP.
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We will hold our discussion on detailed module description at this point. This monolithic
structure of the unitized design was a proper solution to include all relevant business processes back in the 1990s; however, new requirements for companies revealed a lack of flexibility
of this design. Especially with respect to the integration of external systems (non-SAP systems), of customers and vendors of the supply chain, a new way to represent business processes became necessary.
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SAP ERP is embedded in SAP NetWeaver, which is the basis for almost all SAP products.
The following figure displays the integration capabilities of SAP NetWeaver. You can integrate almost every business application with SAP ERP by using SAP NetWeaver technology.
Therefore, it is possible to integrate Independent Software Vendor solutions, self developed
software solutions or non-SAP solutions. Furthermore, Java and .Net-Frameworks are integrated with SAP NetWeaver.
With SAP ERP, SAP has set a new standard for ERP systems. It provides the applications to
cover the main functional areas of every company from an information technology point of
view. This solution incorporates SAP ERP Financials, SAP ERP Human Capital Management, SAP ERP Operations and SAP ERP Corporate Services solutions.
- SAP ERP Financials: The aim of this solution is to utilize a companys funds effectively and, therefore, increase profitability in the long term.
- SAP ERP Human Capital Management: Every company has employees. They are
important resources and SAP ERP HCM enables a company to utilize them effectively
toward achieving company goals. This solution covers all aspects of human resources,
from recruitment and training through payroll.
- SAP ERP Operations: SAP ERP Operations provides an extensive operations solution for automating and streamlining procurement and logistics execution, product development and manufacturing and sales and service.
- SAP ERP Corporate Services: SAP ERP Corporate Services introduces service solutions for end-to-end life cycles for travel management, environment, health and safety
and real-estate management. It also addresses the development of efficient incentive
programs.
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Please note that SAP ERP is not meant to be a remake of R/3 but a solution for a serviceoriented architecture. As opposed to SAP R/3 (monolithic structure, applications were linked
to the business logic), SAP ERP is based on the open, service oriented architecture of SAP
NetWeaver. The technology platform allows SAP R/3 customers to overcome the costly and
timely problems of real-time business regarding integration of application and external systems as well as maintenance of interfaces.
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SAP Business Suite is a complete package of enterprise solutions that link people, information and processes and, therefore, improve the effectiveness of business relationships. It
consists of individual SAP solutions. SAP Business Suite features the following business solutions that need to be licensed separately:
- SAP ERP
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With enhancement package delivery technology, SAP provides customers with new developments and enhancements of applications for their existing SAP installations. This means that
they can use new developments that are offered for their business processes when they want
to and according to their own requirements.
SAP enhancement packages are optional packages that enable companies to take advantage of
ongoing innovations while keeping their core software stable, rather than engaging in large
upgrade projects. Each SAP enhancement package provides a collection of new or improved
Copyright Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger/Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Pouyan Khatami/
Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Taymaz Khatami
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The following key points summarize important facts about the enhancement package concept
and recommended approaches:
- SAP enhancement packages are cumulative, which means that each new enhancement
package includes new innovations of its own as well as all innovations delivered with
previous packages.
- SAP recommends that you install the latest available enhancement package version.
- You install enhancement packages and Support Packages in a single step.
- SAP enhancement packages have their own Support Packages, starting with Support
Copyright Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger/Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Pouyan Khatami/
Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Taymaz Khatami
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Figure 9: Things You Should Know Before Installing SAP Enhancement Packages
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These SAP NetWeaver subareas contain multiple capabilities, which are explained in the following.
Figure 13: Integration Levels of SAP: Employees, Customers and Partners - Functions of SAP NetWeaver
in the Area of User Productivity
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The components that SAP NetWeaver provides for these purposes are, among others:
- Solution Manager: Supports system Customizing
- SAP NetWeaver Process Integration: Data exchange between applications and systems
- SAP Business Workflow, ccBPM, SAP NetWeaver Business Process Management: Tools for process automation and modeling
Integration level: Information Integration
Information Management
SAP BusinessObjects BI and SAP NetWeaver Business Warehouse supports companies
with data collection and analyzing key figures. With these applications you can define goals
and monitor whether or not they are achieved. The analysis of business processes allows improving your company's operations making them more efficient, reducing costs and enhancing
customer satisfaction. The tools provided by SAP NetWeaver BI and SAP BusinessObjects
BI can easily handle huge amounts of data and also allow end-users to create analyses and
reports fast and comfortably using Web-Reporting applications and publish those reports in
the internet or intranet. With SAP NetWeaver you can publish analyses in the Enterprise Portal and use Knowledge Management functionalities like rating, feedback, notes, subscriptions
etc.
Master Data Management
If master data of a company are stored in different locations and systems, this can lead to redundancies and inconsistencies. SAP NetWeaver Master Data Management (SAP MDM)
supports unified data storage across company branches in a heterogeneous IT landscape. It
permits common use of master data from systems that were originally different, and ensures
that the data is consistent across system boundaries, irrespective of the system location or
vendor. SAP MDM uses the technical basis of Process Infrastructure (Komponente SAP XI)
to distribute the data. Thereby, SAP NetWeaver MDM not only distributes the data but also
double-checks new master data for duplicates and also controls which data is transferred to
SAP BW for further analyses. This reduces the costs of data administration and data error
rectification significantly.
Data Management and Integration
Knowledge Management tools provided with the SAP NetWeaver Portal allows for structured
administration of company knowledge. The functions of Knowledge Management support
companies to structure Information (=Knowledge) and make this knowledge available for the
appropriate target groups. Knowledge Management functions include e.g. search, classification and subscriptions. Depending on the technical conditions, these functions can be applied
to all contents of the integrated data sources.
Basis for Integration: Application Foundation
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IT Scenario
An IT Scenario supports a process-oriented implementation approach. IT Scenarios quickly
and easily help to:
- develop, compose and run applications
- build, enhance and operate an IT infrastructure
- integrate people, information and processes
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Tools
- Adaptive Computing Controller: Provides a central point of control for assigning
computing resources and optimizing their use.
- SAP NetWeaver Composition Environment: Provides a robust environment for
design, deployment and running of composite applications that comply with a serviceoriented architecture.
- SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio: Offers a convenient user interface and rich
functionality for developing J2EE applications.
- SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer: Simplifies the creation of portal content and
analytics applications, enabling business analysts to build or customize applications
using a visual user interface rather than manual coding.
- SAP Solution Manager: Facilitates technical support for distributed systems with
functionality that covers all key aspects of solution deployment, operation and
continuous improvement.
2.2.3.6 Advantages and Benefits of SAP NetWeaver
Some of the advantages of SAP NetWeaver are:
Openness and extensibility: SAP NetWeaver offers complete compatibility and extensibility
regarding IBM WebSphere and Microsoft.NET, i.e., technologies that multiple enterprises
invested in. SAP ensures interoperability with IBM and Microsoft solutions, supports develCopyright Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger/Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Pouyan Khatami/
Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Taymaz Khatami
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2.3 Elucidation
What have we learned so far?
You gained a first look at what SAP as a company does, what products it sells,
and how these products are embedded in the SAP product portfolio (Business
Suite). There were some technical aspects discussed that seem to be very complicated. However, you do not need to understand every last technical detail but
you should get a clear view on the big picture. Let us now paint that picture.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
- ERP is primarily a management concept, although its not clear if the scientific concept or the real-world system was there first.
- ERP in a broad sense describes all management techniques, systems, processes, etc.
that are used to manage all types of resources in a company effectively and efficiently.
- ERP, in a close sense, means the usage of IT-systems to supply a companys daily
work with all necessary data. The IT-system maps organizational structures, processes
and data into a coherent perception in the form of software, to manage all the companys resources.
- The most important aspect of ERP-systems is Integration, through which
o No data redundancy occurs: e.g., a customer has only one customer record in
the system.
o All company departments use the same data records.
o Processes across a company and with external partners must be mapped without discontinuity. For instance, if a company orders a raw material from its
supplier, an employee fills in a purchase order form in the ERP system. This
form is then transferred to the suppliers ERP system. All filled in information
(material, quantity, price, conditions, etc.) are mapped to the structure of the
order form of the supplier. There is no need for any employee of the supplier to
fill in any information manually (biggest point of errors!) that is the summit
of what an integrated process should look like, literally (systems communicating with each other without any human engagement).
The most successful product in the history of SAP, when it comes to market dominance.
The main reason for SAPs success today.
Module-based structure: that is, the SAP software is divided in two sections SAP Basis and the Application Modules (Finance (FI), Controlling (CO), Sales and Distribution (SD) etc.).
Problem: this monolithic structure is not very flexible, since changes in a subcomponent require complete update of the module it belongs to. The same is true for
new releases of the software.
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New applications and developments for SAP ERP, changes to the software, extensions, enhancement, upgrades, etc. are now implemented by using enhancement packages.
Optional packages that enable companies to take advantage of ongoing innovations
while keeping their core software stable.
Benefits of enhancement packages
o accelerates and simplifies the upgrade process and adaptation to industry sectors
o allows for the addition of innovations on top of SAP ERP 6.0
o no need for a full upgrade of the current release of SAP ERP
o simplifies the way customers manage and deploy new software functionality
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SAP NetWeaver is a Web-based, open integration and application platform and the
technical basis for almost all SAP products.
Implements the idea of SOA/ESA.
Provides the integration and alignment of people, information and business processes
across business and technology boundaries.
By using open standards it is flexible and compatible with almost every system imaginable.
SAP highlights the compatibility with .NET (Microsoft) and J2EE (Oracle former Sun
Micro Systems).
Consists of four layers:
o People Integration
Portal infrastructure
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o
o
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Usage types are built from technical software components that form an installable and configurable unit. They are reusable, installed and preconfigured units, and they can be built upon
other usage types.
SAP NetWeaver components and tools:
Components
- SAP NetWeaver Application Server
- SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence
- SAP NetWeaver Business Process Management
- SAP NetWeaver Process Integration
- SAP NetWeaver Master Data Management
- SAP NetWeaver Mobile
- SAP NetWeaver Portal
- SAP Auto-ID Infrastructure
- SAP NetWeaver Identity Management
Tools
-
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Organizational levels and master data provide the framework that supports the business transactions. Reporting allows displaying master data as well as the output of business transactions. This section provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of organizational levels,
master data, transaction data and reporting in SAP ERP.
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Division
Production of goods depends on size and structure of a company. Products, materials and services can be assigned to divisions. Since different Sales Organizations can distribute the same
products, divisions can be assigned to multiple Sales Organizations. Accordingly, one Sales
Organization can contain multiple divisions (M:N). A division is an organizational unit that
can determine customer-specific agreements, e.g., partial delivery or payment conditions.
SAP ERP can identify the Distribution Channel and the corresponding business unit by using
the division stated in the material master.
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The following figure displays another important type of master data: the material master. The
material master contains all of the key information a company needs to manage a material
within its organization. The material master defines, among other things, how a product is
sold, manufactured, purchased, inventoried and priced. The information in the material master
is grouped into views that are organized by business function. As you can see from the figure
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3.1.2.2 Transactions
Transactions are applications running business processes in the system, e.g., creating a sales
order, posting incoming payments or checking absence requests. Transaction data is shortterm, activity-related data (e.g., orders) which are assigned to particular master data (e.g., customers).
Whenever possible, master data is copied during transaction processing, thus, avoiding reentry of data. For example, when executing the transaction Create Sales Order, the user must
enter the customer master number; this number is copied into all of the relevant customer information. Likewise, once the material master numbers are entered for the items being ordered, the relevant material data will be copied into the sales order.
In addition, when performing each transaction, applicable organizational units must be entered. For example, by specifying the sales organization information, the appropriate sales
statistics of the sales organization will be updated. Similarly, the designation of the plant and
storage location determines the location for product sourcing.
When a business process transaction is executed in the system and saved, a document is created. This document is a data record of the transaction containing all of the relevant prede-
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OLTP environments are fundamentally different from OLAP environments. Both reporting
types are available in ECC.
- The OLTP (operational) layer stores data with a very detailed level of information.
The stored data record is the source of information.
- The OLAP (informational) layer of the data warehouse is compressed for highperformance access and analysis and is stored in summary level detail (aggregation).
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3.2 Elucidation
What have we learned so far?
The major outcome of this chapter was the organizational model of SAP ERP
and the difference of master and transactional data. Furthermore, you saw several example processes and the reporting solution in SAP ERP. This chapter is
considered to be an overview only. All introduced information will be covered
in great detail in the following teaching units.
SAP ERP provides multiple organizational units for mapping real-world companies to
the SAP ERP software structure.
Organizational units and their relationships with each other are defined in the SAP
systems customizing.
SAP ERP has multiple functional areas (applications) in accordance to real-world
company departments:
o Accounting (SAP FI, SAP CO, etc.)
o Logistics (SAP LO, SAP SD, SAP MM, SAP PP, etc.)
o Human Resources (SAP HCM)
Organizational units primarily belong to one of those applications. Some organizational units are used in multiple applications: e.g., Plant is used in SAP LO, SAP MM
and SAP PP.
Client
- The Client is the highest organizational level in a SAP ERP system.
- A SAP ERP system can host multiple Clients. Each client hast its own set of tables
and data. For instance, a customer that exists in Client 900 is not available in Client
901 on the same SAP system.
- One can say that the Client is the whole enterprise (e.g., Siemens) and all other organizational units of that enterprise belong to that Client.
3.2.1.1 Accounting
Company Code
- A Company Code is a unit included in the balance sheet of a legally-independent enterprise and is the central organizational element of Financial Accounting (SAP FI).
- Company Codes represent companies in an enterprise from the financial and fiscal
point of view. For instance, the Company Code 1000 might be the German head quarter of Siemens and Company Code 2000 might be the British head quarter of Siemens.
- Every time a process that has money involved is accomplished, youll need to specify
a Company Code!
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Business area
- Business Areas organizationally structure a company in distinct areas to facilitate external reporting (balance, profit and loss statement).
- Business Area is a product-based view across the organization allowing for a condensed view on particular products or product groups; examples of Siemens Business
Areas: Power Train Engineering, Medical Technology, Security Technology, etc.
3.2.1.2 Operations
Plant
- One can say a Plant is a factory. That is where products are manufactured.
- A Plant can be assigned to only ONE Company Code. Whereas, a Company Code can
have multiple Plants assigned. For instance, Siemens has a factory in Munich and another one Berlin. Both factories belong, from a fiscal and financial (balance sheet)
point of view, to the Company Code Germany (1000).
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Sales Organization
- Sales Organizations are used to distribute produced materials and offered services of a
company.
- One or more Sales Organizations can be assigned to a particular Company Code (N:1).
Correspondingly, goods distribution can be structured regionally, since it is possible
for Sales Organizations to distribute goods from more than one Plant at the same time
(M:N).
- Accounting is conducted on Company Code level.
Sales Office
- From an organizational point of view, a Sales Office is a sales unit.
- It can be compared to a distribution branch, where intermediates distribute products
and services.
Distribution Channel
- A Distribution Channel is the organizational unit to enable distribution of produced
and salable goods and services.
- Examples of Distribution Channels: Direct Sales, End-Customer Sales, Intermediary,
Whole Sale, Internet.
- More than one Distribution Channel can be assigned to a Sales Organization.
- A Distribution Channel can be assigned to multiple Sales Organizations.
Sales area
- A combination of Sales Organization, Distribution Channel and division is called sales
area.
- It is used for analysis and pricing.
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Purchasing Organization
- Purchasing Organizations are responsible for purchasing materials and services for a
company.
- Alternative procurement of materials is possible, i.e., the purchasing organization may
order for the group (i.e., all Company Codes), a single Plant, all Plants or hybrid
forms.
- The Purchasing organization negotiates procurement terms and conditions with vendors.
Personnel Subarea
- A Personnel Subarea represents a distinct part of a personnel area for HR administration, time management and billing.
- You can assign multiple personnel subareas to one Personal Area (N:1).
Employee Group
- Personnel-related conditions are defined for an Employee Group.
- The same HR conditions are applicable for each Employee Group (e.g., retired persons, freelancer).
Employee Subgroup
- An Employee Subgroup is the organizational unit under the Employee Group.
- Within an Employee Group, Employee Subgroups define conditions in more detail,
e.g., regarding non-pay scale employees.
- You can assign multiple employee subgroups to an employee group (N:1).
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SAP BW
- A more sophisticated information system is SAP BW (Business Warehouse).
- SAP BW is part of the SAP NetWeaver (Information Integration layer).
- SAP BW is not part of SAP ERP but can be integrated with SAP ERP. Hence, data
from SAP ERP are uploaded to the BW-system for analysis processes.
- SAP BW offers a variety of end-user application tools (Business Explorer) for complex analysis.
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4.1.1 Characteristics
The Internet Demonstration and Evaluation System can be characterized as follows:
- completely developed model company
- based on a standard SAP system
- includes master data and transaction data
- complete customizing
- extensive data and process documentation of business processes across components
- online documentation with tutorials for the business processes of the IDES group
The IDES development department is responsible for maintaining and updating organizational
data in IDES, e.g., new planning horizons are created, period-end closings are carried out and
transaction data is created to actualize the information systems. New, interesting business
scenarios are implemented to reveal related functionalities. In detail, this is about the following areas:
- organizational structure (customizing)
- new master and transaction data
- period-end and year-end closings
- planning with corresponding horizons
- new business processes
At certain times, data is released from the master system in Walldorf (Germany).
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Different manufacturing functions are assigned to the certain Plants of IDES Germany due to
educational reasons.
Location
Products
Form of production
Corporate function
Offer and order costing
Frankfurt
elevators
Engineer-to-order
configuration
network
pumps
Hamburg
Motorcycles
bicycles
Dresden
Berlin
solvents
pharmaceuticals
Stuttgart/
Dresden
Recipe management
Process manufacturing
Additional stocks
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You can learn the following from the figure above: e.g., Sales Organization is Frankfurt
(1000) and the Distribution Channel is for the end customer sales (10).
In a concrete business scenario, only individual organizational units are involved. In this case,
e.g.:
- Company Code 1000 Germany
- Sales Organization 1000 Frankfurt
- Sales Office 1000 Frankfurt
- division 01 Pumps
- Distribution Channel 10 End Customer
- Credit control for debtors takes place in credit control area 1000.
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With respect to the case studies, it is important to note that storage locations surrounding a
Plant are numbered consecutively, starting with storage location number 0001. Correspondingly, more than one storage location with number 0001 exists in IDES, but only one belongs
to the Plant 1000 (Hamburg).
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4.2.3 Conclusion
You gained a lot of theoretical knowledge about SAP, SAP R/3, SAP ERP, SAP NetWeaver
and IDES. Please bear in mind that this knowledge is the foundation of the following practical
application within the case studies, which are the appeal of this course. So please note that the
theoretical foundations (theory chapters) presented in this teaching unit and in the whole
course are relevant to the SAP certification exam.
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In this section you will learn how to navigate in the SAP system by using the SAP GUI. The
prerequisite to the following is that you have accomplished the Installation and Configuration
process from the How-to-Start-Document.
Note that you must register your IP address each time you want to login to the
SAP system! The registration of your IP address at the servers of the UCC is
valid for one day only. Normally, at 12:00 am the UCC servers reset the IP list.
If that happens you will be kicked out of the system you just need to reregister your IP address.
Furthermore, your internet provider resets your IP address at least once a day. If that happens you will be kicked out of the system, too again, you just need to re-register your IP
address.
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You should see the log-in screen of the SAP ERP system. Enter the log-in data provided in
the welcome mail.
Now you see the start screen of the SAP ERP system.
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Menu bar
The menu bar is displayed at the top of the screen. The menu items displayed in the
menu bar depend on the current application, i.e., they are context-sensitive.
Title bar
The title bar names the action you are currently processing.
Status bar
The status bar displays information about the current system status, e.g., alarm and error messages.
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5.2
The SAP GUI, unlike the Java GUI, is a thick client. That means that many
functions regarding display and dialog processes are integrated in the SAP
GUI. Still consider that all application (business) logic and database altering
occurs on the SAP system. Thus, no data that you will maintain in the SAP
system resides on your local computer and everything you create and change in the SAP system will stay on the SAP servers. The benefit being that you can work from different computers and different locations and that your data is always safe, regardless of whether your local computer were to crash, get formatted or heaven forbid, get a virus.
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To delete particular transactions from the favorites list, select the entry (click on the transaction in Favorites folder once) and select
in the application tool bar or press the DEL button on your keyboard.
Figure 60: SAP Easy Access Menu Delete from Favorites: SAP-System-Screenshot
Transaction code
Copyright Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger/Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Pouyan Khatami/
Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Taymaz Khatami
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To increase learning progress, it is advisable to always look for and run particular transactions in SAP via the SAP Easy Access menu. Please avoid from
the beginning, retrieving transactions by the means of transaction codes. While
using the SAP Easy Access menu, you will implicitly understand the SAP systems structure and its interrelation. Accordingly, this will help you in practice to be able to
quickly familiarize yourself with a new scope of duties in SAP.
To display transaction codes in the SAP Easy Access Menu as well, set the flag for display
technical names in the menu bar under extras settings.
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Since transactions must be concluded in SAP ERP, you need to either abort
manually or conclude the transaction by saving the data you entered. When
leaving a transaction by using ,
or , you might be confronted with the
following dialogue screen:
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By using F4, you get help regarding input parameters. That is, the system will show you all
entries that are possible for a specific field. You can open the F4 help function alternatively
by using the button right next to a selected field
.
The following figure shows the usage of the F4-help in transaction VL01N (create delivery)
for the field Shipping Point.
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Click on the drop-down-list Standard PO. Scroll the list up to the top. You see that
there are repeating entries for Electronic commerce. Consider that each entry has a
different technical setting for the document that is created due to the usage of that entry. However, the SAP guy who set up this configuration was not paying much attention when editing the description field of those entries.
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3.
Fortunately, you can display the Technical Key for all entries in SAP. The Technical
Key has to be unique in the systems customizing. Thus, displaying that key will
prevent you from selecting wrong entries in the case studies. Therefore, press the
button
and select Options.
In the pop-up window, expand the folder Interaction Design/Visualization Interaction
and select Show keys within dropdown lists. Selecting Sort by keys... will display the
keys in alphabetical order in the drop-down-list. Press
.
4.
Now the Technical Keys for the entries should be displayed and you can easily distinguish between them.
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You can use the -Button to customize the local layout of your SAP GUI to
match your needs. You can set shortcut-keys, you can set the appearance of the
GUI, vary the design, etc. For instance, you can select Design Settings and turn
off the typical (sometimes annoying) SAP GUI sound. However, you can explore the settings on your own if you want to. The settings apply to your GUI only.
Search SAP menu
I have already mentioned that it is best to start transactions from the Easy Access menu to
enhance learning effects rather than using the transaction codes. Sometimes it is pretty longsome to find a specific transaction path in the SAP Easy Access menu. In those cases, you can
enter the transaction code SEARCH_SAP_MENU in the command field and search for the
path to a transaction. The following figure displays the procedure:
1.
Start transaction SEARCH_SAP_MENU.
2.
Enter the transaction code you are searching for; here: VA01
3.
Check the result list: Due to the integration aspect, many transactions can be started
from different functional areas (applications), the system displays all the paths to that
transaction.
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Desktop Shortcut
Another very useful tip is to create a short-cut for the system/client login on your desktop.
The problem with the login is that you always have to enter the client, your user and the
password when logging in to the system. By creating a short-cut, you only need to enter the
password.
1.
In the system function bar, press the button .
2.
In the following pop-up window, enter a title for the short-cut as well as the client
and the user from your welcome mail. Select English as language and press
.
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3.
Now you will find a short-cut on your desktop. From now on you only need to double-click that short-cut and enter your password to access the system
The short-cut does not affect the registration of your IP address with the SAP
servers. That is, you need to register your IP prior to accessing the system anyways whether you use the short-cut or the normal SAP logon group.
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2. Transactions
What are the names of the transactions that you can open in the SAP standard menu via the
following paths (SAP Easy Access menu) and what are the corresponding transaction codes?
SAP menu Logistics Sales and Distribution Billing Billing Document Display
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Transaction name:
Transaction code:
You can receive further information about a (selected) transaction by pressing the shift-key
and F11.
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F4 help:
Close the screen displaying the definition of a Sales Organization. However, remain in the
initial screen of transaction VA01. Click in the Distribution Channel field. What are the
names of the first three Distribution Channels and which Sales Organization are they assigned
to?
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Data Sheet
Thus, the introductory unit is concluded and you can now start working with the businessrelated case studies.
Finally, please submit the carefully completed data sheet to your tutor (use support email
address from the welcome mail) for the case study introduction.
Please comply with the naming rules. Non-compliant data sheets will not be accepted; i.e., rename the document that you downloaded from this courses download area as follows:
00-introduction-xxyy-zzz-surname.doc
Thereby, you need to replace xxyy with your user number without the WIP and without the
hyphen (WIP-xx-yy) and replace zzz with the number of the client you are working on.
Example:
Your name is Max Mustermann, you are working on client 901, and your user number is
WIP-99-99. Then, name the document as follows:
00-introduction-9999-901-Mustermann.doc
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Reflexion
Test your knowledge. In this section you are confronted with some questions
regarding the theoretical chapters of this teaching unit. Try to answer the questions on your own before taking a look at the standard solutions.
7.1 Questions
True/False Questions
1. SAP NetWeaver can only be used for applications developed by SAP.
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Which of the following are correct regarding the advantages of using Master Data Records in an ERP system?
(3 correct answers)
a. Consistency
b. Reduces data redundancies
c. Data conversion is not necessary
d. Improves data integrity
8.
9.
The Process Integration component of NetWeaver includes which of the following SAP
product?
(1 correct answer)
a. SAP EP
b. SAP BW
c. SAP XI
d. SAP Web AS
11. Which of the following are external technologies used with NetWeaver?
(2 correct answers)
a. Websphere by IBM
b. Exchange infrastructure by IBM
Copyright Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger/Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Pouyan Khatami/
Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Taymaz Khatami
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Which of the following are correct regarding the advantages of using Master Data Records in an ERP system?
(3 correct answers)
a. Consistency
b. Reduces data redundancies
c. Data conversion is not necessary
d. Improves data integrity
Answers: a, b, d
8.
The Process Integration component of NetWeaver includes which of the following SAP
product?
(1 correct answer)
a. SAP EP
b. SAP BW
c. SAP XI
d. SAP Web AS
Answers: c
10. Which of the following statements are true about NetWeaver?
(2 correct answers)
a. Application Platform has a runtime environment for ABAP and J2EE.
b. Process Integration allows for Multi-Channel Access.
c. SAP Exchange Infrastructure is a component of Process Integration.
d. SAP Enterprise Portal is based on closed technology and standards.
i
Answers: a, c
11. Which of the following are external technologies used with NetWeaver?
Copyright Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger/Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Pouyan Khatami/
Dipl.-Wirt.-Inf. Taymaz Khatami
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